1) Find v 1 and v 2?

Fig. 1.1

Solution:

The supernode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10-Ω resistor. Applying KCL to
the supernode as shown in Fig. 1.2(a) gives

2=i 1 +i 2+ 7

Express i 1 and i 2 in terms of the node voltages

v 1−0 v 2−0
2=
2
+
4
+7 → 8=2 v 1 +v 2 +28

or

v 2=−20−2 v 1(1.1)

(b)
(a)
Fig. 1.2: Applying (a) KCL to the supernode, (b) KVL to the loop.

To get the relationship between v 1 and v 2, we apply KVL to the circuit in Fig. 1.2(b). Going
around the loop, we obtain
 −v 1−2+v 2=0 → v 2=v 1 +2(1.2)

From Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2), we write

v 2=v 1 +2=−20−2 v 1

or

3 v 1=−22 → v 1=−7.333 V

and v 2=v 1 +2=−5.333 V . Note that the 10-Ω resistor does not make any differences because it is
connected across the supernode.

2) Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 2.1?

Fig.2.1

Solution:

Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 3 and 4. We apply KCL to the two supernodes as
in Fig. 2.2(a). At supernode 1-2,

i 3 +10=i 1 +i 2

Expressing this in terms of the node voltages,

 v 3−v 2 v 1−v 4 v 1
+10= +
6 3 2

5 v 1 + v 2−v 3−2 v 4=60(2.1)

At supernode 3-4,

v 1−v 4 v 3−v 2 v 4 v3
i 1=i 3+ i 4 +i 5 → 3
=
6
+ +
1 4

4 v 1 +2 v 2−5 v 3−16 v 4=0(2.2)

Fig. 2.2: Applying (a) KCL to the two supernodes, (b) KVL to the loops

We now apply KVL to the branches involving the voltage sources as shown in Fig. 2.2(b). For
loop 1,

−v 1+20+ v 2=0 → v 1−v 2=20 (2.3)

For loop 2,

−v 3+3 v x + v 4=0

But v x =v 1−v 4 so that

 3 v 1−v 3−2 v 4=0 (2.4)

For loop 3,

v x −3 v x + 6 i3 −20=0

But 6 i 3=v 3−v 2 and v x =v 1−v 4. Hence,

−2 v 1−v 2+ v 3 +2 v 4 =20(2.5)

From Eq. (2.3), v 2=v 1−20 .

Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2), respectively gives,

6 v 1−v 3−2 v 4=80(2.6)

and

6 v 1−5 v 3−16 v 4=40(2.7)

Equations (2.4), (2.6) and (2.7) can be cast in matrix form as

[ ][ ] [ ]
3 −1 −2 v1 0
6 −1 −2 v 3 = 80
6 −5 −16 v 4 40

Using Cramer’s rule gives

[ ] [ ]
3 −1 −2 0 −1 −2
∆= 6 −1 −2 =−18, ∆ 1= 80 −1 −2 =−480 ,
6 −5 −16 40 −5 −16

[ ] [ ]
3 0 −2 3 −1 0
∆ 3= 6 80 −2 =−3120 , ∆ 4= 6 −1 80 =840
6 40 −16 6 −5 40

Thus, we arrive at the node voltages as

∆1 −480
v 1= = =26.67 V ,
∆ −18
 ∆3 −3120
v 3= = =173.33 V ,
∆ −18

∆ 4 840
v 4= = =−46.67 V
∆ −18

and v 2=v 1−20=6.667 V . We have not used Eq. (2.5); it can be used to cross check results.