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Proteoglycans consist of
core protein to which
glycous amino glycan
are attached
o Fibers (supportive
function)
Collagen
Elastic
Embryonic Connective Adult Connective Tissue Reticular
Tissue
Fixed/Resident Cells
o Mesenchymal o Connective Tissue Proper
connective tissue Fibroblasts -Fibrocytes
Loose Connective
o Mucous connective Tissue Derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
tissue Dense Connective Synthesize the extracellular matrix
Tissue Synthesis of protein, glycoprotein that are present in the ground
Regular substance.
Collageno Precursor of the collagen and reticular fiber
us
Fixed in connective tissue, capable in some movements, may
Elastic
undergo cell divisions, may differentiate into adipocytes,
Reticular tissue
chondrocytes, and osteoblasts
Adipose Tissue
o Specialized Connective
Tissue Fibroblast (active) o staining cytoplasm
Cartilage o Dark stain, large, granular, ovoid
Bone nucleus containing a prominent
Hemopoietic nucleolus
system/blood o Spindle or fusiform
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o Nucleus is found eccentrically metachromatically by toluidine blue → heparin, histamine (dark
o Irregular cytoplasmic processes purple)
Plasma Cells
Large, ovoid
Eccentrically placed nucleus
Intense basophilic cytoplasm → rER >>> → Ab production
Mast Cells
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Leucocytes
Present in variable numbers in practically all connective tissue Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
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Tendons, ligaments
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Fibrous Cartilage (Fibrocartilage)
Appositional Growth
a) An irregular, dense, fibrous
tissue with thinly A layer of chondroblasts can lay down matrix at the outer edge
dispersed, encapsulated of a mass of growing cartilage.
chondrocytes.
d) Found at connection of
tendons to bone and in
intervertebral discs and
some joints
e) No perichondrium
Bone
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3. Osteoclasts
These are large multinucleate cells
Active in bone resorption during specific stages in
bone formation and healing, and during the
Bone Cell Types continual reworking of internal bone architecture
that occurs throughout life.
Important in maintaining calcium balance in the
1. Osteoblasts body - respond to calcitonin (secreted by
parafolllicular cells of thyroid/ultimobranchial bodies
Immature bone cells that synthesize and secrete -lowers Ca++concentration in blood),
the osteoid matrix that will calcify as the bones And parathyroid hormone (secreted by parathyroid
extracellular matrix. glands -raises Ca++concentration in blood).
Matrix is composed of glycoproteins and collagen.
Are located on the surfaces of forming bone and
are not yet embedded in the calcified extracellular
(osteoid) matrix. Histogenesis of Skeletal Structure
Have cytoplasmic processes that bring them into
contact with neighboring osteoblasts, as well as Two modes of Bone Formation
nearby osteocytes.
Cells are round, polygonal or cuboidal and nucleus 1. Intramembranous - direct formation of bone structure with no
is located far from the bone surface. cartilage template (e.g. flat bones of skull)
2. Osteocytes
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HUMAN HISTOLOGY (LECTURE)
Muscle Overview
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
o Myosin is 60%
o Actin is 15%
o Troponin and Tropomyosin are the regulatory protein
T-Tubules
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Muscle Cell Contraction Tension increases to the muscle’s capacity, but the muscle
neither shortens nor lengthens
Sliding Filament Theory Occurs if the load is greater than the tension the muscle is able
to develop
When muscle contracts, the thin filament and thick filament
will pass to each other. Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction
Excitation of a Muscle Fiber ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activity
As soon as available stores of ATP (36) are hydrolyzed (4-6
seconds), they are regenerated by:
o The interaction of ADP (1) with creatine phosphate (CP)
o Anaerobic glycolysis
o Aerobic respiration
ATP-forming pathways
o Oxidative fibers – use aerobic pathways
o Glycolytic fibers – use anaerobic glycolysis
o Concentric contractions – the muscle shortens and Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
does work (most common happen)
o Eccentric contractions – the muscle contracts as it
SR is less developed than in skeletal muscle and lacks a specific
lengthens (found at the back muscle and neck muscle)
pattern
T tubules are absent
Isotonic Contractions
Plasma membranes have pouch like infoldings called caveoli
Ca2+is sequestered in the extracellular space near the caveoli,
allowing rapid influx when channels are opened
There are no visible striations and no sarcomeres
Thin and thick filaments are present
o Skeletal (6:1)
o Smooth (15:1)
o Cardiac (10:1)
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