Chapter 06-Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

CHAPTER 06
COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

INSTRUCTOR

INTRODUCTION
y − axis
FORCES:
Fy (Shear) • Fz - Tensile / Compressive Strength

• Fy - Shear Strength
x i s • Fx - Shear Strength
a
x−
Fx (Shear)
MOMENT:
Fz (Axial) • Mz - Torsion
Mx Mz (Torsion) • My - Flexural Strength

(Bending My z−
a xi • Mx - Flexural Strength
about Major Axis) (Bending s
about Minor Axis)
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

INTRODUCTION
Members subject to combined axial force and bending moment are called beam-column. The bending moment can
be due to lateral loads or an eccentric load.
e
P
P P
w
P P
AXIAL FORCE
e
w
P P
w
BENDING MOMENT
P P
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
NSCP SECTION 508 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
This Section addresses members subject to axial force and exure about one or both axes, with or
without torsion, and to members subject to torsion only.
NSCP SECTION 508.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force 1. For ≥ 0 . 2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a)
Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
NSCP SECTION 508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric
Members Subject to Flexure and Compression
Pr Pr Mrx Mry
2. For < 0 . 2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1b)
The interaction of exure and compression in doubly Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
symmetric members and singly symmetric members for
which 0.1 ≤ (Iyc / ly) ≤ 0.9, that are constrained to bend where:
about a geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by Pr = required axial compressive strength, N
Eqs. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b, where Iyc is the moment of
inertia about the y-axis referred to the compression Pc = available axial compressive strength, N
ange, mm4. Mr = required exural strength, N•mm
Mc = available exural strength, N•mm
User Note: Section 508.2 is permitted to be used in lieu x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
of the provisions of this section.
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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NSCP SECTION 508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD)
Pr = required axial compressive strength using LRFD load combinations, N
Pc = ϕcPn = design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with Section 505, N
Mr = required exural strength using LRFD load combination, N•mm
Mc = ϕbMn = design exural strength determined in accordance with Section 506, N•mm
ϕc = resistance factor for compression = 0.90
ϕb = resistance factor for exure = 0.90
For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD)

Pr = required axial compressive strength using ASD load combinations, N
Pc = Pn / Ωc = allowable axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with Section 505,
Mr = N
required exural strength using ASD load combination, N•mm
Mc = Mn / Ωb = allowable exural strength determined in accordance with Section 506, N•mm
Ωc = safety factor for compression = 1.67
Ωb = safety factor for exure = 1.67
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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NSCP SECTION 508.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension
The interaction of exure and tension in doubly symmetric members and singly symmetric members constrained to
bend about geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by Eqs. 508.1-1a and Eqs. 508.1-1b.
where
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD) For doubly symmetric members,
Pr = required tensile strength using LRFD load combinations, N

Cb in Section 506 may be increased by
Pc = ϕtPn = design tensile strength, determined in accordance

with Section 504.2, N Pu
Mr = required exural strength using LRFD load combination, 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently
N•mm Pey
Mc = ϕbMn = design exural strength determined in accordance 2
with Section 506, N•mm
π EIy
with exure, where Pey =
ϕc = resistance factor for tension = 0.90 Lb2
ϕb = resistance factor for exure = 0.90
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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NSCP SECTION 508.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension
For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD) For doubly symmetric members,
Pr = required tensile strength using ASD load combinations, N

Cb in Section 506 may be increased by
Pc = Pn / Ωt = allowable tensile strength, determined in

accordance with Section 504.2, N 1.5Pa
Mr = required exural strength using ASD load combinations, 1+ for axial tension that acts concurrently
N•mm Pey
Mc = Mn / Ωb = allowable exural strength determined in 2
accordance with Section 506, N•mm
π EIy
with exure, where Pey =
Ωt = safety factor for tension (see Section 504.2) Lb2
Ωb = safety factor for exure = 1.67
A more detailed analysis of the interaction of exure and tension is permitted in lieu of Eq. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.1
A W18x50 Tension member with no holes is subjected to axial
load of PDL = 120 kN and PLL = 150kN. It is also subjected with
bending moments of MDLy = 30 kN•m and MLLy = 50 kN•m using
A992 Grade 50 steel. Determine if the section is adequate to
carry the loads.
Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual, Table 2-4

Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi (6.895 MPa/ksi)
Fy = 345 MPa
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.1
Section Dimensions and Properties: W 18 × 50
Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual

Y
k1 DIMENSIONS
tf Web Flange Distance
Area, Depth,
k
k Shape A d Thickness,
tw
tw
2
Width,
bf
Thickness,
tf
k1 T
Workable
Gage
kdes kdet
mm2 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
W18X50 9,480 457 9.02 4.51 191 14.5 24.7 31.8 20.6 394 88.9
d X X T
PROPERTIES
tw Compact
Nominal Section Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional Properties
Criteia rts ho
Wt.
k bf h I S r Z I S r Z J Cw
kg/m 2tf tw mm4 mm3 mm mm3 mm4 mm3 mm mm3 mm mm mm4 mm6
74 6.57 45.2 333×106 1,460×103 187 1,660×103 16.7×106 175×103 41.9 272×103 50.3 442 516×103 816×109
Y
bf
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.1

Pr
Compute for , Use LRFD
Pc Pr 384
= = 0.1305 < 0.2
Pr = 1.2PD + 1.6PL Pc 2,943.54
= 1.2(120) + 1.6(150)
Pr = 384 kN Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry

1. For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a)
Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pc = ϕPn
= ϕFy Ag Pr Pr Mrx Mry
2. For < 0.2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a)
= 0.90(345)(9,840) Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
Pc = 2,943.54 kN
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.1
Check for Compactness:
Flange:
Web:
Refer to NSCP Table 502.4.1, Case No. 1 Refer to NSCP Table 502.4.2, Case No. 9
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios: Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios:
E 200,000 E 200,000
λp = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.149 λp = 3.76 = 3.76 = 90.53
Fy 345 Fy 345
E 200,000 E 200,000
λr = 1.0 = 1.0 = 24.077 λr = 5.70 = 5.70 = 137.2
Fy 345 Fy 345
Width-Thickness Ratio: Width-Thickness Ratio:

b bf 191 h d − 2k 457 − 2(24.7)
= = = 6.5862 = = = 45.1885
t 2tf 2(14.5) tw tw 9.02
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.1
λp = 9.149 λr = 24.077
Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1
Selection Table for the Application of Section 506 Sections
Compact Non-Compact Slender
Section in
Flange Web
Section Cross Section Limit States
Slenderness Slenderness
506
Flange 6.5862
506.6 C, NC, S N/A Y, FLB
Web 45.1885
λp = 90.53 λr = 137.24
The Nominal Flexural Moment, Mn, shall be determined according to:

NSCP Section 506.6
I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis

CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.1
Yielding (Y): Design Flexural Strength Pr Mrx Mry
3 (LRFD): +( + ) ≤ 1.0
Mp = FyZy = 345(272x10 ) 2Pc Mcx Mcy
Mcy = ϕbMn
Mp = 93,840,000 N•mm 384 116
+( ) = 1.4387
= (0.90)(93.84) 2(2,943.54) 84.456
Mp = 93.84 kN•m
Mcy = 84.456 kN•m
Mn = 93.84 kN•m 1.4387 > 1.0
Flange Local Buckling (FLB): The Section W18x50 is
Mry = 1.2MDLy + 1.6MLLy

Mn = 93.84 kN•m NOT ADEQUATE
= 1.2(30) + 1.6(50)
Mrx = 116 kN•m
Mn = 93.84 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.2
An A992 Gr. 50 W10x30 member with no holes, has an unbraced
length of 4 meters. The member is subjected to tensile service
loads of PDL = 135 kN and PLL = 230 kN, and service moments of
MDLx = 30 kN•m and MLLx = 55 kN•m. If Cb = 1.0, is the member
adequate in LRFD.

Fy = 50 ksi
Fy = 345 MPa
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.2
Section Dimensions and Properties: W 10 × 30
Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual

Y
k1 DIMENSIONS
tf Web Flange Distance
Area, Depth,
k
k Shape A d Thickness,
tw
tw
2
Width,
bf
Thickness,
tf
k1 T
Workable
Gage
kdes kdet
W10x30 5,700 267 7.62 3.81 148 13.0 20.6 28.6 17.5 210 69.9
d X X T
PROPERTIES
tw Compact
Criteia rts ho
Wt.
k bf h I S r Z I S r Z J Cw
44.8 5.7 29.5 70.8×106 531×103 111 600×103 6.95×106 94.2×103 34.8 145×103 40.6 254 259×103 111×109
Y
bf
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.2

Pr
Pc
Pr 530
Required axial compressive strength using LRFD = = 0.2996 > 0.2
Pc 1,769
load combinations, Pr
Pr = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(135) + 1.6(230) Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
1. For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pr = 530 kN Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Design axial compressive strength, determined Pr Pr Mrx Mry

2. For < 0.2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0
in accordance with Section 505, Pc Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
Pc = ϕPn = ϕFy Ag = 0.90(345)(5,700)
Pc = 1,769 kN
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.2
Design exural strength determined in accordance with Section 506, Mc
Flange:
Web:
E 200,000 E 200,000
λp = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.149 λp = 3.76 = 3.76 = 90.53
Fy 345 Fy 345
E 200,000 E 200,000
λr = 1.0 = 1.0 = 24.077 λr = 5.70 = 5.70 = 137.2
Fy 345 Fy 345
b bf 148 h d − 2k 267 − 2(20.6)
= = = 5.6930 = = = 29.6325
t 2tf 2(13) tw tw 7.62
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.2
λp = 9.149 λr = 24.077
Compact Non-Compact Slender Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1

Flange 5.693 Section in

Section 506
Cross Section
Flange
Slenderness
Web
Slenderness
Limit States
Web 29.6325 506.2 C C Y, LTB
λp = 90.53 λr = 137.24
NSCP Section 506.2
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major Axis
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.2
1. Yielding (Y): 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB):
Mp = FyZx = 345(600x103) Lb = 4 m = 4,000 mm
Mp = 207,000,000 N•mm E 200,000
Lp = 1.76ry = 1.76(34.798) = 1,474.59 mm
Fy 345
Mp = 207 kN•m
Mn = 207 kN•m E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho

Lr = 1.95rts 1+ 1 + 6.76( )2
IyCw ho = d − tf 0.7Fy Sxho E Jc
rts2 =
Sx = 267 − 12.95
200,000 258.90x103(1.0) 0.7(345) 531x103(254.05) 2
6 9 = 254.05 mm Lr = 1.95(40.69) 1+ 1 + 6.76( ∙ )
6.95x10 (111.17x10 ) 0.7(345) 531x103(254.05) 200,000 258.90x103(1.0)
=
531x103 c = 1, For doubly
rts = 40.69 symmetric I-shaped Lr = 4,916.57 mm
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.2
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB):
[Lp = 1,313.65] < [Lb = 3,000] < [Lr = 3,662.08]
Lb − Lp
When Lp < Lb ≤ Lr, Nominal Flexural Moment, Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
4,000 − 1,474.59
Mn = 1.0[207,000,000 − (207,000,000 − 0.7(345)(531x103)( )]
4,916.57 − 1,474.59
Mn = 149,072,193.3 N•mm < Mp = 207,000,000 N•mm Mn = 149.072 kN•m
The nominal exural strength, Mn, shall be the lower Y: Mn = 207.00 kN•m
value obtained according to the limit states of yielding
(plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling. LTB: Mn = 149.072 kN•m Least
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.2

Design exural strength determined in Pr 8 Mrx Mry
accordance with Section 506, Mc + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Mcx = ϕbMn
Pr 8 Mrx
= (0.90)(149.072) + ( )
Pc 9 Mcx
Mcx = 134.16 kN•m
Pr = 530 kN Mrx = 124 kN•m
Required exural strength using LRFD Pc = 1,769 kN Mcx = 134.16 kN•m

load combination, Mr
530 8 124
Mrx = 1.2MDx + 1.6MLx + ( ) = 1.12 > 1.0
1,769 9 134.16
= 1.2(30) + 1.6(55)
The Section W10x30 is NOT ADEQUATE
Mrx = 124 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3 PDL = 155 kN
The beam-column shown is pinned at both ends and is subjected to the loads PLL = 440 kN
shown. Bending is about the strong axis. Determine whether this member satis es
the appropriate NSCP speci cation interaction equation. A992 steel Fy = 345 MPa and
Fu = 448.5 MPa. (Do not consider moment ampli cation due to the e ects of
secondary moments. i.e. P-δ moments and P-Δ moments).
2.6 m
DIMENSIONS
Web Flange Distance
Shape
Area,
A
Depth,
d Thickness, tw Width, Thickness, k
k1 T
Workable QDL = 22 kN
tw 2 bf tf kdes kdet Gage
QLL = 53 kN
5.2 m
W10x49 9,290 254 8.64 4.32 254 14.2 26.9 31.8 20.6 191 140
2.6 m
PROPERTIES
Compact
Criteia rts ho
Wt.
bf h I S r Z I S r Z J Cw W10X49
kg/m 2tf tw mm4 mm3 mm mm3 mm4 mm3 mm mm3 mm mm mm4 mm6 A992 Steel
73.0 8.93 23.1 113×106 895×103 110 990×103 38.9×106 306×103 64.5 464×103 72.1 240 579×103 556×109
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3 PDL = 155 kN
PLL = 440 kN
Pr
Pc
Required axial compressive strength using LRFD load combinations, Pr
Pr = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(155) + 1.6(440) Pr = 890 kN
2.6 m
QDL = 22 kN
Design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with QLL = 53 kN
5.2 m
Section 505, Pc
Pc = ϕPn = ϕFcr Ag
E 200,000
2.6 m
Cc = 4.71 = 4.71 = 113.403
KL 1.0(5200) Fy 345
SRx = = = 47.27
rx 110 W10X49
KL 1.0(5200) [SR = 80.62] < [Cc = 113.403] A992 Steel
SRy = = = 80.62
ry 64.5
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR

SITUATION NO. 6.3 Pr = 890 kN

Design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with
Section 505, Pc
[SR = 80.62] < [Cc = 113.403] Pc = ϕFcr Ag
Fy
345
Fcr = (0.658 )Fy = (0.658
Fe 303.70 )(345) = 214.45 MPa Pc = 0.90(214.45)(9,290)
2.6 m
2 2
π E π (200,000) Pc = 1,793.01 kN QDL = 22 kN
Fe = KL = = 303.70 MPa QLL = 53 kN
(80.62) 2
5.2 m
( r ) 2
Pr Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
2.6 m
Compute for , Use LRFD 1. For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pr 890
= = 0.4964 W10X49
Pc 1,793.01 Pr Pr Mrx Mry A992 Steel
2. For < 0.2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.4964 > 0.2 Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR

SITUATION NO. 6.3 Pr = 890 kN

Required exural strength using LRFD load combination, Mr
Qu = 1.2QDL + 1.6QLL = 1.2(22) + 1.6(53) = 111.20 kN
Qu = 111.20 kN
111.2(2.6)
RL = = 55.6 kN
2.6 m
5.2
QDL = 22 kN
111.2(2.6) QLL = 53 kN
5.2 m
2.6 m 2.6 m
RL 5.2 m RR RR = = 55.6 kN
5.2
55.60
2.6 m
V
-55.60 PL 111.2(5.2)
Mr = Mmax = =
144.56 4 4 W10X49
A992 Steel
M Mr = 144.56 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR

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SITUATION NO. 6.3

Flange:
Web:
E 200,000 E 200,000
λp = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.149 λp = 3.76 = 3.76 = 90.53
Fy 345 Fy 345
E 200,000 E 200,000
λr = 1.0 = 1.0 = 24.077 λr = 5.70 = 5.70 = 137.2
Fy 345 Fy 345
b bf 254 h d − 2k 254 − 2(26.9)
= = = 8.94 = = = 23.171
t 2tf 2(14.2) tw tw 8.64
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3
λp = 9.149 λr = 24.077
Compact Non-Compact Slender Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1

Flange 8.94 Section in

Section 506
Cross Section
Flange
Slenderness
Web
Slenderness
Limit States
Web 23.17 506.2 C C Y, LTB
λp = 90.53 λr = 137.24

NSCP Section 506.2
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Major Axis
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3
1. Yielding (Y): 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB):
Mp = FyZx = 345(990x103) Lb = 5.2 m = 5,200 mm
Mp = 341,550,000 N•mm E 200,000
Lp = 1.76ry
Fy
= 1.76(64.5) = 2,733.24 mm
345
Mp = 341.55 kN•m
Mn = 341.55 kN•m E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho

2
Lr = 1.95rts 1+ 1 + 6.76( )
0.7Fy Sxho E Jc
IyCw ho = d − tf
rts2 =
Sx = 254 − 14.20
200,000 579x103(1.0) 0.7(345) 895x103(239.8) 2
ho = 239.80 mm Lr = 1.95(72.08) 1+ 1 + 6.76( ∙ )
38.9x106(556x109) 0.7(345) 895x103(239.8) 200,000 579x103(1.0)
=
895x103 c = 1, For doubly
rts = 72.08 symmetric I-shaped
Lr = 9,625.65 mm
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3
[Lp = 2,733.24] < [Lb = 5,200] < [Lr = 9,625.65]
Lb − Lp
When Lp < Lb ≤ Lr, Nominal Flexural Moment, Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
Qu = 111.20 kN
MA = 55.6(1.3) = 72.58 kN•m MC = 55.6(3.9) = 72.58 kN•m
MB = 55.6(2.6) = 144.56 kN•m Mmax = 144.56 kN•m

2.6 m 2.6 m
5.2 m
55.6 144.56
MB
55.6 12.5Mmax
Cb = Rm ≤ 3.0
M
MA MC
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3
12.5(144.56)
Cb = (1.0) ≤ 3.0
2.5(144.56) + 3(72.28) + 4(144.56) + 3(72.28)
Cb = 1.3158 < 3.0
Cb = 1.3158
Lb − Lp
Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
3 5,200 − 2,733.24
Mn = 1.3158[341,550,000 − (341,550,000 − 0.7(345)(895x10 ))( )]
9,625.65 − 2,733.24
Mn = 390,351,641.45 N•mm > Mp = 341,550,00 N•mm
Mn = 341.55 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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SITUATION NO. 6.3
The nominal exural strength, Mn, shall Pr 8 Mrx Mry
be the lower value obtained according to + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
Pr 8 Mrx
+ ( )
Y: Mn = 341.55 kN•m Pc 9 Mcx
LTB: Mn = 341.55 kN•m
Pr = 890 kN Mrx = 144.56 kN•m
Pc = 1,793.01 kN Mcx = 307.395 kN•m
Design Flexural Strength (LRFD):
Mcx = ϕbMn 890 8 144.56
+ ( ) = 0.9144 > 1.0
= (0.90)(341.55) 1,793.01 9 307.395
Mcx = 307.395 kN•m The Section W10x49 is
ADEQUATE
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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NSCP SECTION 508 METHODS OF SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS

P P
503.2.1.1 General Second-Order Elastic Analysis
Δ
Any second-order elastic analysis method that considers both
P − Δ and P − δ e ects may be used.
The ampli ed First-Order Elastic Analysis Method de ned in Section

503.2.1.2 is an accepted method for second-order elastic analysis δ
of braced, moment, and combined framing systems
503.2.1.2 Second-Order Analysis by Ampli ed First-Order Elastic

Analysis
User Note: A method is provided in this section to account for
second-order e ects in frames by amplifying the axial forces and
moments in members and connections from a rst-order analysis.
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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503.2.1.2 Second-Order Analysis by Ampli ed First-Order Elastic Analysis
The following is an approximate second-order analysis procedure for calculating the required exural and axial
strengths in members of lateral load resisting systems. The For members subjected to axial compression, B1 maybe
required second-order exural strength, Mr strength, Pr, shall be determined as follows:
Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt (503.2-1a)
Pr = Pnt + B2Plt (503.2-1b)
where
Cm
B1 = Pr
≥1 (503.2-2)
1−αP
e1
For members subjected to axial compression, B1 maybe calculated base on the rst-order estimate Pr = Pnt + Plt
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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User Note: B1 is an ampli er to account for second order e ects caused by displacements between
brace points (P − δ) and B2 is an ampli er to account for second order e ects caused by
displacements of braced points (P − Δ).
For members in which B1 ≤ 1.05 , it is conservative to amplify the sum of the non-sway and sway
moments (as obtained, for instance, by a rst-order elastic analysis) by the B2 ampli er, in other
words, Mr = B2(Mnt + Mlt).
1
B2 = αΣPnt
≥1 (503.2-3)
1− ΣPe2
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
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fi
ff
ff
fi
User Note: Note that the B2 ampli er (Eq. 503.2-3) can be estimated in preliminary design by using a
maximum lateral drift limit corresponding to the story shear ΣH in Eq. 503.2-6b
and
α = 1.00 (LRFD) α = 1.60 (ASD)

Mr = required second-order exural strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, N•mm
Mnt = rst-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations, assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame, N•mm
Mlt = rst-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations caused by lateral translation of the frame only, N•m
Pr = required second-order axial strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, N
Pnt = rst-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations, assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame, N
ΣPnt = total vertical load supported by the story using LRFD or ASD load combinations, including gravity column loads, N
Plt = rst-order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations caused by lateral translation of the frame only, N
Cm = is a coe cient assuming no lateral translation of the frame whose value shall be taken as follows:
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
fi
fi
fi
ffi
fl
fi
fi
a. For beam-columns not subject to transverse loading between supports in the plane of bending.
M1 M1 /M2 is positive when the member is

Cm = 0.6 − 0.4( ) bent in reverse curvature, negative when
M2 B bent in single curvature.
where M1 and M2, calculated from a

rst-order analysis, are the smaller
and larger moments, respectively, at
the ends of that portion of the
member unbraced in the plane of A
bending under consideration.
b. For beam-columns subjected to transverse loading between

supports, the value of Cm shall be determined either by analysis or
Single Curvature (-) Reverse Curvature (+)
conservatively taken as 1.0 for all case.
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
fi
Pe1 = elastic critical buckling resistance of the member in the plane of bending, calculated based on
the assumption of zero sidesway,
2
π EI
Pe1 = (503.2-5)
(K1L)2
Pe2 = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story determined by sidesway buckling analysis, N
For moment frames, where sidesway buckling e ective length For all types of lateral load resisting
factors K2 are determined for the columns, it is permitted to systems, it is permitted to use
calculate the elastic story sidesway buckling resistance as

ΣHL
2
Pe2 = RM (503.2-6b)
π EI ΔH
∑ (K2L)2
Pe2 = (503.2-6a)
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
ff
where:
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 User Note: Methods for calculation of K2
RM = MPa 1.0 for braced-frame systems are discussed in the AISC Commentary.
= 0.85 for moment-frame and combined
I = systems,
moment of unless
inertiaa in
larger value of
the plane is justi ed
bending, ΔΗ = rst-order interstory drift due to
mm 4
L = story height, mm lateral forces, mm. Where ΔΗ varies
over the planareaofthe structure, ΔΗ
K1 = e ective length factor in the plane of
shall be the average drift weighted in
bending, calculated based on the
proportion to vertical load or,
assumption of no lateral translation, set
alternatively, the maximum drift
equal to 1.0 unless analysis indicates that
a smaller value may be used ΣH = story shear produced by the lateral
forces used to compute ΔΗ, N
K2 = e ective length factor in the plane of
bending, calculated based on a sidesway
buckling analysis
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
ff
ff
fi
fi
SITUATION NO. 6.4 1200 kN
The member shown in the gure is braced against sidesway. Bending is
about the major axis. Check the adequacy of W14×90 A572 Grade 60
based on the given loads. The loads are 40% service live load and 60%
160 kN•m
service dead load.
4.0 m
Fy = 60 ksi
Fy = 414 MPa
150 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
The member shown in the gure is braced against sidesway. Bending is
about the major axis. Check the adequacy of W14×90 A572 Grade 60
based on the given loads. The loads are 40% service live load and 60%
160 kN•m
service dead load.
DIMENSIONS
Web Flange Distance
Area, Depth,
Thickness, tw Width, Thickness, k Workable
Shape A d k1 T
4.0 m
W14x90 17,100 356 11.2 5.6 368 18 33.3 50.8 36.5 254 140
PROPERTIES
Compact
Criteia rts ho
Wt.
bf h I S r Z I S r Z J Cw
150 kN•m
134 10.2 25.9 416×106 2,340×103 156 2,570×103 151×106 818×103 94 1,240×103 104 338 1,690×103 4,300×109
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fi
Pr
Pc
Required axial compressive strength using LRFD load combinations, Pr 160 kN•m
Pr = Pnt + B2Plt Pnt = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL No sidesway:

= 1,632 + 0 = 1.2(0.6 ∙ 1200) + 1.6(0.4 ∙ 1200) B2Plt = 0
Pr = 1,632 kN Pnt = 1,632 kN
4.0 m
Design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with Section 505, Pc
Pc = ϕPn = ϕFcr Ag
KL 1.0(4000) E 200,000
SRx = = = 25.64 Cc = 4.71 = 4.71 = 103.52
rx 156 Fy 414
150 kN•m
KL 1.0(4000)
SRy = = = 42.55 [SR = 42.55] < [Cc = 103.52]
ry 94
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
Design axial compressive strength, determined in accordance with
Section 505, Pc
[SR = 42.55] < [Cc = 103.52] Pc = ϕFcr Ag 160 kN•m
Fy 414
Fcr = (0.658 )Fy = (0.658
Fe 1,090.10 )(414) = 353.16 MPa = 0.90(353.16)(17,100)
2 2
Fe =
π E
=
π (200,000)
= 1,090.26 MPa Pc = 5,435.06 kN
KL 2 (42.55)2
4.0 m
( r )
Pr Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry
Compute for , Use LRFD 1. For ≥ 0.2; + ( + ) ≤ 1.0
Pc Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pr 1,632
= = 0.30027
Pc 5,435.06 Pr Pr Mrx Mry 150 kN•m
2. For < 0.2; +( + ) ≤ 1.0
0.30027 > 0.2 Pc 2Pc Mcx Mcy
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
SITUATION NO. 6.4
Flange:
Web:
E 200,000 E 200,000
λp = 0.38 = 0.38 = 8.3522 λp = 3.76 = 3.76 = 82.6424
Fy 414 Fy 414
E 200,000 E 200,000
λr = 1.0 = 1.0 = 21.9793 λr = 5.70 = 5.70 = 125.2823
Fy 414 Fy 414
b bf 368 h d − 2k 356 − 2(33.3)
= = = 10.2222 = = = 25.8393
t 2tf 2(18) tw tw 11.2
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
λp = 8.3532 λr = 21.9793 Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1
Compact Non-Compact Slender
Section in Flange Web
Cross Section Limit States
Section 506 Slenderness Slenderness
Flange 10.2222
506.3 NC, S C LTB, FLB
Web 25.8393
λp = 82.6424 λr = 125.2823

NSCP Section 506.3
Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped Members with Compact Webs and Non-compact or
Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
Lb = 4 m = 4,000 mm IyCw
E 200,000 2
rts =
Lp = 1.76ry = 1.76(94) = 3,636.26 mm Sx
Fy 414
151x106(4,300x109)
=
2,340x103
E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho rts = 104.35
2
Lr = 1.95rts 1+ 1 + 6.76( )
0.7Fy Sxho E Jc ho = d − tf
= 356 − 18
200,000 1,690x103(1.0) 0.7(414) 2,340x103(338) 2 ho = 338 mm
Lr = 1.95(104.35) 1+ 1 + 6.76( ∙ )
0.7(414) 2,340x103(338) 200,000 1,690x103(1.0)
c = 1, For doubly symmetric
Lr = 11,294.11 mm I-shaped
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB): R2 160 kN•m
[Lp = 3,636.26] < [Lb = 4,000] < [Lr = 11,294.11] M1 = 1.2(0.6 ∙ 150) + 1.6(0.4 ∙ 150) 2
M1 = 204 kN•m
When Lp< Lb ≤ Lr, Nominal Flexural Moment,
Lb − Lp M2 = 1.2(0.6 ∙ 160) + 1.6(0.4 ∙ 160)

Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] ≤ Mp
4.0 m
M2 = 217.6 kN•m
Lr − Lp
3 ΣM1 : 204 = 217.6 + R1(4)

Mp = FyZx = 414(2,570x10 )
R2 = − 3.4 kN
Mp = 1,063,980,000 N•mm
ΣM2 : 217.6 = 204 + R2(4) 1
Mp = 1,063.98 kN•m R1 = 3.4 kN R1 150 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB): M
217.6 kN•m 3.4 kN 217.6 kN•m
12.5Mmax 2
Cb = Rm ≤ 3.0
1m
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC MA
MA = 217.6 − 3.4(1) = 214.2 kN•m MC = 217.6 − 3.4(3) = 207.4 kN•m
1m
MB
4.0 m
MB = 217.6 − 3.4(2) = 210.8 kN•m Mmax = 217.6 kN•m
1m
12.5(217.6) MC
Cb = (1) ≤ 3.0
2.5(217.6) + 3(214.3) + 4(210.8) + 3(207.4)
1m
Cb = 1.0256 ≤ 3.0 1
204 kN•m 3.4 kN 204 kN•m
Cb = 1.0256
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
Lb − Lp 4,000 − 3,636.26
Mn = Cb[Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( )] = 1.0256[1,063,980,000 − (1,063,980,000 − 0.7(414)(2,340 × 10 ))(
3
)]
Lr − Lp 11,294.11 − 3,636.26
Mn = 1,072,464,391.93 N•mm > Mp = 1,063,980,000 N•mm
Mn = 1,063.98 kN•m
2. Compression Flange Local Buckling (FLB): For Sections with non-compact anges
λ − λpf 10.2222 − 8.3522
Mn = [Mp − (Mp − 0.7FySx)( 3
)] = 1,063,980,000 − (1,063,980,000 − 0.7(414)(234 × 10 ))( )
λrf − λpf 21.9793 − 8.3522
Mn = 1,011,029,813.08 N•mm
Mn = 1,011.03 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
The nominal exural strength, Mn, shall be the lower value obtained
217.6 kN•m
according to the limit states of lateral-torsional buckling and compression 2
ange local buckling.
LTB: Mn = 1,063.98 kN•m

CFLB: Mn = 1,011.03 kN•m Least
4.0 m
Design Flexural Strength (LRFD):
Mc = Mcx = ϕbMn Mcx = ϕbMn
ϕb = 0.9 = (0.90)(1,011.03) 1
204 kN•m
Mn = 1,011.03 kN•m Mcx = 909.93 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
fl
fl

SITUATION NO. 6.4

Required exural strength using LRFD load combination, Mr
Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt Mnt = 217.6 kN•m
217.6 kN•m
Cm M1 204 2
B1 = Pr
≥1 Cm = 0.6 − 0.4( ) = 0.6 − 0.4(− ) = 0.975
1−αP M2 217.6
e1
0.975 Pu = Pr = 1,632.0 kN
= 1,632.0
≥1
1− (1.00) 51,321.94 π 2EI π 2(200,000)(416 × 106)
4.0 m
Pe1 = = = 51,321,942.89 N
B1 = 1.007 > 1.0 (K1L)2 (1.0 × 4,000)2
Pe1 = 51,321.94 kN
B1 = 1.007
α = 1.0 (LRFD)
Mr = Mrx = B1Mnt + B2Mlt 1
204 kN•m
Mrx = B1Mnt = 1.007(217.6) Mrx = 219.13 kN•m
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR
fl
SITUATION NO. 6.4
890 kN
Pr 8 Mrx Mry Pr 8 Mrx
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0 + ( ) ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy Pc 9 Mcx M
217.6 kN•m 3.4 kN 217.6 kN•m
2
Pr = 1,632.00 kN Pc = 5,435.06 kN Mrx = 219.13 kN•m Mcx = 909.93 kN•m
1,632 8 219.13 The Section W14x90 is
+ ( ) = 0.5143 < 1.0

5,435.06 9 909.93 ADEQUATE
4.0 m
DIMENSIONS
Web Flange Distance
Area, Depth,
Thickness, tw Width, Thickness, k Workable
Shape A d k1 T
W14x90 17,100 356 11.2 5.6 368 18 33.3 50.8 36.5 254 140
PROPERTIES
Compact Section
Criteia
Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional Properties 1
Nominal Wt. rts ho
bf h I S r Z I S r Z J Cw 204 kN•m 3.4 kN 204 kN•m
134 10.2 25.9 416×106 2,340×103 156 2,570×103 151×106 818×103 94 1,240×103 104 338 1,690×103 4,300×109
CHAPTER O6

INSTRUCTOR

Chapter 06-Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

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Chapter 06-Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

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CHAPTER 06

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL

Fy (Shear) • Fz - Tensile / Compressive Strength

Mx Mz (Torsion) • My - Flexural Strength

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD)

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Pr = required tensile strength using LRFD load combinations, N

Pc = ϕtPn = design tensile strength, determined in accordance

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Pr = required tensile strength using ASD load combinations, N

Pc = Pn / Ωt = allowable tensile strength, determined in

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual, Table 2-4

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.1

Pr = 384 kN Pr Pr 8 Mrx Mry

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Width-Thickness Ratio: Width-Thickness Ratio:

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

The Nominal Flexural Moment, Mn, shall be determined according to:

I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Flange Local Buckling (FLB): The Section W18x50 is

Mry = 1.2MDLy + 1.6MLLy

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual, Table 2-4

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Refer to AISC - Steel Construction Manual

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.2

Pr = 530 kN Pc Pc 9 Mcx Mcy

Design axial compressive strength, determined Pr Pr Mrx Mry

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Compact Non-Compact Slender Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1

Flange 5.693 Section in

Web 29.6325 506.2 C C Y, LTB

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Mn = 207 kN•m E Jc 0.7Fy Sxho

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Mn = 149,072,193.3 N•mm < Mp = 207,000,000 N•mm Mn = 149.072 kN•m

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.2

Required exural strength using LRFD Pc = 1,769 kN Mcx = 134.16 kN•m

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.3 Pr = 890 kN

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.3 Pr = 890 kN

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

SITUATION NO. 6.3

COMBINED AXIAL AND FLEXURAL LOADING

Compact Non-Compact Slender Refer to NSCP Table 506.1.1

Flange 8.94 Section in

Web 23.17 506.2 C C Y, LTB