Steel Structures

ST 503

Chapter No. 6 (Part I)

Plastic Analysis and Design

of Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Inelastic or Ductile Design of Structures
(Plastic Analysis and Design)

Strain Hardening
fu

Stress fy

Steel

εy
1.5% Strain
0.1 to 0.2% 20 to 25%

Typical Stress Strain Curve

Steel Structures
Inelastic or Ductile Design of Structures
We neglect strain
hardening and
keep it as extra
margin available
in some cases.
Stress fy
Before fracture, the strain
is about 100 to 250 times
the strain at first yield.
εy
20 to 25% Strain

Assumed Bilinear Stress Strain Diagram

Steel Structures
Load Deformation Curve For Flexure
P
Full Plastic Moment Distribution

Shaded Portion yields

Pu
PH Formed

L/2 L/2
Py

PH

Rotation becomes free at the section

of full plastic moment (Mp).
εy
Py = Load at which only outer fibers yield
∆c
Steel Structures
Load Deflection Curve (contd…)
When load is less, stresses are less than Fy, load and deflection are
linearly related. For the simply supported beam with a point load
at center:
3
PL
∆= ∆ ∝ P
48EI
My Myy My
f = At start of yielding: Fy = =
I I S
or M y = Fy × S
When P > Py , yielding will penetrate inside at the maximum
moment section.
Steel Structures
When yielding penetrates inside,
the moment of inertia of the elastic portion
reduces, and hence the deflection starts
increasing at a greater rate.
After complete yielding and formation of the
hinge, the deformations continue to increase until
the rotation at any plastic hinge exceeds the
available capacity.
Pu depends on the cross-sectional properties and
also on the end conditions.
Steel Structures
Full Plastic Moment Capacity, MP
At the section of MP moment becomes constant and rotation
becomes free. Section can rotate without further increase of load.
This particular section is called “Plastic Hinge”.

PH

Mechanism, three hinges in a span

After mechanism, deformation will become very large at constant

load until rotation capacity of section is exhausted and after this
final failure will take place.
Steel Structures
Residual Stresses
Hot rolled sections have residual stresses due to differential
cooling during manufacture.
T

Parts smaller in thickness will T C C

cool first.
Maximum residual stress in hot
rolled section is up-to 30 to 40% C
of Fy

T
Steel Structures
Bending Theory
Assumptions For Elastic Theory
1. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. Member is subjected to bending moment only.
3. The ordinary bending formula is developed for objects
symmetrical at least about one axis.
4. Material obeys hooks law (Not applicable for inelastic
bending).
5. Plane section remains plane, even after bending i.e.
warping is not there.
y y = distance of fiber where strain is to be
ε = ⇒ ε ∝ y calculated.
R R = Radius of curvature
Steel Structures
Inelastic Bending (For Different Stages of Loading)
section

M1=My ε = εy M2=My ε > εy

εy Fy ε > εy Fy

ε < εy f < Fy εy Fy

M3 >My M4 =MP
ε > εy Fy ε > εy Fy Fy
εy

εy Assumed

ε > εy Fy ε > εy Fy Fy
Steel Structures
Inelastic Bending (contd…)
When section is fully plastic N.A. may not pass through centroid of
cross section
C Fy
AC C
yC Equal Area Axis
yT
AT T
T Fy

Total tension = Total Compression

A
A T × Fy = A C × Fy AT = AC =
2
The axis dividing the area into two equal halves is called the equal
area axis. The stress changes its sense at this axis.
Steel Structures
Inelastic Bending (contd…)

M P = C × yc + T × yT
A A
M P = Fy × × y c + Fy × × y T
2 2
A
M P = Fy × × (y c + y T )
2
First moment of area about A
equal area axis, called Plastic = × (y c + y T )
Section Modulus, Z 2
Steel Structures
Inelastic Bending (contd…)

M P = Fy × Z
M y = Fy × S
My = Moment at which yielding starts at the outer edge
Steel Structures
Shape Factor (F)
Z MP
F= = > 1.0
S My
Shape factor depends upon shape of cross section.
Rectangular section, F = 1.5 MP = 1.5 My
Circular section, F = 1.698
Diamond section, F = 2
W-Section, F = 1.1 to 1.18 (average = 1.15)
Steel Structures
Ductility is the property of any material
under which it shows excessive
deformations before fracture / failure.
Brittleness is the property of any material
under which sudden fracture occurs and
deformations are comparatively very less
before fracture.
Steel Structures
Advantages of Plastic Analysis and Design
1. Difference between load analysis and strength evaluation is
removed (unlike LRFD). (Analysis and design both are
carried out in in-elastic range.)
2. Reserve strength of most heavily stresses section and other
less stressed sections in case of indeterminate structures is
utilized. This makes the structure 10 to 15% economical in
case of indeterminate structures.
wL2 wL2
Redistribution of 12 wL2 12
moments is only there
24
in plastic analysis
Still Stable
Steel Structures
Advantages of Plastic Analysis and Design (contd…)
3. True collapse mechanism is predicted more accurately.
4. Used for Shakedown analysis, analysis for blast and
seismic loading.
5. For smaller structures, plastic method is simple than elastic
method using hand computations.
6. Overall F.O.S is same as in other methods.
7. At service stage the structure is still elastic.
8. At working load deflections will be less.
Steel Structures
Disadvantages of Plastic Analysis and Design
1. Gives upper bound solution. Can give unsafe design if all
failure possibilities are not considered.
2. Principle of supper position is not valid. So we have to
make separate analysis for all the load combinations.
3. Deflections may be critical in some cases.
4. The local and lateral stability becomes much more
important. Where PH is formed, the rotation capacity is
important to reach to PHs at other points. Every section
and connection has a particular rotation capacity.
5. The solution procedure can become very length for large
size frames.
Steel Structures
Ductility
“Measure of deformation capacity of a member before
final failure”
Deformation is mostly in in-elastic range. For flexural section
ductility is usually measured in terms of rotation capacity.

Compact Section
“A section which does not show stability problem before
reaching the plastic moment and still provides rotation capacity
at a constant moment”
For plastic analysis and design section must be compact because
we need rotation capacity.
L b ≤ L Pd For rotation capacity
See condition of compactness in specifications
Steel Structures
Types of Steel
Mild steel and high strength steel can be used for plastic design.

Plastic Hinge
When a section of a structural member reaches a maximum value
of moment (Full Plastic Moment) and free rotation can occur at
this constant moment, we can say that a plastic hinge is
developed at this section. yielding

MP
Steel Structures
Possible Locations of Plastic Hinge
1. Under the point loads
2. At connection of members Change in geometry

3. At change of geometry
4. At the point where shear force changes sign.
(in case of UDL)
Steel Structures
Length of Plastic Hinge P

MP L2
=
My L 2 − x

MP x
= F = 1.15 For W-section
My L/2 L/2
L2 MP
1.15 =
L 2−x

x = 0.0652L My My
B.M.D

Length of PH = 2 × x
= 0.1304L
Steel Structures
Length of Plastic Hinge
For W-section, F = 1.15

L
2x =
7. 6
For rectangular section, F = 1.5

L
2x =
3
Steel Structures
Flexural Strength For Partially Plastic Section

Partially Plastic Section

b ε = f/E Fy 1 2 3

d y + - yo
Φ Φ. E

Strain Fy Fy Fy Fy
Diagram Stress
Two sections are Diagram Se Z Ze
considered at unit
distance apart
Steel Structures
Flexural Strength For Partially Plastic Section (contd…)
φ = Curvature (Rotation per unit length)
Original stress diagram = 1 + 2 + 3
Se = Elastic section modulus of the part which is still elastic
Ze = Plastic section modulus of the inner part that is still elastic.
Z = Plastic section modulus of the entire cross-section
From strain diagram
εy Fy
tanφ = =
yo Ey o
Steel Structures
Flexural Strength For Partially Plastic Section (contd…)
From strain diagram
εy Fy
tanφ = =
yo Ey o
For smaller angle in radians
Fy 1
φ=
Ey o
For larger angle in radians

 Fy 
φ = tan 
−1

 Ey o 
Steel Structures
Flexural Strength For Partially Plastic Section (contd…)

M = Fy (S e + Z − Z e ) 2

For rectangular section

2 Using Eq:1, 2 we
bh can draw moment
Se =
6 curvature
b × (2 yo )
2
2yo relationship
=
6
2 2 b
= byo
3 b

 dd bd 2 d/2 d/4

Z = b×  × 2 ⇒ Z=
 24 4
Steel Structures
Flexural Strength For Partially Plastic Section (contd…)
b × (2 yo )
2
2
Ze = = byo
4 2yo

M = Fy (S e + Z − Z e ) b

 2 2 bd 2 2
= Fy  byo + − byo 
3 4 

bd 2
 4 yo 
2
= Fy × 1 − 
4  3 d  2
Steel Structures
Moment Curvature Relationship For a Particular
Section, (M-φ Curve)
Benefits of M-φ Curve
1. For any value of M we can calculate φ and rotation
capacity.
2. We can develop load-deflection curves.
3. We can calculate section ductility.

Moment
(N-mm)

E.φ (N/mm3)
Steel Structures
Example: Draw M-φ relationship for W 250 x 70

bf = 254 mm
tf = 14.2 mm
d = 253 mm
tw = 8.6 mm
Ix = 11,300x104 mm4
Zx = 990 x 103 mm3
A = 9290 mm2
Sx = 895 x 103 mm3
Steel Structures
Solution:
Let’s take first point at yo = d/2
d
= 126.5mm
2
Fy 250
Eφ = =
y o 126.5
Eφ = 1.97 N / mm3
M = Fy (S e + Z − Z e )
For yo = d/2
Se = S x , Ze = Z
M = 250 × 895 ×103 / 106 = 223.75kN − m
Steel Structures
Solution:
2nd point: yo = d/2 – tf/2
d tf
− = 119.4mm
2 2
Fy 250
Eφ = = = 2.094 N / mm3
y o 119.4
M = Fy (S e + Z − Z e )
Calculations for Se

254 × 238.8 (254 − 8.6 )× (224.6)

3 3
Ie = −
12 12
= 5654 ×10 4 mm 4
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Ie
Se = = 473.6 ×103 mm3
yo
  7.1   8.6 × 224.6 2
Z e = 2254 × 7.1× 119.4 −  +
  2  4
Z e = 526.3 ×103 mm3

(
M = 250 473.6 ×103 + 990 ×103 − 526.3 ×103 / 106)
M = 234.3kN − m
Steel Structures
Solution:
3rd point: yo = d/2 – tf
d
− t f = 112.3mm
2
Fy 250
Eφ = = = 2.23N / mm3
y o 112.3

Se = 72.3 × 103 mm3

Z e = 108.5 ×103 mm3

M = 238.5kN − m
Steel Structures
Solution:
4th point: yo = (d/2 – tf)/2
d 
 − tf 
2  = 56.15mm
2
Fy 250
Eφ = = = 4.45 N / mm3
y o 56.15

Se = 18.08 × 103 mm3

Z e = 27.11×103 mm3

M = 245.2kN − m
Steel Structures
Solution:
5th point: yo = 20 mm

Fy 250
Eφ = = = 12.5 N / mm3
yo 20

Se = 2.293 × 103 mm3

Z e = 3.44 ×103 mm3

M = 247.2kN − m
Steel Structures
Solution:
Point corresponding to EφP

247.5

M
223.75

Eφ
Eφy = 1.97
Steel Structures
Solution:
From curve
EφP M P
=
Eφy M y Maximum value of
MP section ductility
φP = φ y × (µ = φu/ φ P ) is 3 for
My ordinary structures
1.97 247.5 and 22 for special
φP = × earthquake resistant
200,000 223.75
structures

= 1.09 ×10 −5 rad / mm

Steel Structures
Simplification of M-φ Curve

Bi-Linear Curve

My ≈ MP

φ
φP
Steel Structures
Section Ductility is defined as the rotation at
ultimate (φu) divided by the rotation at first
yield extended linearly to Mp (φy).

φu
µ=
φy
Steel Structures
Load Deflection Curve
Example: Using the section of previous example and
simplified M-φ curve plot the load deflection curve for the
beam shown and hence estimate the member ductility.
Assume
1. Section ductility, µ = 3
2. Length of plastic hinge is d/2 on each side of
maximum moment section.
3. My ≈ MP
w (kN/m)

8m
Steel Structures
w (kN/m)
Solution:
L=8m
wy = Value of “w” that w = wy
causes first yielding B
anywhere in the beam. My
w y L2
CASE-A : Before the My = A My w y L2
12 = B.M.D
development of end 2 24
φy
hinges or elastic d
2
range Curvature
Diagram
CASE-B : Formation φy φy φy
of central hinge. 2 ∆ y1 d/2
d/2 ∆ y2
Elastic
CASE-C : Final failure Curve
Length of
Plastic Hinge
C
∆ y3
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
∆y1 = Deflection at the stage of yielding at the ends
∆y2 = Deflection at the stage of yielding at the center
∆y3 = Final Failure
Final failure is the stage when the rotation capacity at the ends or
at the center exhausts.
Load at the First Yield: wy1
w y1L2
My = MP =
12
M P × 12 247.5 × 12
w y1 = 2
= 2
= 46.41kN / m
L 8
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Deflection at the First Yield: ∆ y1

C
D
tDC

Rotation between two points C & D = ∫ φ × dx

D C

∫ φ × dx = Area of curvature diagram between C & D.

C

tDC = Tangential deviation of any point D on the elastic curve form

tangent drawn on point C on the elastic curve.
C
First moment of area of curvature diagram between C & D
tCD = ∫ φ .x.dx =
D
about point D.
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Deflection at the First Yield: ∆ y1
C
C
t AC = ∫ φ .x.dx A B
A

t AC ∆c
∆y1 = First moment of
curvature diagram t AC = ∆ c
between A & C about A

∆ y1 = A1x1 − A 2 x 2 φy
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Deflection at the First Yield: ∆ y1 2
A1 = bh
3
∆ y1 = A1x1 − A 2 x 2
3
h = φy
23 L  5 L   L L 2
∆ y1 =  φ ×  ×  − φ y ×  ×
32 2  8 2   2 4
2 5
L b
∆ y1 = φ y 8
32
A 2 = bh
1.09 × 10 −5 × 8000 2 h = φy
∆ y1 =
32 b=
L
2
∆ y1 = 21.8mm
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Load at the Second Yield: wy2 Assuming sufficient rotation
capacity is available at the ends.
Otherwise final failure will take
w y 2 L2 place before the formation of
− MP + = MP second hinge
8
Due to end moment, at the center Must be at the center at the to
produce PH

Due to end Load, at the center

w y 2 L2
2M P =
8
16M P 16 × 247.5
w y2 = 2
= 2
= 61.87 kN − m
L 8
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Deflection at the Second Yield: wy2 2
A1 = bh
3
2 L  5 L   L L
∆ y2 = 2φy ×  ×  −  φy × × 
3 2  8 2   2 4
h = 2φ y
L2
∆ y2 = φ y × 5
12 2
b
8000 8
∆ y2 = 1.09 ×10 −5 ×
12 A 2 = bh h = φy
∆ y2 = 58.13mm
L
b=
2
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Rotation Capacity At The End Hinges:

φavailable = 3 × φP
d
θ available = 3 × φP ×
2
−5 253
= 3 ×1.09 × 10 ×
2
−3
= 4.136 ×10 rad
θ available = 0.004136rad
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Rotation Capacity At The End Hinges:

After the formation of hinge, remaining rotation capacity

−5 253
θ balance = 0.004136 − 1.09 × 10 ×
2
θ balance = 0.00276rad
Rotation capacity used up-to the formation of central hinge = Difference
of area between to curvature diagrams.

2 L 2 2 L φP L 2φP
θ = × 2φP × − × φP × =
3 2 3 3 2 6 2
φP
3
θ = 0.0145
Steel Structures
Solution: (contd…)
Rotation Capacity At The End Hinges:

θ = 0.0145
This is the rotation capacity required for the formation of central hinge
but the capacity available is only 0.00276rad. So before the formation of
central hinge the rotation capacity at the ends will exhaust and failure
will occur.

Concrete frames may have such situation.

Steel Structures
Example: Same as previous example but the specially
designed end connection provides a total rotation capacity of
0.03rad.

Solution:
Calculations up-to wy1 and wy2 are the same.
Check For the Rotation Capacity

θ available = 0.03
After the formation of end hinge
253
θ balance = 0.03 - 1.09 × 10 ×
-5

2
θ balance = 0.0286 > 0.0145 So central hinge will form
Steel Structures
Solution:
Rotation capacity after the formation of second hinge

θ balance = 0.0286 − 0.0145

θ balance = 0.0141rad
θbalance for central hinge

θ balance = (3 − 1)Φ P × d

θ balance = 2 ×1.09 ×10 −5 × 253

θ balance = 0.0055rad
Steel Structures
Solution:
Failure Stage: As after the formation of
w y 3 = w y 2 = 61.9kN / m second hinge beam can’t take
more load because of the
formation of mechanism
L
∆' = θ'×
2 θ ∆' θ
For the rotation capacity 2θ
of central hinge
2θ = 0.0055 L L
0.0055 2 2
θ=
2
0.0055 8000
∆ y3 = × = 11.03mm
2 2
Steel Structures
Solution:
Failure Stage:
Total deflection = ∆ y2 + ∆ y3
= 58.13 + 11.03 = 69.16mm
w
61.87

w y1 = 46.41

21.8
Pseudo∆ y

58.18 ∆ u = 69.16
∆(mm)
Steel Structures
Solution:
∆
Member ductility =
Pseudo∆ y
61.87
Pseudo∆ y = 21.8 × = 29.06mm
46.41
69.16
µ=
29.06

µ = 2.38 Less then section ductility

Concluded