Chapter 3

Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Vectors

AP Physics Motion in two dimensions

Giancoli, PHYSICS,6/E © 2004. Electronically

reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
 Module 5
Vectors

Giancoli, Sec 3-1, 2, 3, 4

The following is an excellent lecture on this material.

Giancoli, PHYSICS,6/E © 2004. Electronically

reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
 Vectors
•A vector has magnitude as well as direction.
•Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration,
force, momentum
•A scalar has only magnitude
•Examples: time, mass, temperature

Module 5 - 1
 Vector Addition – One Dimension

A person walks 8 km
East and then 6 km East.
Displacement = 14 km
East

A person walks 8 km East

and then 6 km West.
Displacement = 2 km

Module 5 - 2
 Vector Addition
Example 1: A person walks 10 km
East and 5.0
 km 
North
DR =D1 +D2

D
R= D
1
2
+D2
2

=
D
R (
10
.
0 2
km
)+
(5
.
0 2
km
)=11
.2
k

D2
sin=
DR
−D− 5.
0km

=1
(2
sin)= 1
sin
( =
)26
.
50

DR 11
.
2km

Order doesn’t matter

Module 5 - 3
 Graphical Method of Vector Addition
Tail to Tip Method


V1  
V2 V3


VR

Module 5 - 4
 Graphical Method of Vector Addition
Tail to Tip Method


  V1 
V1  V3 V2
V2

VR

V3

Module 5 - 5
 Parallelogram Method

Module 5 - 6
 Subtraction of Vectors
Negative of vector has same
magnitude but points in the
opposite direction.

For subtraction, we add the negative vector.

Module 5 - 7
 Multiplication by a Scalar
A vector V can be multiplied by a scalar c; the result is a
vector cV that has the same direction but a magnitude
cV. If c is negative, the resultant vector points in the
opposite direction.

Module 5 - 8
 Adding Vectors by Components

Any vector can be expressed as the sum

of two other vectors, which are called its
components. Usually the other vectors are
chosen so that they are perpendicular to
each other.

Module 5 - 9
 Trigonometry Review

Hypotenuse
Opposite

Adjacent

= Opposite
sin
Hypotenuse
= Adjacent
cos
Hypotenuse

= =

Opposite
sin

tan
Adjacent
cos
Module 5 - 10
 Adding Vectors by Components
If the
components are
perpendicular,
they can be
found using
trigonometric
functions.
Vy
= Opposite
sin = →Vy= 
Vsin
Hypotenuse
V
= Adjacent
cos =
Vx
→Vx =V 
cos
Hypotenuse
V
=Opp
tan =

sin
Adj 
cos
Module 5 - 11
 Adding Vectors by Components

The components are effectively one-dimensional,

so they can be added arithmetically:

Module 5 - 12
 Signs of Components
y

Rx = − Rx = +
Ry = + Ry = +

x
Rx = −
Ry = −
Rx = +
Ry = −

Module 5 - 13
 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components

Adding vectors:
1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction.
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:

Vy
Module 5 - 14
sin =
V
 Module 6
Vector Problems and Relative Velocity

Giancoli, Sec 3- 4, 8

The following is an excellent lecture on this material.

Giancoli, PHYSICS,6/E © 2004. Electronically

reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Example 2 A man pushing a mop across a floor causes it to undergo two
displacements. The first has a magnitude of 150 cm and makes a angle of 1200
with the positive x-axis. The resultant displacement has a magnitude of 140 cm
and is directed at an angle of 35.00 to the positive x axis. Find the magnitude
and direction of the second displacement.
   A = 150
cm
 R=A
  +B

B R = 140
cm
  B=R−A
A 1200
0
R
B=R−A
X X X
35

=
B
x (
140
cm
) 
cos−
35(
150
cm
)
co 
12
Bx =+190
cm
B=R−A
y y y

B
y=(
140
cm
)
sin−
35
(
150
cm
)
sin
12  

Module 6 - 1 By =−49
.6cm
Example 2 Alternative Solution. In the solution below, the angles
for vector A are measured from the negative x axis. In this case, we have to
assign the signs for the components. The answer is the same.

    A = 150
cm
A  R=A
  +B

B R = 140
cm
 B=R−A
60 0
0
R
B=R−A
X X X
35

=
B
x (
140
cm
) 
cos−
35−
(150
cm
)
co
6
Bx =+190
cm
B=R−A
y y y

B
y=(
140
cm
)
sin−
35
(
150
cm
)
sin
60  

Module 6 - 2 By =−49
.6cm
Example 2 Continued A man pushing a mop across a floor
causes it to undergo two displacements. The first has a magnitude
of 150 cm and makes a angle of 1200 with the positive x-axis. The
resultant displacement has a magnitude of 140 cm and is directed
at an angle of 35.00 to the positive x axis. Find the magnitude and
direction of the second displacement.

B= B+B 2
x
2
y

=
B (
1902
cm
)+−
(49
.
6 2
cm
) =196cm
−49
.6cm
=
sin
196
cm

−49
.6 = −14.6
=sin

−
1

 196
Module 6 - 3
 Relative Velocity
•Will consider how observations made in different
reference frames are related to each other.

A person walks toward the front of a train at 5 km / h

(VPT). The train is moving 80 km / h with respect to the
ground (VTG). What is the person’s velocity with respect
to the ground (VPG)?
  
V
PG=V
PT+VTG

V=
5
PGkm
/
h+80
km
/
h=85
km
/
h

Module 6 - 4
 Relative Velocity

•Boat is aimed upstream

so that it will move
directly across.

•Boat is aimed directly

across, so it will land at a
point downstream.
•Can expect similar
problems with airplanes.

Module 6 - 5
Example 6 An airplane is capable of flying at 400 mi/h in still air.
At what angle should the pilot point the plane in order for it to
travel due east, if there is a wind of speed 50.0 mi/h directed due
south? What is the speed relative to the ground?
VPA 
VAG


VPG
VAG
=
sin
V
 
PA
  50
.
0 mi
−1

V
=sin  =sin

AG −1 h= 7 .18 0
 mi
V 
PA

400
hNorth of East
V=
( mi
400
)
cos
(
7.
180
)= mi
397
Module 6 - 6
PG h h
 Vectors

Vector Addition Applet

Module 6 - 7
 Module 7
Projectile Motion

Giancoli, Sec 3-5, 6, 7

Giancoli, PHYSICS,6/E © 2004. Electronically

reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
 3-5 Projectile Motion

A projectile is an object
moving in two
dimensions under the
influence of Earth's
gravity; its path is a
parabola.

Module 7 - 1
 Projectile Motion

•Neglect air resistance

•Consider motion only after release and before it hits
•Analyze the vertical and horizontal components separately
(Galileo)
•No acceleration in the horizontal, so velocity is constant
•Acceleration in the vertical is – 9.8 m/s2 due to gravity and
thus velocity is not constant.
•Object projected horizontally will reach the ground at the
same time as one dropped vertically
Module 7 - 2
 Equations for Projectile Motion

Horizontal Vertical
ax=0 ay = - g
vx= constant

v0 = vx0 vy =vy0 −gt

1 2
x =x0 +vx0 t y=0+
y v
y0t− gt
2
2
v
y=2
v
y0−
2g(y−y
0)
Module 7 - 3
 Initial Velocity


vy0 =v0sin


vx0 =v0cos

•If the ball returns to the y = 0 point, then the velocity at

that point will equal the initial velocity.
•At the highest point, v0 y = 0 and v = vx0
Module 7 - 4
Example 3A A football is kicked at an angle of 50.00 above the
horizontal with a velocity of 18.0 m / s. Calculate the maximum
height. Assume that the ball was kicked at ground level and lands
at ground level.

v=
(18
.
0m )=11
)(cos
50
.
0 .6m
s

x
0
s
v=(
18
.0m )=13
)(sin
50
.
0 .8m
s

y
0
s
at top: vy =vy0 −gt = 0
 v  13.8ms
t =  =
y0
=1.41s
 g  9.80 s
m 2

1
y= y +
max0
v t−gt
yo
2

2

1m 2
y = 0
max s+(13
.m
8)(
1.
41
s−
)
(
9.
8 )(
21
.
41
s)

2 s
ymax=9.7m
Module 7 - 5
 Level Horizontal Range
•Range is determined by time it takes for ball to return to
ground level or perhaps some other vertical value.
•If ball hits something a fixed distance away, then time is
determined by x motion
•If the motion is on a level field, when it hits: y = 0
1 1
y= y0y+ v 0t− gt2
→ 0= 0 +vyo t − g 2
t
2 2
2 vy0
Solving we find t = g


We can substitute this in the x equation to find the range R
2
2
v 2
vv 2
vsin
cos
=== = =
y
0 x
0yo0 0 0
R
xv
xtv(
0 xo )
g g g
Module 7 - 6
 Level Horizontal Range
We can use a trig identity 2 cos
sin = 
sin
2
2
v02sin
R=
g
•Greatest range:  = 450
•  = 300 and 600 have
same range.
(=45
0
15
0
)
Caution– the range formula
has limited usefulness. It is
only valid when the
projectile returns to the same
Module 7 - 7 vertical position.
Example 3B
A football is kicked at an angle of 50.00 above the horizontal with
a velocity of 18.0 m / s. Calculate the range. Assume that the ball
was kicked at ground level and lands at ground level.
Assume time down = time up
For Range: t= (2 )(1 .41s ) =2.82 s
=
R x= x+
vt=
0+
(.m
11
6
0
)(
s
2.
82s
) x
0

= 33m
Could also use range formula

v
=
R
2
sin
0 2
=
(
18
m/
s2
) 
sin
(2
)
2
(0
50
)
=33
m
 
g 9.
8m/
s

Module 7 - 8
Example 4A A football is kicked at an angle of 50.00 above the
horizontal with a velocity of 18.0 m / s. The football hits a window
in a house that is 25.0 m from where it was kicked. How high was
the window above the ground.
v=
(18
.
0m )=11
)(cos
50
.0 .6m

x
0
s s
v=(
18
.
0m)(sin
50
.0)=13
.8m 
y
0
s s
Time to hit the window: x =v t
x0

x 25.0m
t= = =2.16s
v 11.6m
x0
s
1
=
y y+
vt−gt 0 y
0
2

2
1
y= 0 + (
13.
8m)(
2
.
16
s−
) (
9
.m
8)(
22
. 2
16
s)
s 2 s
Module 7 - 9 y = 6.9m
Example 4 B What is the final velocity and angle of the football
that hit the window in Example 4 A.
t =2.16
s
v=v −gt
y y0

v=(
13
.m
8)−(
9.
8m2)
(2
. )=−
16
s 7. m
37
y s s s

v=+
11 m
.6
x
s

=
v(
11
.
6m)+
(−
7
.m
37)=13
.7m 2 2

s s s
v
=
tan y

v x

7
.37
=tan
  =32
−
1
.4
below x axis
Module 7 - 10 11
.6  
Example 5. (35) A rescue plane wants to drop supplies to isolated mountain
climbers on a rocky ridge 235 m below. If the plane is traveling horizontally
with a speed of 250 km /h (69.4 m / s) how far in advance of the recipients
(horizontal distance) must the goods be dropped (Fig. 3–37a)? .

vy0 =0
vx0 =69
.4m/s

Coordinate system is 235

m below plane

1 2 =
xx
0+
v =
t
xo0+
(
69
.4
m/
s)(
6.
93s
)
=
y +
m−g
235
0 t= 0 =
x481
m
2
(2
)(235
m)
t= 2
=6
.
93s
9
.8m/s
Module 7 - 12
 Sec. 3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic
In order to demonstrate that
projectile motion is parabolic,
the book derives y as a function
of x. When we do, we find that it
has the form:

This is the
equation for
a parabola.

Module 7 - 13