DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

in
a) ASTHMA
Difficulty breathing due to
narrowing of airway
-

Hypersensitivity A B
reaction
.µMastWb moles
§
Wall

lumen lumen narrow

Blood
capillaries >
Chhoti d
↳ vasodilation
% increased
airway
-
L
resistance
due to
inflammation *
vasodilation
section
of trachea caused
by any allergen * Broncho constriction

Bronchi

stimulates secretes
Allergen >
fallen
:
: mast cells > histamine > inflammation
causes
vasodilation
via
IgE ( )
Is t.in .

inhaler , anti histamines adrenaline

Remedy : -
* Broncho dilators -

* Asthalin

b) Bronchitis
Inflammation of Bronchi due to
infection
→
.

Alveolar walls
c.) Emphysema are
damaged due to chronic
cigarette smoking
→
.

Chronic
cigarette
d
smoking

¥FYÉIdg
Guy degeneration
of
stimulates
elastase
alveoli
expressionin of
enzyme
SAT alveolar sad t
alveoli
digesting
elastase starts

is used treatment
elastin
protein of alveolate
9, antitrypsin for walls 1
-

Alveolar walls
d
damaged
d.) OLD
Occupational lung disorder respiratory gaseous exchange
-

or decrease
Pneumoconiosis
.

Lung fibrosis d-
or →

air dust
Types
1
in
silica dust Silicosis Macrophages
industry wings
→
Glass →
,
Asbestos dust Asbestosis
Asbestos
engulf d the dust
→ -
i.

Textile cotton dust

Byssinosis
. " → -

Tron → Iron dust siderosis remains

of macrophages
" -

& aeoumulaton
d
Reduced dad Elasticity of ←
lung fibrosis
fatal
lungs
←

&
Irreversible breathing lung
t
cancer .
 accumulation
e) Pneumonia → mucus in alveolar
space
due to

inflammation ( due to
infection )
of
bacteria virus ,
Kl
,
d
fungi - Fandi .de
← Streptococcus
&
pneumoniae corona
L

4 virus candidiasis

Haemophilus influenzae
Note -7
Note -

Influenza (
viral ) → due to
Influenza
virus

7=-4 PP -

Intra Hp )
Tuberculosis tuberculosis
f) By Mycobacterium Pulmonary
→

-
y pressure

D- ÷:
Pneumothorax air in
pleural cavity "
g.) →

pressure

Haenrothorax → blood in n 1Negative

ummm
-

Atelectasis
collapse of kung alveoli Trans
pulmonary Ip > Pp
,
→

(Tp )pressure

Be in
Pleurisy →
Inflammation of pleura ( Pleural effusion -

(
Pleuritis ) pleural fluid)
in
Hypoxia body tissues
low
oxygen
→

Eupnoea
→
normal
breathing
Apnoea
→ No
breathing
Hypopnoea → shallow
breathing / Slow breathing
Dyspnea
→

Painful breathing
Fast
hlypeepuoea
→
/ Rapid breathing
Asphyxiation -

Suffocation
SARS
MERS
→

-
Severe Acute
Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome }
" "
coronavirus .

COPD → Chronic Obstructive

Pulmonary Disorder .

g. Emphysema
Bronchitis
RDS
Respiratory distress
""h"&hY Toth syndrome
→

" "" ""

"%
"

no
surfactant) .

cortisol LECITHIN
secretion
of / eg J Alveoli [
shintrnleles surfactant
←
Cuboidal
susleclanttobe ,
secreted in
third trimester
reduces
I
surface
tension at
alveolar -
cell
Hype

gaseous
I

←
Pneumocystis
5%

Squamous
)
§÷É÷
of pregnancy surface
.

exchange ( Type Pneumocystis)

#

( 7th mouth
→
95%
 Pulmonary volumes &
Capacities
Tidal volume air
a) →
Vol
of inspired or
expired during
NORMAL

Tv = 500mL respiration
MINUTE BR( Rate )
Breathing
VENTILATION = TV ✗
6000 to oooo ml
=
500 ✗ 42 to 16 minute ) =
.

per

Actual TV = TV -

DSA ( Dead Space air

) - air which does not
participate
gaseous exchange
in .

=
500 -
150 ml
= 350 me

Alveolar dead space Total dead

Anatomical dead space +
space
=

dead
Carini conducting zone ) tin healthy Physiological space)
(
negligible individual
air
b) IRV 1 Inspiratory Reserve Volume) → ADDITIONAL Vol
of inspired
2500mL -03 oooml during
FORCIBLE
respiration
air
a) ERV 1 Expiratory Reserve Volume) → ADDITIONAL Vol
of expired
respiration
during
FORCIBLE
1000 -
1100mL

d) Residual volume Vol

of
air in
lungs
remaining (participates
even
after
.
-

gaseous exchange)
in
forceful expiration .

1100 - 1200mL
d) Which ?
following
the is incorrect
IC
EC
=

=
Irv + Tv
Tvt ERU
of
FRC =
ERV + RV A) Tv = EC -
ERU

RV FRC ERV
b)
=
IRV 1- ERU + TV
-

VC =

VC ERV + TV RV
4-
= -

TLC = VCTRV VC
Rv = TLC
d.)
-

significance -

hung
disorders can be
diagnosed .

Measured
by
gERv
IRV

spirometer
laanong 's
spirometer)
vital
☒
Note - FIR , RI capacity
✓ I
exchanged
cannot be
measured
direct
by
spinney
but g. ,
-

ev
^
gobo?uMlh
lungs I
atmosphere

by EEE
Indirect u

spiromety
Helium →
exchanged
eg dilution
between

method .
alveoli &
blood .
 True vocal cords sound
=foundbo# vocal cords ⇐
-

Larynx
*
membranous
>
False vocal cords
Hyaline
hade up appose
of - cartilage
folds

single
←{ Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis Arytenoidcartilage
cuneiform cartilage } Paired

)
cricoid corniculate
cartilage cartilage

Elastic
cartilage Cugat
•

male
d secondary
Adam 's
apple
inmate
-
Staudinger of
NE
Sound box
of birds →

Syrinx
Air
Inhaled -
Exhaled

(✗ Amount He ) ( X -

y ve
)
of
-

Hiccups sudden contraction

of diaphragm
→

causes → Irritant
particle
GERD
Hyperacidity ,