07/06/2023

Performance Characteristics and Parameters

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND PARAMETERS

A ABILASHAN
2021T01082
Basic opera�onal characteris�cs and parameters

Propaga�on delay
Power dissipa�on
Speed power product
Fan out and loading
Dc supply voltage
Input/output logic levels

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Propaga�on delay
The �me required to change the output from one logic to
another logic state a�er input is applied, is called the
propaga�on delay of logic circuit.
Example figure 1.
propaga�on delay of a logic gate is the �me interval
between the transi�on of an input pulse and the
occurrence of the resul�ng transi�on of the output pulse.
there are two propaga�on delays. Figure 1

tPHL: the propaga�on delay is measured when the output makes a transi�on from a HIGH(1) to
LOW(0) state.
tPLH: the propaga�on delay is measured when the output makes a transi�on from LOW(0) to a
HIGH(1) state.

Power dissipa�on
it is the amount of power that the digital circuit dissipates. The power dissipated is determined
by the average current drawn from the supply voltage.

the average current is the average

value of the current at LOW gate
output (logic ‘0’) and the current at
HIGH gate output(logic ‘1’).

Figure 2

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Dc power supply voltage
The nominal value of the dc supply voltage for
TLL devices +5V.
CMOS devices are available in different supply
voltage categories: +5V, +3.3V, 2.5V and 1.8V.
Although omited from logic diagrams for
simplicity, the dc supply voltage is connected to
the Vcc pin of an IC package, and the ground is
connected to the GND pin. Both voltage and
ground are distributed internally to all elements Figure 3
within the package. [Figure 04]

Fan out and loading

Digital ICs are complete func�oning logic networks. Typically , a digital IC requires only a power
supply, input and output. Here are the defini�on of Fan-in and Fan-out. [Figure 03]

Fan-In: the fan-in is defined as the maximum

number of inputs that a logic gate can accept. If
the number of inputs exceeds, the output will
be undefined or incorrect. It is specified by the
manufacturer and is provided in the datasheet.

Fan-Out: the fan-out is defined as the maximum

number of inputs (load) that can be connected
to the output of a gate without degrading the
Figure 4
normal opera�on.
Fan out is calculated from the amount of
current available in the output of a gate and the amount of current needed in each input of the
connec�ng gate. It is specified by the manufacturer and is provided in the datasheet. Exceeding
the specified maximum load may cause a malfunc�on because the circuit will not be able to
supply the demanded power.

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Input and output logic levels
VIL is the LOW level input voltage for the a logic gate, VIH is the HIGH level input voltage. The 5V
CMOS accepts a maximum voltage of 1.5V as VIL and a minimum voltage of 3.5V as VIH.
Bipolar logic accepts a maximum voltage 0.8V as VIL and a minimum voltage of 2V as VIH.
VOL is the LOW level output voltage and VOH is the HIGH level output voltage.
For 5V CMOS, the maximum VOL is 0,33V and the minimum VOH is 0.44V.
For bipolar logic, the maximum VOL is 0.4V and the minimum VOH is 2.4V.
All the values depend on opera�ng condi�ons as specified on the datasheet.

Speed-power product
It can be used as a measure of the performance of a logic circuit talking into account the propaga�on
delay �me and the power dissipa�on.

The SPP of a logic circuit is the product of the propaga�on delay �me and the power dissipa�on and is
expressed in joules (J), which is the unit of energy.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑

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