3 HUMANREPRODUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
When this chapter is completed, the students should be able to:
describe the structure and functions of the parts in human male reproductive system.
describe the structure and functions of the parts in human female reproductive system.
describe the process of gametogenesis (spematogenesis) in males and the structure of a sperm.
describe the process of gametogenesis (oogenesis) in females and the structure of an ovum.
" explain phases in menstrual cycle and the influence of pituitary and ovarian hormones on the process.
" describe the events in fertilisation.
"describe the development of zygote into blastocyst and its implantation.
" describe the development of placenta and the events in pregnancy.
" describe parturition and lactation.

IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS

3.1. HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity (extra
abdominal) within a pouch, called scrotum; scrotum
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM provides a temperature 2.0-2.5°C lower than the internal
body temperature necessary for spermatogenesis.
Ureter
A pair of Duct Accessory External Urinary bladder
Testes system glands genitalia (Penis) Vas deferens
-Seminal vesicle

1. Rete testis 1. Seminal vesicles Prostate

2. Vasa efferentia 2. Bulbourethral glands Epididymis -Bulbourethral gland

3. Epididymis 3. Prostate gland Vasa efferentia Urethra
4. Vas deferens Rete testis Testis
5. Urethra Testicular lobules
Foreskin

Glans penis
Ureter Fig. 3.2 Human male reproductive system
Uinary bladder
Vas deferens
Seminiferous tubules
-Seminal vesicle
Interstitial cells
Prostate gland
Urethra.
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
-Bulbourethral gland Spermatozoa
Glans penis Epididymis
Foreskin Testis
Scrotum
Sertoli cell
Fig. 3.1 Human male pelvis
showing reproductive system Fig. 3.3 T.S. of Testis -A Portion
 Human Reproduction 67

mammary glands
SYSTEM " Ahuman female has a pair of functional
3.2. HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE variable quantity of
that consist of glandular tissue and
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM fat.
into 15-20 mammary
" The glandular tissue is divided
called alveoli.
lobes; each lobe contains clusters of cells.
External Mammary
A pair ot Duct
genitalia
which open into mammary tubules.
system glands lobe join to form a
ovaries
The mammary tubules of each
mammary duct.
1. Mons pubis 2. Labla majora
" Several mammary ducts join to
form a wider mammary
through
ampulla that is connected to lactiferous duct,
3. Labia minora 4. Clitoris
Hymen which milk comes out.

" The milk is actually secreted by the

cells of alveoli and is
stored in the lumen of alveoli.
Fallopian tube Uterus Cervix Vagina
Fat deposits
1. Fimbriae 1.Perimetrium Mammary alveolus
2. Infundibulum 2. Myometrium
Secondary
mammary tubule
3. Ampulla 3. Endometrium
Mammary duct
4. Isthmus
Ampulla
Lactiferous duct
Ovaries are the primary female sex organs that produce
Nipple
the female gametes (called ova) and secrete some steroid Areola
sex hormones. Mammary lobe
Pectoralis major
muscle
Ulerine fundus
IsthmuS
Ampulla Fig. 3.6 Mammary Gland Diagrammatic
Ulerine cavity
Ovary Sectional View
Infundibulum
Fimbriae 3.3. GAMETOGENESIS
-Endometrium
Myometrium A. Spermatogenesis
Perimetrium
Cervix - It is the process of formation of spermatozoa in the
Cervical canal testes; the process starts at puberty.
- All the stages in the process spermatogonia,
-Vagina
primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids
Fig, 3.4 Human Female Reproductive System and spermatozoa can be seen in a seminiferous tubule.

Spermatozoa

Ovary. Spermatid
Fallopian tube
Uterus Secondary spermatocyte
Cervix
Vagina Sertoli cells
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Primary spermatocyte
Clitoris
Labia minor
Labia major Spermatogonium
Vaginal orifice
Fig. 3.5 Human Female Pelvis

Fig, 3.7 A section of seminiferous tubule

 68 Tagether widk Biology-12
A Puborty Chromosomes number
por coll
Spermalogonia -2n = 46

Mitosis and
differentia
lon/growth

Primary spermalocytes 4-2n = 46

1st meiotic
division

Secondary spernalocytes -n= 23

2nd meiotic
division
Spernatids -n 23>
Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa
n= 23>

Fig. 3.8 Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is controlled by hormones from The whole body of a spermatozoan is enveloped by

hypothalamus (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), plasma membrane.
pituitary (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising -Plasma membrane
hormone) and testes (testosterone). Acrosome
Hypothalamus Head
-Nuclearlchromosomal
material
Anterior pftuitary Neck Centrioles
LH
FSH
Leydig cells Senaj cels Middle
piece
Mitochondria

Testosterone Factors
Spermatogenesis Stimulates
Spermiogenesis
Fig 3.9 Hormonal control of the
Human Male Reproductive System Tail

- A human sperm is composed of four parts: head, neck,

middle piece and tail. Fig. 3.10 A Human Spermatozoan
B. Oogenesis
Oogenesis is the process of formation of female gametes or ova in the ovary.
Oogenesis is initiated during embryonic development in a female foetus.
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle with antrum
Primary oocyte
Graafian follicle
Secondary oocyte
Ruptured follicle
-Ovum (secondary 00cyte)
-Corpus luteum
Fig. 3.11 T.S. of ovary
 Human Reproduction 69

cet
Chromosorne number pe
2n = 46
Oogonia

Mitosis
Fetal life differentiaion,

2n = 46
Primary 00cye
1st meiotic division
Birth
Childhood (completed prior

-
to ovulation)
Puberty

n=23
Secondary oocyte
First
polar body

Adult
n= 23
Ovum
reproductive life
Second
polar body

Fig. 3.12 Oogenesis

3.4. MENSTRUALCYCLE

Pitutay
events
Hormon LH
FSH

Ovarian Developing
|Developing Mature follicde Corpus luteum

follicle
levels
Hormone Ovulation Regressing
Corpus luteum
Ovarian
Estrogen
Progesterone|
eventsMenses
Uterine

15

Days Menstruation Follicular phase Luteal phase Next cycle

(Proliferative (Secretory begins
phase) phase)
Fig. 3.13 Menstrual Cycle
 70 ase Bolg-12 (monkeys, apes and human
rnethe opans of
primate temales
about 28/29
beings),
vur in the days (a
"T q hang that
stralvck. onset of the nextand lasts
for
mensem
Nmu the enstrustion tillthe
hvn one
Tkakofevnts starts -Cells ofcorona
" radata
-Zona pellucida
Periteline space
Vtelne membrane
Nucdeus
Cytoplasm

Coverings
its Profective
Fig. 4An Ovum with

IMPLA\IATION junction of the fallopian

FERTILIS ATION LVD reach the anupullary-isthmic
5
mve hnueh the ni, enter the uterus and
" The mck s s takes place.
ampullar-isthmic junction, where fertilization
e h ovN ak) rchs the
" T called cleavage.
Tkagte nies m e (mito) ivisions
"
tomex is alle morula leaving a central cavity,
" The n wi Sto l6 bome aranged along the periphery
blatomers
the moruls and the
" Cel éviss etinue in
stage scallkda blastocyst.
aled h a e h emino this leads to pregnancy.
press called implantation, it
the
" The blas soheiid in the endometrium in
Spems

-Corora radaa
-Zona pelucida
Zora peloce -Soerm inside Blasto
OVum meres
Ovun

B C
Fertisaton 2-celled embryo 4-celled embryo

D
Falopan
tube

Ovary Blastocyst.
implanted

Uterus
Zora peluoca Cervix

-Inner cell mass

Vagina
-Blastomeres Blastocoel
Trophoblast
E F G
Mcrsa Blastlaton Blastocyst
Fig 3.15 Stages of Embryonic development upto Implantation
 Human Reproduction 71
3.6.PREGNANCYAND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
" Simultaneous with the development of placenta, the inner cell mass differentiates into the primary gern
layers, these
primary germ layers give rise to all the tissues and organs of the adult.
" By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is completely developed and is ready for its delivery.
" Ovary secretes a hormone, called relaxin
towards the end of pregnancy.
-Placental vili
(chonomc)
Uterine cavity
Yolk sac
Umbilical cord

Foetus

Plug of mucus
in cervbx

Fig. 3.16 Foetus within Uterus

3.7. PARTURITION AND LACTATION

" Parturition or childbirth is a complex neuroendocine mechanism.
" The delivery of the foetus is followed by the expulsion of placenta and the remains of umbilical cord.
" The mammary glands also undergo certain development during pregnancy under the influence of hormones like prolactin.
hPL and progesterone.
" They start producing milk towards the end of pregnancy and the milk is used for feeding the new bom (lactation).

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

1. The secondary oocyte retains bulk of the nutrient
rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte. Can you think
of any advantage for this?
Ans. - It helps it to survive and undergo meiosis lL.
It also helps in the nutrition of the zygoteembryo
up to implantation.
By the end of second month, the foetus develops
limbs and digits.
By the end of third month, most of the organ sy stems
are formed.
During the ffth month, eruption of hair on the head
is observed: the foetus also shows movements

2. How many chromosomes will be there in the zygote
(of human)?
Ans. 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
3. What are the major features of the embryonic
development at various months of pregnancy?
Ans. Features of human embryonic development
The primary germ layers give rise to all the tissues
and organs of the adult.
After one month of pregnancy, the heart is
formed; the first sign of the growing foetus is the
heartbeat.
By the end of six months, the body is covered with
fine hair., eyelids separate and eyelashes are also
formed.
By the end of eight months of pregmancy, the testes
(in case of a male foetus) descend into the scrotum.
By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus
is completely developed and is ready for delivery.
4. What do you think the doctor injects to induce
delivery?
Ans. Oxytocin.
 72 Tagetha a Biology12

NCERT EXERCISES
3.1. Fill in the blanks:
3.5. Describe the structure of a
(a) Humans reproduce Ans, Refer to Fig. 3.7 in the text seminiferous tubule.
(asexually/sexually). - Each seminiferous tubule has atunic
(b) Humans are
tissue and is internally lined by of

semicntwooinnefercotusive
(oviparous,
viviparous, ovoviviparous). germinal epithelium.
(c) Fertilisation is
in The seminiferous epithelium
humans (external/internal). of cells: consists of
() Male and female
ype
gametes are (diploid/ (i) Sertoli cells and
haploid).
(i) Spermatogonia/male germ cells.
(e) Zygote is
(diploid/haploid). Sertoli cells are large and columnar.
) The process of release of ovum from a
mature
follicle, is called Spermatogonia, primary spematocytes, secondar
(g) Ovulation is induced by a
spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa are ik
hormone, called different cells (derived from
spermatogonia) found
in a seminiferous tubule.
(h) The fusion of male and female 3.6. What
gametes, is called spermatogenesis? Briefly describe the
process of spermatogenesis.
() Fertiisation takes place in Ans.
) Zygote divides to form
Spermatogenesis is the process of
formation of
is implanted in uterus.
which sperimatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of testes.
The spermatogonia present on the inner
(k) The structure which provides vascular lining of
seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic divisions
connection between fetus and uterus, is called and increase in number.
Some of them undergo growth and become the
1ns. (a) sexually (6) viviparous primary spermatocytes.
(c) mternal Each primary spermatocyte undergoes
(d) haploid meiosis I and
(e) diploid ) ovulation forms two haploid secondary
(g)
spermatocytes.
The secondary spermatocytes undergo
luteinising hormone (h) syngamy
and form four equal sized haploid meiosis II
() ampullary-isthmic junction of the
fallopian tube spermatids.
) blzstocyst The spermatids become transformed into the
(k) placenta spermatozoa by the process of spermiogenesis.
Draw a labelled diagram of male
System. reproductive After spemiogenesis, the spem heads are embedded
in the Sertoli cells and are later
Ans. Refer to Fig 32 in the text released from the
seminiferous tubules, i.e. spermiation.
3.3. Draw a labelled diagram of 3.7. Name the hormones involved in
female reproductive regulation of
system. spermatogenesis.
Ans. Refer to Fig 34 in the textL Ans. ()
34. Write two major functions each of
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(i) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
testis and ovary.
1ns. Testis (ii) Luteinising Hormone (LH)
- It produces the male gametes, spermatozoa (iv) Testosterone.
- It secretes 3.8. Define
the male hormone, testosterone.
Ans.
spermiogenesis and spermiation.
Ovary Spermiogenesis is the process of transformation of
It produces the female
gametes, ova. spermatids into flagellated spermatozoa.
It secretes the fernale sex
hormones, estrogens and Spermiation is the process of release of spermatozoa
progesteTone. from the seminiferous tubules of the testes into the
ducts.
 Human Reproduction 73

ovary.
Draw a labelled diagram of asection through
sperm. 3.13.
3.9. Draw a labelled diagram of in the text.
the text. Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.1| follicle.
Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.10in diagram of aGraafian
ofseminal plasma? 3.14. Draw a labelled
3.10. What are the major components Cumulus oophorus
fructose, calcium and certain
Ans. Seminal plasma is rich in Ans.
Foillicular cails
enzymes.
male accessory Secondary oocyte
3.11. What are the major functions of
ducts and glands? Antrum contain1ng
epididymis and vas liquor folliculi
Ans. - Rete testis, vasa efferentia,
deferens are the male accessory ducts; these male
accessory ducts help to store and transport sperms
from seminiferous tubules to the outside through A Graaian Follicle
urethra. following:
3.15. Write the functions of the
Seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands (b) Endometrium
(a) Corpus luteum
are the male accessory glands, whose secretions () Sperm tail
form the seminal plasma; this fluid, which is rich in (c) Acrosome
calcium, fructose and certain enzymes is essential for (e) Fimbriae
maturation and motility of sperrns and lubrication of Ans. (a) Corpus luteum
the penis during coitus. which
- It secretes large amounts of progesterone,
3.12. Vhat is oogenesis? Give a briefaccount of oogenesis. is essential for maintenance of the
endometrium.
Ans. Oogenesis is the process of fornation of mature female implantation of embryo and other events of
gametes or ova.
pregnancy.
Oogenesis is initiated during the embryonic (6) Endometrium
developmental stage of a female foetus.
Oogonia formed in ovary of the foetus start division It is the inner most glandular lining of the wall
of the uterus.
and enter prophase I of meiosis and remain suspended
at that stage; these are called primary oocytes. It undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual
Each primary oocyte is surounded by a layer of cycle and prepares itself for the implantation of
granulosa cells and become the primary follicle. embryo.
When a primary follicle becomes surrounded by (c) Acrosome
more layers of granulosa cells and a theca, it is
called a secondary follicle. The acrosome contains enzynes which help in
The secondary follicle transforms into a tertiary dissolving the envelopes (zona pellucida and
follicle, with the development ofa fluid-filled cavity plasma membrane) of the ovum and facilitate
(antrum) around the primary oocyte. the entry of sperm into the cytoplasm of the
OVUm.
The theca becomes organised into an outer layer, called
theca externa and an inner layer, called theca interna. () Sperm tail
- At his stage the primary oocyte grows in size and It facilitates the movement of sperm inside the
completes meiosis I and forms a larger haploid female reproductive tract to reach the ovum for
secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body. fertilisation.
The tertiary follicle grows further and changes
(e) Fimbriae
into the mature follicle or Graafian follicle: the
secondary oocyte secretes a new membrane, called They help in collection of the ovum after
zona pellucida around it. ovulation, into the fallopian tube.
At this stage, the follicle ruptures to release the 3.16. Identify True/False statements. Correct each false
secondary oocyte (ie., ovulation) which moves into statement to make it true.
the fallopian tube.
(a) Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells.
When a sperm enters the cytoplasm of the secondary
oocyte, it completes meiosis II, resulting in an ootid (TrueFalse)
(b) Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells.
(ovum), and a second polar body.
(True/False)
 74 agtkr a Biology-12
(True/False) 3.19. Inour society the women are often blamed
(c) Leydig cells are found in ovary. birth to daughters. Can you
() Leydig cells synthesise androgens. (True/Falsc) correct? explain whythis h
luteun.
(e) Oogenesis takes place in the corpus Ans. Ahuman male has 22 pairs of
(True/False)

n Menstrual cyele ceases during pregnancy.

chromosomes and produces two
s0% of them having one
auttypcsosones andspe
of
(True/False). other. X-chromosome
S0% ofthem having one
(e) Presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable
indicator of virginity or sexual experience.
with 22 autosomes.
Ahuman female has 22 pairs of
Y-chromOSote;a
(True/False) and XX chromosomes and produces
one
auloso
of ova, all containing one
Ans. (a) False. Androgens are produced by Leydig cells.
(b) True.
22 autosomes. X-chromOsome
The sex of the child is deternmincd at the ti
(c) False. Levdig cells are found in the testes.
(d) True.
fertilisation by the type of sperm fertilising the n
(e) False. Oogenesis takes place in the ovarian follicles. Ifa sperm containing Xchromosome fuses wi
True.
egg, then the zygote will have two Xchromos
and it will develop into a female child.
(g) True.
If a sperm containing Y chromosome fuses
3.17. What is menstrual cycle? Which hormones regulate the egg, then the zygote will have one Xan
menstrual cycle? Ychromosome and thus, it will develop into a
Ans. - Menstrual cycle refers to the cycle ofevents taking child.
place in the reproductive organs ofa primate female, Hence, it is incorrect to blame the women for g
starting from one menstruation tillthe onset of the birth to female offspring, it is the father, w
next one.

The hormones involved are:

responsible for the sex of the child.
3.20. How many eggs are released by a human ov:
() Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
a month? How many eggs do you think woulo
(i) Follicle stimulating hormone been released if the mother gave birth to ide
(ii) Luteinising hormone twins? Would your answer change if the twins
(iv) Oestrogen and were fraternal?

(v) Progesterone. Ans. - One egg is releascd by a human ovary in a n

3.18. What is parturition? Which hormones are involved Only one egg
in induction of parturition? - Yes, Two eggs.
Ans. - Parturition refers to the process of delivery of the 3.21. How many eggs do you think were release
fully-developed foetus, i.e., childbirth. the ovary of a female dog, which gave birth t
Relaxin and oxytocin are the hormones involved in puppies?
the process. Ans. Six.

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Name the cells that nourish the germ cells the
testes. Where are these cells located in the testes?
|AI 2013CI
Ans. Sertoli cells; they are found in the inner lining of
seminiferous tubules.
2. How is a primary spermatocyte different frot
secondary spermatocyte?
Ans. - A primary spermatocyte is diploid and has
chromosomes; it undergoes meiosis I and for
two secondary spermatocytes.
A secondary spermatocyte is haploid and has
chromosomes; it undergoes meiosis II and fom
two spermatids.
 Human Reproduction 75

Or
in humans? Write its sperm cells are in
3. Where Is acrosome present
|AL2012) During fertilization, hundreds of
function.
the vicinity of an egg cell; but only one sperm enters
the head
Acrosome is present at thc anterior end of achieved? |1OTSI
Ans. the ovum. How is this
region of a human spem. ovum
the zona pellucida of the
It contains cnzymes that help in dissolving the Ans. The changes induced in
contact wvith it, block the entry
envelopcs (zona pellucida and plasma membranc) of by the sperm coming in
the entry of only one
ovum to facilitate entry of sperm into the cyloplasm of any other sperm and ensures
of the ovum. sperm.
4. Why is the middle piece of humnan sperm considered 13. What is cleavage?
mitotic divisions that occur
as 'powerhouse of the sperm'? |HOTS|
Ans. Cleavage refers to the rapid
which
Ans. Middle picce contnins numerous mitochondria, in the zygote.
for implanted in
produce energy for thc movement of sperm
fertilisation; so it is called the power house.
14. Name the embryonic stage that gets |AI201|
the uterine wall of human female.
5. What is scmen?
Ans. Blastocyst gets implanted.
As. Seminal plasma (sccreted by the male reproductive labelled A".
glands) along with the spermatozoa, constitute semen. 15. ldentify the figure given and the part
A
6. Mention the difference between spermiogenesis and
spermintion. |Delhi 2012|
Ans. Refer to ans. 3.8.
7. How many primary follicles are left in each ovary |AL 20121
in a human female at puberty? Ans. It is a mammalian blastocyst.
Ans. 60,000 80,000 primary follicles are len in each ovary. - A
is trophoblast.
8. List the changes the primary oocyte undergocs in 16. Mention the function of trophoblast in human
the tertiary follicular stage in thc human ovary. embryo. |Delhi 2011|
|Foreign 2011|
Ans. Trophoblast forms chorionic villi, which become part
I| Ans. The primary oocyte grows in size and completes of the placenta.
meiosis Iand forms a larger cell, the secondary oocyte 17. What are chorionic villi?
and a smaller cell, the first polar body.
9. Write the physiological reason, why a woman Ans. Chorionic villi are the finger-like projections formed
generally cannot conceive a child after 50 years of by the trophoblast immediately after implantation: they
age. |AL 2013CI form the foetal part of the placenta.
Ans. Menopause, i.e. stoppage of menstrual cycles occurs 18. How is the first sign of growing foetus noticed?
around 50 years of age; since no ovulation occurs, Ans. The first sign of growing foetus is noticed by listening
the woman cannot conceive after this age. to the heart sounds through a stethoscope.
10. Not all copulations lead to pregnancy. Give reason. 19. What is meant by gestation period?
|HOTS| Ans. The time period between implantation and parturition,
Ans. The sperm and ovum must reach the ampullary when the embryo completes its growth and development,.
isthmic junction at the same time, if fertilisation is called gestation period.
has to occur.
If the sperms and the ovum are not transported 20. State where the signals for parturition arise from,
in humans.
simultancously to the site of fertilisation, no |AL 2017CI
fertilisation occurs, though copulation has occurred. Ans. The signals for parturition arise from the fully-developed
11. How does the sperm penetrate through the zona foetus and the placenta.
pellucida in human ovum? |Delhi 2013C| 21. What
stimulates the pituitary to release the hormone
Ans. The sperm penetrates through zona pellucida wvith the responsible for parturition? Name the hormone.
help of secretions from its acrosome.
|AL2011|
12. How is the entry of only one sperm and not mnany, Ans. - The foctal ejection reflex stimulates the
release of
ensured into an ovum during fertilisation in hormone for parturition.
humans?
IAL2012| Oxytocin is the hormone.
 78 Tagecher otk Biology-12
luteinising 40. Name the stage of the human
Iffertilisation does not occur, the level of
hormone decreases and the corpus luteum regresses
the absence
implanted in the uterus and draw
diagram.
embryoits la
h

and the level of progesteronedecreases; in Ans. Blastocyst gets implanted in the utene
disintegrates
of progesterone, the endometrium
leading to menstruation.
Inner cell mass
39. Differentiate with the help of diagrams only between
morula and blastocyst of ahuman. |Foreign 20131 Trophoblast
Ans. Refer to fig. 3.15 (E) and 3.15 (G) in the text.
Blastocyst

41. Differentiate between morula and blastocyst.

Morula Blastocyst
|Dei
Ans.
It is a solid sphere of 8-16 blastomeres formed by It is a hollow sphere of cells, formed
rearrangement of blastomeres.
cleavage of zygote.
Zona pellucida is intact. Zona pellucida disintegrates with the enlarge
blastocoel.

42. (a) Name the human embryonic stage shown below. (b) Mention the part of the above embryoni
Identify 'a' and b' in it. that forms the foetus.

Ans. (a) Iis a blastocyst.

a Inner ceil mass.

'b'- Trophoblast
(b) Inner cell mass forms the foetus.

43. Diferentiate between trophoblast and inner cellmass.

Ans. Trophoblast Inner cell mass
This is the outermost layer of cells of the blastocyst. This is an inner group of cclls attached to troph
at onc end.

Trophoblast gets attached to the cndometrium and fornis It forms the gem layers and thc cmbryo prope
the foctal part of placenta.

44. When and where do chorionic villi appear in
humans? State their function. |Delhi 2013|
Ans. - Chorionic villi appear just after implantation.
They appcar as finger-like projections on the
trophoblast and become interdigitated with the
surrounding uterine tissues and form the placenta.
Placenta facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients
to the foetus and helps in removal of excretory
products; it also secretes certain hormones.
45. Name the hormones produced only during pregnancy
in a human female. Mention their source organs.
|Foreign 2011|
Ans. () Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): it is
secreted by the placenta.
(ii) Relaxin: it is secreted by the ovary.
(i) Human placental lactogen (hPL): it is s
by placenta. (a
46. Explain the fate of inner cell mass in a
embryo immediately after implantation?
|Delhi
Ans. - Immediately after implantation, the inner cell
the embryo differentiates into an outer layer.
ectodem and an inner layer, called endoder
A middle layer called, mesodem appears be
the ectodem and the endoderm.
These three germ layers give rise to all the t
ongans in adults.
Certain cells remain as stem cells.
 Human Reproduction 79

reproductive
47. (a) VWhere do the signals for parturition originate 51. Describe the duct systemofhuman male
from, in humans? system.
(b) Why is it important to feed the new born babies Ans. Duct System of Male Reproductive System.
efferentia
on colostrum? |AL 2012| The seminiferous tubules open into vasa
through the rete-testis.
Ans. (a) The signals for parturition originate from the fully open into
developed foetus and the placenta, which cause The vasa efferentia leave the testis and
foetal ejection reflex. epididymis, which is located along the posterior
surface of the testis.
(b) Colostrum contains several antibodies, essential that
to develop resistance in the new-bom babies. The epididymis opens into the vas deferens
ascends into the abdominal cavity, loops over the
48. State the role of Oxytocinin parturition. What triggers urinary bladder and receives a duct from the seminal
its releases from the pituitary? |Forcign 2016| vesicle of its side to form the cjaculatory duct.
Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles and causes
Ans.
The cjaculatory duct opens into the prostatic
stronger uterine contractions, this,in tun causes urethra; urethra also receives ducts of prostate and
further secretion of oxytocin. bulbourethral glands and runs through the penis to
- The stimulatory reflex between uterine contractions its opening called urethral meatus, to the outside.
and secretion of oxytocin continues and results in 52. Draw a labelled diagram to show interelationship
stronger and stronger contractions of uterine muscles of the four accessory ducts in a human male
leading to expulsion of the infant from thec uterus reproductive system. |Delhi 20191
to the outside through the birth canal. Ans. Vas deferens
Relcase of oxytocin from the pituitary is triggered
by the foetal ejection reflex. Epididymis
49, Why is parturition called a neuro-endocrine Vasa efferentia
mechanism? Explain. |A 2011C)
Ans. - Paturition is initiated by the foctal ejection reflex, a Rete lestis
neural mcchanism of mild contractions of the uterus,
initiated by the fully developed foetus and placenta.
I triggers the release of oxytocin from maternal
piluitary, which causes stronger contractions of
ulerinc muscles and stimulates more secretion of
S3. The diagram shows human male reproductive
oxytocin. system (one side only).
The simulatory reflex betwecn uterinc contractions (a) ldentify 'X' and write its location in the body.
and secrction of oxytocin continues and results in (b) Name the accessory gland Y' and its secretion.
parturition, i.e. the delivery of the baby; hence it is (c) Name and state the function of Z'.
called a neuro-endocrine mechanism.
|Delhi 2015C)
Short Answer Type [1] Questions [3 Marks]
50. Write in proper sequence, the major events in human
reproduction.
Ans. The major reproductive events in humans include: 7
() gametogenesis, the formation of gametes.
(i) insemination, he transferof sperms to the female
genital tract.
(iin fertilisation, the fusion of male and female
Ans. (a) X is testis. It is located outside the
gametes. abdominal
cavity in the scrotum.
(iv) implantation, formation and attachment of
(b) Y is seminal vesicle. Its
blastocyst to the wall of the uterus. secretion along with the
() gestation, the complete development of foetus
secretions of other reproductive glands, is called
seminal plasma.
(vi) parturition, the delivery of the full-grown foetus (c) Z is epididy mis; it
(infant). temporarily stores the
spermat0Z0a and transports it to vas deferens.
 80 aker a Biology-12

glands in humans and

A Name the male accessory
write their functions. |Delhi 2017C|

Ans- The male acessor glands include:

() a pair of seminal vesicles.
() a prostate gland.
() a pair of bulbourethral glands.
The secretions of these glands, called seminal plasma
is nch in calcium, fructose and certain enzymes; it
perfoms the following functions: Ans. (a) Primary oocytes.
() Provides a fluid medium for the spems to (0) Y-Fimbriae; they help in the collection
move towards ovum in the female genital tract. into the fallopian tube, after ovulation.
(i) ltis necessary for the nutrition of sperms. (c) Z-Ampullary-isthmic junction; this is the
(üi) The secretion of bulbourethral glands helps
fertilisation in humans. sie
in lubrication of the penis during coitus. 58. Draw'a labelled diagrammatic sectional via
human seminiferous tubule.
55. Study the sectional view of human testis showing
Or
|Dellki 2u
seminiferous tubules given below. Answer the
Draw a sectional view of
questions that follow. (a)
seminiferous
() ldentify a, b and c.
of a human. Label the following cells tbin a
seminiferous tubule:
(ü) Write the functions of aand d. Foreign 2010}
() Cells that divide by mitosis to incre
their number
(ii) Cells that undergo meiosis I
(iil) Cells that undergo meiosis II
(iv) Cells that help in the process
spermiogenesis.
(b) Mention the role of Leydig cells.
Ans. (a)
Ans. () a - Spermatogonia
b - Interstitial cells or Leydig cells
c - Spermatozoa. (i) Secondary
(i) a - Spermatogonia produce the spermatozoa spermatocyte
(iv) Sertoli cells
(sperms).
d - Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the (i) Primary
germ spermatocyte
cells. () Spermatogoni
S6. Drawa labelled diagram of the
in a human female.
reproductive system
|A 2011| A section of seminiferous tubule
Ans. Refer to fig. 3.4 in the text.
(6) Leydig cells secrete testosterone, which is necessar
57. The diagram shows a part of the human female
for spermatogenesis.
reproductive system. 59. Study the figure given:
(a) Name the gamete cells that would be
present () Pick out and name the cells that underg
in X',if taken from a newborn baby.
spermiogenesis.
(b) Name Y' and write its (i) Namea' and '5' cells. What is the differend
function.
(c) Name Z' and write the between them with reference to the numb
events that take place
here. of chromosomes?
|AI 2015CI
(iii) Pick out and name the motile cells.
 Human Reproduction 81

sperm. Label
Draw a diagram of a mature human |Delhi 20I8)
function. 62. their functions.
(iv) What is f' cell? Mention its any three and write
given diagram
(v) Name the structure of which the Or
sperm. Label only those
0s a part. Draw a diagram of human sperm
functions that assist the
parts along with their gamete.
into female
to reach and gain entry |Foreign 20141
(Acrosome.
in the text and label
Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.10
middle piece and tail only.)
b
enzymes that help in dissolving
() Acrosome contains into the cytoplasm
egg envelopes and gain entry
of the ovum.
mitochondria
a number of
(i) Middle piece contains movement of spermm
and provide energy for the towards the ovum.
() d- spermatid in the female genital tract,
Ans.
(ii) Tail- The movementtowardsof tail is responsible for
(ii)) a-spermatogonium the ovum.
the motility of sperm
b- primary spermatocyte human ovary showing
63. Draw a sectional view of the
different stages of developing follicle, corpus
Both are diploid cells (2n = 46)
the |Delhi 2019)
(iii) e-spermatozoa luteum and ovulation.
(iv) f- Sertoli cell. It nourishes the germ cells. Or
(v) Seminiferous tubule. of a sectional
Draw adiagrammatic labelled sketch |Foreign
view of human ovary.
2015|
60. Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis
in humans. |Foreign 2014| Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.11 in the text.
correlate the
Or 64. (a) Read the graph given above and
Spermatogenesis in human males is a hormone uterine events that take place according to the
|Foreign 2010| hormonal levels on:
regulated process. Justify.
() 6-15 days (in) 16 25 days
Ans. - The secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) by the hypothalamus increases significantly (iin 26- 28 days (if the ovum is not fertilised).
during puberty. (b) Specify the sources of the hormones mentioned
GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary and stimulates in the graph.
Ovarian
hormoe
the secretion of two gonadotropins namely follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone
(LH), (also called interstitial cell stimulating Estrogen
hormone (ICSH).
- LH acts on the Leydig cells of testes and stimulates Progesterone
them to secrete testosterone, which stimulates the
1 5 10 15 20 25 29
process of spermatogenesis.
Days
FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates them to
Ans. (a) (i) It is the follicular phase, when the
secrete certain factors which are necessary for the endometrium of uterus regenerates through
process of spermiogenesis. proliferation.
61. Name the pituitary hormones influencing Leydig (ii) Secretion of progesterone maintains the
cells and Sertoli cells present in human testes. endometrium, which is necessary for
Explain the functions of these cells. implantation of embryo.
Ans. - Luteinizing hormone influences Leydig cells; they (ii) In the absence of fertilisation, the progesterone
secrete the hormone, testosterone, which regulates level decreases; the endometrium
spermatogenesis. disintegrates, leading to menstruation.
Follicle stimulating hormone influences Sertoli (6) - Estrogen is secreted by the follicle cells of the
cells; they produce certain factors necessary for Ovary.
spermiogenesis and nourish the male germ cells - Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum
also. of ovary.
 82
o With the belp of graphical
menstrual cvele.
illustrtion only, show the changes nthe
levets
te
hormone
19 21
3 5 7 11 13 15 17
1 Days
Levets of pituitary hormone
of FSH, LH and
o0. Describe bow the changing levels
progesterone during menstrual cycle induce changes
human female.
in the ovary and the uterus in
|Foreign 2011|
followed
The menstrual phase (menstruation) is
by follicular or proliferative phase; it is under the
influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
from the anterior pituitary.
follicle;
The primary follicle matures into Graafian
the follicular cells secrete estrogens, which control
the growth and maintenance of the secondary sex
organs like uterus, fallopian tube, etc.
The endometrium of uterus regenerates by
proliferation of its cells.
The FSH and luteinising hormone reach their peak
levels around the 14th day of menstrual cycle.
The peak level of LH (LH surge) causes the rupture
of Graafian follicle and release of ovum; this process
is called ovulation.
It is followed by luteal phase, where LH influences
the ruptured Graafian follicle to transform into
corpus luteum and secrete progesterone.
Corpus lutcum secretes large quantity of progesterone
in the luteal phase, which is necessary for the growth
and maintenance of endometrium of uterus for
implantation.
If fertilisation does not occur, corpus luteum
degenerates and progesterone is not secreted; in
the absence of progesterone, the endometrium
degenerates and menstruation occurs.
67. Mention the target cells of luteinising hormone in
buman males and females. Explain the effect and the
changes which the hormone induces in each case.
Ans. The target cells for luteinising hormone in males are
the Leydig cells and in females are the mature Graafian
follicles.
LH in males stimulates the Leydig cells of testes
to secrete androgens (testosterone) which controls
spermatogenesis.
levecls of the pltuitary hormones
|belhudur2011lng
23 25 27 29/1
LH in females stimulates ovulation, formatins
of corpus luteum Irom the ruptured follicle and
secretion of progesterone by corpus
luteum.
structure of a hume
6S. (a) Draw a diagram of the
Label .
ovum surroundcd by corona radiata.
following parts:
() Ovum
(in Plasma membrane
(iüi) Zona pellucida.
(b) State the function of Zona pellucida.
|Delhi 2013
Ans. (a) Refer to fig. 3.14 in the text.
(b) The contact of a spem with the zona pellucida
induces certain changes in the membrane,
which block the entry of other sperms into the
membrane.
Thus, zona pellucida cnsures the entry of only
one sperm into the ovum and polyspermy is
prevented.
69. Draw the following diagrams related to human
reproduction and label them:
(a) The zygote after the first cleavage division.
(b) Morula stage
(c) Blastocyst stage (sectional view). jDelhi 20131
Ans. (a) Refer to fig. 3.15 (C),
(b) Refer to fig, 3.15 (E) and
(c) Refer to fig. 3.15 (G) in the text.
70. Draw a labelled diagram of the embryonic stage
that gets implanted in the human uterus. State the
functions of the two parts labelled. |Foreign 2016|
Ans. Refer to Figure in Ans. 40.
Functions:
The trophoblast helps in implantation and forms the
foetal part of the placenta.
The inner cell mass forms the embryo proper.

11. Name the stage of human embryo at which it gets
Implanted. Explaln the process of implantatlon.
N. - Implantation occurs at the blastocyst stage.
The trophoblast layer of the blastocyst gets attached
to the cndometrium.
The uterinc cclls divide rapidly and cover the
blastocyst.
So, the blastocyst becomcs embedded in the
endometrium of uterus, i.e. implantatíion has
occurred.
12, After implantation interdigitation of maternal
and foetal tissues takes place. Identify the tissues
involved and justify their role.
|CBSE Sample Paper 2016|
Ans. The tissues involved are the chorionic villi from the
trophoblast of the blastocyst and the uterine tissue
(endometrium) and blood of the mother.
- The interdigitation of these tissues results in the
formation of placenta, whose functions are:
() facilitating the supply of oxygen and nutrients
to the foetus.
(ii) removal of the excretory products from the
foetus.
(iüi) acting as an cndocrine gland to secrete certain
hormones (hunian chorionic gonadotropin,
human placental lactogen, estrogens and
progestogens) necessary for the growth and
development of foetus.
73. (a) How is placenta formed in the human female?
(6) Name two hormones, which are secreted by it
and are also present in a non-pregnant woman.
(Foreign 2014|
Ans. (a) - After implantation, finger like projections, called
chorionic villi, appear on the trophoblast.
They are surrounded by the uterine tissue and
maternal blood.
- The chorionic villi and the uterine tissue become
inter-digitated and form the placenta.
(b) Estrogens and progesterone.
74. State any three functions of placenta in a human
female. |Delhi 2016C|
Ans. Functions of Placenta.
() Placenta facilitates the supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the foetus.
(ii) Italso helps in the removal of excretory products
of the foetus.
Human Reproduction 83
endocrine oryan and sccretes
() Placenta acts as an
hurman
hormones like chorionic gonadotropins,
that are
placental lactogen, progesterone, etc.
needed to maintain pregnancy.
developing foetus within
Draw a diagram showing a
it.
the uterus and label six parts in
Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.16 in the text.
76. Describe the process of parturition.
grown foetus
Ans. - The process of delivery of the full
(now called infant), is called parturition.
neuroendocrine
- It is induced by a complex
mechanism.
The signals for parturition originate from the fully
developed foetus and the placenta; the signals induce
foetal
mild contractions of the uterine muscles, called
ejection reflex.
This causes the release of oxytocin from the matermal
pituitary.
Oxytocin causes stronger contractions of the uterine
muscles, which in turn stimulates secretion of more
Oxytocin.
The stimulatory reflex between the uterine
contractions and secretion of oxytocin, continues
resulting instronger contractions of uterine muscles.
This results in the expulsion of the infant out of
the uterus through the birth canal, i.e. parturition is
achieved.
It is soon followed by the expulsion of placenta
from the uterus.
77. Medically, it is advised to all young mothers that
breast feeding is the best for their newborn babies.
Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your
answer. |CBSE 20I8]
Or
Why is breast-feeding recommended during the
initial period of an infant's growth? Give reasons.
|Delhi 2i0to)
Ans. Reasons why breast feeding is recommended:
() The milk produced during the initial few days
of lactation, called colostrum, contains a number
of antibodies, which are essential to develop
resistance in the newborm infant.
(ii) Breast feeding during the initial period of infant
growth is recommended for bringing up a healthy
baby.
(üi) Mother's milk is the balanced food for the infant
and it is easily digested.
84 Tagcta a Biology-12

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks]

R(e) Draw a labelled diagrammatic view of human male reproductive system.
(0) Differentiate betwcen:
) Vas deferens and Vasa efferentia () Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
Ans (a) Refer to Fig. 3.2 in the text.
(b) () Vas deferens Vasa efferentia

Vas deferens arises from epididymis and opens into Vasa efferentia arise from rete testis and ObM
urethra. into epididymis.
This conducts the spem to the urethra and then to They conduct the sperms out of the testes
outside.
It receives ducts of the associated glands. They do not receive ducts of any associated
glands.
It ascends into the abdominal cavity. They remain inside the scrotum (extra
abdominal).
(i) Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
It is the process of formation of spermatozoa in It is the process of transformation of spermatids
the testes. into spermatozoa.
It involves cell divisions. It does not involve any celldivision.
Spermatogonia of the seminiferous tubules are Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules are
involved. involved.
79. (a) Where does spermatogenesis occur in human testes? Describe the process of spermatogenesis upto the
formation of spermatozoa.
(b) Trace the path of spermatozoa from the testes upto the ejaculatory duct only. |Foreign 2016|
Ans. (a) Refer to ans. 3.6.
(b) The path of spermatozoa is as follows:
Testes ’ Rete testis ’ Vasa efferentia -’ Epididymis ’ Vas deferens ’ Ejaculatory duct.
80. (a) Describe the events of spermatogenesis with the help of a schematic representation.
(6) Write two differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.
|Delli 2013
Ans. (a) Refer to fig 3.8 in the text.
(b) Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
The process of formation of sperms in males starts The process of formation of ova in females, starts
from puberty. from embryonic developmental stages.
It is not a cyclic process; it occurs continuously. - It is a cyclical process, completcd every 28/29 days.
One primary spermatocyte forms four functional Onc primary oocyte forms only one functional ovum.
sperms.
The process is completed in the testes. The process is completed the ampullary-isthmic
junction of fallopian tube when a sperm comes in
contact with it. (any Iwo)
81. Study the following Mow chart. Name the hormones Ans. -
involved at each stage. Explain their functions.
Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior
Hypothalamus pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropins like
luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
Pituitary hormone (FSH),
Testes - LH stimulates the Leydig cells of testes to secrete
androgens (like testosterone), which control
Sperms spermatogenesis.

ESH acts on Sertolicells of testes, which in response
83. Explain the process of development of a mature
secrete certain factors necessary forr
spermiogenesis:
the sperm hcads become embedded in the sertoli cells.
82. Drawthe microscopic structure of a human sperm
and relate its different parts with their funetions.
|AIl India 2016C|
Or
Ans. Refer to Ans. 3.12
Draw a labelled diagram of the microscopic structure
B4. Give aschematic representation of oogenesis in
of a human sperm. xplain the functions of each
part. |Delhi 2012C)
text.
Ans. Refer to ig. 3.10in the
Eunctions: () Head contains the nucleus, i.e., genetic
Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.12 in the text.
material. For other parts refer to Ans. 62.
a (a) pifferentiate between spermatogenesis and
(n Time of initiation of the
Oogenesis on the basis of
process
(iD site of completion of the process
iD Nature of melotic division undergone by
gamete mother cells
( Name the hormones and state their role involved in controlling
Ans. (a) Differences
Spermatogenesis
() Time of initiation of the process
- It is initiated at puberty.
(ii) Site of completion
It is completed in the testes.
(it) Nature of meiotic division
The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I
and forms two equal-sized secondary
spermatocytes.
- Thesecondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II
to form equal sized spermatids.
- Meiosis is completed at a stretch.
(b) Refer to ans. 59.
86. Deseribe the changes that occur in ovaries and uterus
in human females during the reproductive cycle.
|Delhi2015|
Or
Explain the ovarian and uterine events that occur
during a menstrual cycle, in a human female, under
the influence of pituitary and ovarian hormones,
respectively. |Delbl 2014|
Ans. (a) - The cycle of events starts with menstruation
and lasts tillthe onset of the next; it lasts for
about 28/29 days, a mensem (month).
The events can be studied under the following
four phases:
() Menstrual phase
The cycle starts with this phase and
menstruation lasts for 3-5 days.
Human Reproduction 85
it is initiated
human female gamete from the tíme |Foriegn 20171
till the formation of ootid.
Describe in sequence the formation of an ovum from
an oogonium in a human female. Dethi 2912
humans. Mention the number of chromosomes at
each stage. Correlate the life phases of the individual
with the stages of the process.
Delh 2
|Delhi 2019)
spermatogenesis in humans.
Oogenesis
It is initiated during embryonic stages.
- It is completed in the ampullary-isthmic junction of
fallopian tube, when a sperm enters its cytoplasm.
The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis Iand forms a
large cell, the secondary oocyte and a smaller polar
body.
The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis Il and fom
a large cell, the ootid and a small polar body.
Meiosis becomes suspended in between.
- It results due to the breakdown of
endometrial lining of the uterus and its
blood vessels.
(i) Follicular/proliferative phase
In this phase, one primary follicle in the
Ovary grows and becomesa fully mature
Graafian follicle.
The endometrium of the uterus is
regenerated through proliferation of its
cells.
These changes are due to an increased
levels of pituitary hormones, FSH and
LH and ovarian hormone, estrogen.
FSH controls the follicular phase; it
stimulates the growth of follicle and
secretion of estrogen by the growing
follicle cells.
86 e Biology-12
Boch FSH and LH reach their peak levels
in the middle of the cvcle (about 14th
dayl
() Culator phasc
Ans. (a) Menstrual phase:
The peak level of LH (also called LH
surge) induces the upture of the mature
Graafian follicle and thereby the release of
the ovum: this process is called ovulation.
(n) Lutcal phase secretory phasc
During this phase. the ruptured follicle
is transfomed into corpus luteum, which
secretes large quantities of progesterone.
The endometrium thickens further as it is
necessary for implantation of the embryo
in the uterus.
In the absence of ferilisation, the corpus
luteum degenerates and there is no
secretion of progesterone.
As a consequence, i.e. in the absence
of progesterone, the endometrium
disintegrates leading to menstruation.
87. (a) Erplain the menstrual phase in ahuman female.
State the levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones
during this phase.
(b) Why is follicular phase in the menstrual
cycle als0 referred to as proliferative phase?
Explain.
(c) Explainthe events that occurrin a Graafian
(d)
at the time of ovulation and thereafter
Draw a Graafian follicle and lable antrum
fol ice
secondary oocyte.
and
LAH India 20161
Ifthe ovum is nottfertilised,
f there is
which lasts for 3-5 days.
The menstrual flow is due to the
menstruation
vessels.
breakdownbloodof
endometrium ofthe uterus, along with
its
The levels of both pituitary and
hormones are very low during this phase. ovarian
(b) Since the endometrium of the uterus IS regenerated
through proliferation of its cells, the follicular
phase is also called proliferative phase.
(c) - The secondary o0cyte in the Graafian follicle
forms anew membrane, called zona pellucida
around it.
At this time, the Graafian follicle ruptures to
release the secondary oocyte, in the process
called ovulation.
In the luteal phase, the remaining parts of the
Graafian follicle forms the corpus luteurm, which
secretes large quantity of progesterone.
If the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum
degenerates.
(d) Refer to Fig. in ans. 3.14.

83. The following is the illustration of thesequence of ovarianevents (a -) in a buman female.

a b f h

() ldentify the figure that illustrates ovulation and mention the stage of oogenesis it represents.
(i) Name the ovarian hormone and the pituitary hormone that have caused the above mentioned event.
(ü) Explain the changes that occur in the uterus simultaneously in anticipation.
(iv) Write the difference between 'c' and 'h'.
(v) Drawa labelled sketch of the structure of a human ovum prior to fertilization, |Delhi 2012|
Ans. () fis ovulation.
It is secondary oocyte stage.
(i) Ovarian hormone - Estrogen.
Pituitary hormone - Luteinising hormone (LH).
(iiü) The endometrium becomes thickened, as it is needed for implantation.
(iv) - c' is a developing follicle, inside which a primary oocyte is maturing.
- 'h' is a regressing corpus luteum, that was formed from a ruptured follicle.
(v) Refer to fig. 3.14 in the text.
 Human Reproduction 87

following is the illustration of the sequence of ovarian events "a" to "r in a human female:
89. The

b h
a f
influences its formation.
(a) Identify the igure that illustrates corpus luteum and name the pituitary hormone that
uterus? Why is it essential?
(b) Specifythe endocrince function of corpus luteum. How does it influence the
(c) What the difference between "" and e"? |2012|
labelled sketch of Graafian folicle.
(d) Draw a neat
.os (a) 'g' is corpus luteum; TuteiniSing hormone influences its formation.
(6) Corpus luteum secretes hormone progesterone.
Progesterone is necessary to maintain the thickened endometrium.
- The thick endometrium is essential for implantation of the blastocyst.
(c) d is tertiary follicle.
'e' is a mature or Graafian follicle.
- Tertiary follicle is characterised by the presence ofa fluid-flled space, called antrum; the primary oocye
completes the first meiotic division, forming the secondary oocyte and the first polar body.
In the Graafian foll1cle, the antrum enlarges further: the secondary oocyte secretes a new membrane around ,
called zona pellucida.
(d) Refer to answer to Ì. 3.14
90. 91. Study the illustration given below and answer the
questions that follow:

(a) One of the sperms is observed to penetrate 'a'

of the ovum, as shown in the above diagram.
Name 'a'.
(6) How is the sperm able to do so?
(c) Where exactly in the fallopian tube does this
occur?
() Explain the events thereafter up to morula stage.
A2013C) () ldentify 'a'.
Ans. (a) Zona pellucida. (i) Name and state the function of 'c'.
(b) The acrosome releases enzymes that dissolve the (ii) ldentify 'd.
Zona pellucida and plasma membrane of the ovum (iv) Explain the role of hormones in the formation
for the sperm to enter the cytoplasm of the ovum.
and release of'a'.
(c) Ampullary-isthmic junction of fallopian tube. (v) Draw a diagram of '5' separately and label
(d The zygote undergoes mitosis in quick the parts:
succession (cleavage) as it moves through the
isthmus towards the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8 that helps its entry into 'a';
and 16 daughter cells, called blastomeres. that carry genetic material;
The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres, is called a that helps in its movement. |Foreign 2012)
morula.
 aa Biology-12
() Oum (Sondary oocvtec).
() ' is Zona pellucida: the changcs occuming in
it whena spen comes in contact
with it, block
any othcr sperm entering the ovum, ic. it ensurcs
the entry of only one sperm into thc ovum.
()
(0)
is corona radiata
The follicle stimulating hormonc. (FSH)
stimulates the growth and development of
ovarian follicles; it also stimulates the follicle
cells to secrete cstrogens.
The levels of luteinising hormone (also from
pituitary) and FSH increase and reach their
pcaks around the middle of the menstrual
cycle, ic. about the 14th day; it is called LH
surge
LH induces ovulation, i.e. rupture of the
mature follicle and the release of ovum
(secondary oocyte).
(v) Refe tofig 3.10 in the text Label only Acrosome,
nucleus 2nd tail.
2. Study the fow chart given below. Name the bormones
iovohved at each stage and explain their functions.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
! The uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the
Ovary
! endometrium of uterus, i.e. implantation has
Pregnancy
Ans - Gonadotropin-relcasing hormone is released by the
bypothalamus; it stimulates the pituitary to release
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising
hormone (LH), both of which act on the ovary.
FSH stimulates the development of ovarian follicle
into mature Graafian follicle and also secretion of
estrogens by the follicle cells.
LH stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus
luteum from the ruptured follicle and secretion of
progesterone by the corpus luteurm.
Progesterone is necessary to maintaín the
endormetrium for implantation of the embryo and
other events of pregnancy.
and
92. (a) Briefly explain the events of fertilisation
female.
implantation in an adult human
endocrine
(6) Comment on the role of placenta as an|Dclhi 2016|
gland.
Ans. (a) Ieriilisation:
Fertilisation occurs in the anpullary-isthmic
junction of the fallopian tube.
When a sperm comes in contact
it induccs changes in the zona
wilh the ovun
ovum that block tlhe entry of
pcllucida ofhe
fadditional
and thus, ensures cniry of only onc spersperma
The sccretions the acrosome
of
hclp the
to enter thc cytoplasm of the ovum by spemm
the zona pellucida and plasma membrane dis olving
The entry of sperm into the cytoplasm indue
completion of meiosis II (of.secondary
oocyte)
to form a larger cell, the ootid (ovum) and a
smaller cell, the second polar body.
- Fusion occurs between the nucleus of ootid and
that of sperm to form a diploid zygote.
Implantation:
As the zygote moves through the isthmus
it undergoes quick mitotic divisions, callel
cleavage divisions and forms 2,4, 8, 16 daughter
cells, called blastomeres.
The embryo with 8-16 cells is called a morula: i
continues to divide and becomes the blastocyst.
which moves further down to the uterus.
Implantation occurs at the blastocyst stage.
The trophoblast layer gets attached to the
endometrium.
blastocyst.
So, the blastocyst becomes embedded in the
occurred.
(b) - The placenta acts as an endocrine gland and
secretes the following hormones:
() Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
(i) Human placental lactogen (hPL).
(ii) Progestogens and
(iv) Estrogens.
The hormones hCG and hPL are produced only
during pregnancy and are necded for supporting
the foetal growth, metabolic changes in the
mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
94. (a) Name the hormones secreted and write their
functions:
) by corpus luteum and placenta (any two)
(i) during follicular phase and parturition.
(b) Name the stages in human female, where:
() corpus luteum and placenta co-exist.
(i) corpus luteum temporarily ceases to exist.
|Dellhi 2017|
 Human Reproduction 89

trophoblast.
) - Corpus luteum secretes progesterone; Implantation, cleavage, inner cell mass,
Ans. (a) blastocyst
it is esscntial for the maintenance blastomeres, endometrium, morula,
(Defhi 20164 1
of endomctrium that is needed for
implantation and other events of Blastomeres ’ Morula
Ans. Endometrium - Cleavage -
pregnancy. Inner ccll mass ->
’ Blastocyst ’ Trophoblast ’
Placenta secretes human chorionic Implantation.
gonadotropin (hCG) that is essential during
Endometrium of the uterus becomes thickened
for supporting the foetal growth and implantation of
maintenance of pregnancy. the luteal phase: it is necessary for
(ii) - During follicular phasc, follicle the embryo.
in quick
stimulating hormone is secreted by the The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions through
succession, called cleavage, as it moves
anterior pituitary; it controls the growth the isthmus towards uterus.
and maturation of a primary follicle into called
a mature Graafian follicle and secretion The cells formed as a result of cleavage, are
of estrogens from the follicle cells. blastomeres.
The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres. is
called a
During parturition, oxytocin is secreted
by the posterior pituitary; it acts on the morula; it is a solid sphere of cells.
uterine muscles and brings about their The blastomeres of the morula continue to divide
vigorous contractions leading to child and rearrange themselves to transfom the morula
birth.
into a blastocyst.
(b) () During gestation/pregnancy, both corpus The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst, is called
luteum and planceta co-exist. trophoblast.
(ii) During follicular phase, ovulatory phase and - The group of cells in the blastocyst attached to the
menstroal phase, corpus luteum does not trophoblast, at one end, is called inner celll mass, which
exist.
95. (a) Explain the process of fertilization in human.
later gets differentiated into the embryo proper.
The trophoblast of the blastocyst becomes attached to
(6) Name the embryonic stage that gets implanted the uterine wall and the uterine cells divide rapidly.
in human females. Explain the process of
implanation. |Delhi 2019| - So the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine
Ans. (a) Refer to ans. 93 (a) (Fertilisation) wall, ie., implantation of the embryo has occurred.
(b) Refer to ans. 71. 97. Show diagrammatically the stages of embryonic
development from zygote upto implantation in
96. Arrange the terms given below in their order of humans. ICBSE-Sample Paper, 2010|
occurrence, describing their structure and function
Ans. Refer to Fig. 3.15 in the text.
in the early development of human embryo:
98. (a) Arrange the following hormones in sequence of their secretions in a pregnant woman.
(b) Mention their source and the function they perform:
hCG; LH; FSH; Relaxin. |Delhi 2017|
Ans. (a) FSH ’ LH ’ hCG ’ Relaxin
(b) Criteria FSH LH bCG Relaxin
Source Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Placenta Ovary
Functions (s) () Stimulates growth () Stimulate () Supporting foetal () Softening of
and maturation of ovulation. growth. pubic symphysis
ovarian follicles. for parturition.
(ii) Secretion of () Formation of (i) Metabolic
estrogens by corpus luteum. changes in the
follicular cells. mother.
(iii) Secretion of (üi) Maintenance of
progesterone by pregnancy.
corpus luteum.
 90 en Biolog-12
in the (c) What is parturition and how is it

femalnducee?d
(e) ldentify the parts labclled 1, 2 and 3 the end of pregnancy in a human
8
diagram gien.
human blastocyst.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a
Ans. (a)|- Placental
villi |Delli 2017g
2- Umbilical cord (with its blood vessels)
3-EmbryoFoetus
(0) Refer to fig. 3.15 (G)
(c) Parturition
Refer to ans. 76

SELECT NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

Gihen below are the events in human reproduction. 7. What is the significance of ampullary-isthmi
junction in the female reproductive tract?
Write them in the correct sequential order:
Iasemination, Gametogenesis, Fertilisation, Ans, Ámpullary-isthmic junction is the site in the fallopian
tube where fertilisation occurs.
Parturition. Gestation, Implantation.
Ans Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation -’ 8. Mention the importance of LH surge durin
Implzntation - Gestation Parturition. menstrual cycle.
2 Why are menstrual cycdes absent during pregnancy? Ans. LH surge (maximum level of luteinizing hormone)
Anx During pregnancy, the corpus luteum secretes large leads to ovulation, i.e. the rupture of mature Graafan
quantity of progesterone, which inhibits maturation of follicle and the consequent release of ovum.
any other follicle or ovulation; hence menstrual cycles 9. Which type of cell division forms spermatids from
are absent. the secondary spermatocytes?
Ans. Meiosis II
3. Female reproductive organs and their associated
functions are given below in Columas A and B. Fill 10. Corpus luteum in pregnancy has along life. However,
in the blank boxes. if fertilisation does not take place, it remains actBve
Columa A Column B only for 10-12 days. Explain. |HOTS
Ovaries Ovulation
Ans. - During pregnancy, the progesterone secreted by the
Oviduct
corpus luteum is continuously used up and hence,
secretion of LH from anterior pituitary continues;
Pregnancy it maintains the corpus luteum.
Vagina Birth In the absence of fertilisation, the
progesterone
not used and its high concentration exerts
is
Aas. a. Fertilisation b. Uerus. a negative
4. What is the significance of epididymis in male feed back for the secretion of GnRH and LH; in the
fertility? absence of LH, corpus luteum degenerates.
Ans. The sperms attain motility in the epididymis. 11. With a suitable diagram, deseribe the
of mammary gland. organisation
S. During reproduction, the chromosome number (2n) Ans. Mammary Glands
reduces to half (n) in the gametes and agaín the Refer to Fig. 3.6 in the text
original number (2n) is restored in the offspring. Ahuman female has a pair of
What are the processes through which these events
take place? glands that consist of glandularfunctional mammary
tissue and variable
|lHOTS. quantity of fat.
Aos. - Meiosis occurs duríng gametogenesis; it leads to The glandular tissue is divided into
reduction in the number of chromosomes and haploid
(n) gametes are formed.
lobes; cach lobe contains clusters I5-20 mammary
of cells, called
alveoli, which open
- During fertilisation, when two haploid gametes fuse, The mammary tubulesintoofmammary tubules.
a diploid (2n) zygote is formed. cach lobe join to form a
mammary duct.
6. What is the difference between a primary oocyte Several mammary ducts join to form a
and a secondary oocyte? mammary ampulla that is connected wider
duct, through which milk to lactiferous
Ans. Aprimary oocyte is diploid, while asecondary oocyte The milk is comes out.
is haploid.
and is storedactually secreted by
in the lumen of the cells of alveoli
alveoli.
 Human Reproduction 91

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] Short Answer Type (1] Questionsthat (3occurs
ldentify the odd one out in cach of the following sets:
(a) Rete testis, vas deferens, isthmus, epididymis.
(b) Seminal vesicles, ampulla, prostate, bulbourethral
glands.
). Name the hormone that maintains the functions of male
accessory ducts and glands.
1. In which phase of menstrual cycle is corpus luteum
formed?
Morks)
in the
8. (a) Mention the event of meiosis
tertiary follicle a human ovary.
a
(b) Name the phase of menstrual cycle, when
Graafian follicle transforms into an endocrine
structure. Write its action thereafter.
9. Study the figure given below and answer the questions
that follow:

4 Name any two hormones found in the blood of a

pregnant female only. Inner cell mass
5, What are stem cells in a human embryo?
Short Answer Type (0] Questions [2 Marks]
a
6. Match the items of column Awith those in column B.
Column A Column B
(a) Reproductive gland 1. Testis (a) Name the stage of human embryo the figure
(6) Primary sex organ 2. Penis
(c) Extermal genitalia 3. Epididymis represents.
(d) Duct system 4. Prostate. (6) Identify 'a' in the figure and mention its function.
(c) Mention the fate of the inner cell mass after
7. Identify A, B, CandD with reference to gametogenesis
in humans in the flow chart given below: implantation in the uterus.
A-(The endocrine secretion) () Where are the stem cells located in this embryo?

LH B Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks]

10. When does oogenesis start in humans? Name the three
Leydig cells Sertoli cells hormones and their source, linked with oogenesis. How
do they influence the process of oogenesis? Explain.
Factors
Androgens
D

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. (a) Isthmus (b) Ampulla
2. Testosterone
3. Luteal phase/Secretory phase.
4. Relaxin and human chorionic gonadotropin.
5. Stem cells are those cells in the inner cell mass which
have the potency to give rise to al tissues and organs.
6. (a) - 4, (b) - 1, (c)-2, () -3,
7. A- GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
B- FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
C- Spermatogenesis
D- Spermiogenesis.
8. (a) - The primary oocyte grows in size and completes
meosis 1, forming a larger haploid cell, the
secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, the first
polar body.
(6) - In the luteal phase, the ruptured graafian follicle
transforms into corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes large quantity of
progesterone to maintain the endometrium.
9. (a) It is a blastocyst.
(b) 'a' is trophoblast; it forms the chorionic villi and
the embryonal part of placenta.
92 ake Biologv12
I also stimulates the
) The nr cellm
nd nidem
differentiated into octodem from the follicle cells. secretion of
() LH stimulates the rupture of mature
kated in the inner cell mass
(G) Thev r
1¬ Oogenss srts during the embryonic developmental
ags n the female foetzs
ovulation.
It also stimulates the
formation
luteum from the ruptured follicle:
of
tolice
- The bomones involved are of progesterone from it. and secrey
) Folice simulating bornone (FSH) (üi) Progesterone is necessary to
(z) Luteinising hormone (LH) and endometrium and implantation.
In the absence of fefertilisation, the
m:aintain
corpusluo
() Progeserne degenerates andi consequently the

mensendomen
() FSH stimalates the growth and development of also degenerates leading to
vzrian follicles intO 2 mature Graafian follicle.
truation
0BJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Select the correct sequence ofstages ofspermatogenesis (c) progesterone
in a human male. () estrogen
(a) Spermatogonium ’ Spermatids ’ Ans. (b)
Spermatocytes ’ Spermatozoa
6. There is no cell division involved in
(b) Spermatogonium ’ Spermatocytes ’
(a) spermatogenesis (6) oogenesis
Spermatids ’ Spermatozoa
(c) embryogenesis () spermiogenesis
(c) Spermatids ’ Spermatogonium ’
Spermatoctes ’ Spermatozoa Ans. (d)
() Spermatocytes ’ Spermatogonium ’ 7. The cell division in secondary oocyte is suspended
Spermatids ’ Spermatozoa (a) Anaphase II (6) Metaphase II
Ans. (b) (c) Prophase II (() Telophase II
2. Vzs deferens receives the duct of seminal vesicle and Ans. (b)
forms the
8. After the release of the secondary o0cyte, th
(a) epididymis (b) urethra Graafian follicle develops into
(c) ejaculatory duct () urethral meatus (a) corpus callosum (6) corpus albicans
Ans. (c) (c) corpus luteum (d) primary follicle
3. How many functional sperms and how many ova Ans. (c)
will be formed by a primary spermatocyte and a
9. The outermost layer of a blastocyst is caled
primary o0cyte, respectively? (a) ectoderm (b) mesoderm
(a) One, One (b) One, Four (c) endoderm () trophoblast
(c) Four, One (d) Four, Four
Ans. (d)
Ans. (c)
10. Urethral meatus refers to the
4. Proliferative phase of menstrual cycle, is also called INCERT Exemplar Problenm
(a) follicular phase (b) luteal phase
(a) urinogenital duct
(c) secretory phase (4) ovulatory phase
(b) opening of vas deferens into urethra
Ans. (a)
(e) external opening of the urinogenital duct
5. Ovulation occurs under the influence of
(4) muscles surrounding the urinogenial duct
(a) follicle-stimulating hormone Ans. (c)
(6) luteinising hormone
 Human Reproduction 93

the foetos and appearance of

18. The first movements of
11. Morula ís a developmental stage during the
INCEKT Exemplar Problems| hair on the head are observed
(a) between the zygote and blastocyst month of pregnancy.
Ans. Fifth.
(b) between the blastocyst and gastrula phase
(c) after the implantation 19. The menstrual phase is followed by
() between implantatíon and parturition Ans. Menarche.
menstruation at
20. refers to the onset of
Ans. (a)
12. Spermiation is the process of the release of sperms puberty.
from |NCERT Exempiar Probiems| Ans. Follicular Proliferative
of uterine wall
(a) seminiferous tubules 21. The outermost thin membranous part
(6) vas deferens is called
(c) epididymis Ans. Menarche.
is closer to the
() prostate gland 22. The part of the fallopian tube, which
Ans. (a) ovary and is funnel-shaped, is called
13. Which ofthe following hormones prepares the uterus Ans. Perimetrium.
for implantation? 23. The cells formed as a result of cleavage of the vgote.
(a) Progesterone (b) FSH are called

(c) Estrogen (d) LH Ans. Blastomeres.

Ans. (a) 24. The placenta is connected to the embryo through
14. The cell which undergoes meiosis I during
spermatogenesis, is the Ans. Umbilical cord.
(a) spermatogonium 25. The process of delivery of the foetus, is called
(b) spermatid
(c) primary spermatocyte Ans. Parturition.
() secondary spermatocyte
Directions (Q26 and Q27): Match Column I with Column II.
Ans. (c)
26. Column l Column I
15. Seminal plasma, the ffuid part of semen is formed
by A. Cleavage Outer layer of the
(a) seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland. blastocyst that attaches to
the endometrium during
(b) bulbourethral gland and prostate. implantation.
(c) prostate and seminal vesicle. B Implantation 2. Mitotic divisions of the
(d) seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral zygote in quick succession.
gland. C. Inner cell mass 3. Embedding ofthe blastocyst
in the endometrium of
Ans. (d)
uterus.
I6. The secondary oocyte completes its meiosis II when D. Trophoblast 4. Release of secondary oocyte
a sperm comes in contact with it and forms a large from the ovary.
cell, the and a second polar body. 5. Group of cells attached to
Ans. Ootid one end of trophoblast that
differentiate into embryo
17. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from proper.
the initiates spermatogenesis at puberty.
Ans. Hypothalamus Ans. A-2, B - 3, C-5, D - 1
94 Together wek Biology12
31. The finger-like projections that
Column I Column II
appearare on
trophoblast following implantation,
A Acrosonme I. Motility of sperm towards the chorionic villi.
Ans. True. |Irael
B Hcad 2. Powerhouse of the sperm;
contains a number of 32. Relaxin is the hormone secreted by the placent,

C. Tail
mitochondria.
3. Contains the genetic material. Ans. False. |Irueta
D. Middle 4. Contains enzymes to dissolve
cgg envelopes.
Dircctions (Q33 to Q37): Mark the odd one in each of a
picce
following groups.
Ans. A- 4, B - 3, C- 1, D -2 33. Fimbriae, Labia minora, Infundibulum, Isthmp
28. The finger-like projections, called fimbriae, help Ans. Labia minora
in the collection of ovum into the fallopian tube
following ovulation. |True/Falsel
34. Rete testis, Vasa efferentia, Epididymis, Ampula
Ans. True.
Ans. Ampulla
35. Bulbourethral gland, Prostate, Seminal vesich
29. Endometrium undergoes cyclical changes and help Seminiferous tubule.
in uterine movements. [True/Falsel
Ans. Seminiferous tubules
Ans. False.

30. Oxytocin, necessary for parturition, is secreted by

36. Oogonia,Spermatogonia, Zygote, Ootid
Ans. Ootid
the fully-developed foetus and the placenta.
|True/Falsel 37. Luteinizing hormone, Progesterone, Chorionk
Ans. False.
gonadotropin, Estrogen
Ans. Luteinizing hormone.