DYNAMIC PROPERTY OF ROCKS

STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI OF ELASTICITY

STATIC MODULI OF ELASTICITY

The static modulus of elasticity, also known as Young's modulus or simply modulus of elasticity,
measures a material's stiffness or resistance to deformation under static or slowly applied forces.
It describes the material's ability to return to its original shape after the applied stress is
removed.

The symbol commonly used to represent static modulus of elasticity is E.

Key features of the static modulus of elasticity include:

• Slowly applied or static forces: The forces are applied gradually over a long
period or held constant, allowing the material to reach equilibrium before
deformation measurements are taken.
• Linear relationship between stress and strain: The static modulus of elasticity
assumes that the material exhibits linear elastic behavior, where the stress (force
per unit area) is directly proportional to the strain (change in length per unit
length).
• Deformation recovery: After the load is removed, the material returns to its
original shape, as it can store and release energy within its elastic range.

Symbol: The symbol commonly used to represent static modulus of elasticity is E.

Formula: The static modulus of elasticity is calculated by dividing the stress (force per unit area)
applied to a material by the resulting strain (change in length per unit length) caused by that
stress. Mathematically, it can be expressed as E = σ/ε, where E is the static modulus of elasticity,
σ is the stress, and ε is the strain.

Units: The static modulus of elasticity is typically measured in pascals (Pa) or pounds per square
inch (psi).

Application: Static modulus of elasticity is crucial in structural engineering and material science
to determine the behavior of materials under static loads. It helps engineers understand how
materials will deform and react to applied forces, enabling them to design structures that can
withstand the expected stresses.
DYNAMIC MODULI OF ELASTICTY

The dynamic modulus of elasticity measures a material's stiffness or ability to resist deformation
under rapidly applied or dynamic forces. It characterizes the material's response to cyclic or
oscillatory loads, such as vibrations, impacts, or repetitive loading and unloading cycles.
Determining the dynamic modulus typically requires specialized testing methods.

Key features of the dynamic modulus of elasticity include:

• Rapidly applied or dynamic forces: The forces are applied at high rates or
frequencies, which may induce non-linear behavior and energy dissipation within
the material.
• Complex relationship between stress and strain: The dynamic modulus accounts
for the material's viscoelastic properties, including its ability to store and dissipate
energy under cyclic loading.
• Time-dependent behavior: The dynamic modulus considers how the material's
response changes over time, accounting for factors like frequency and
temperature.

Symbol: The symbol commonly used to represent dynamic modulus of elasticity is E'.

Formula: The dynamic modulus of elasticity is determined through specialized testing methods
that involve subjecting a material to dynamic forces and measuring its resulting response. It is
represented as E'

Units: The dynamic modulus of elasticity is also measured in pascals (Pa) or pounds per square
inch (psi).

Application: The dynamic modulus of elasticity is important in various fields, including civil
engineering, transportation engineering, and geotechnical engineering. It helps assess the
behavior of materials under dynamic loads, such as vehicle traffic or vibrations caused by
machinery, and enables engineers to design structures and pavements that can withstand these
dynamic forces.
In summary, the static modulus of elasticity characterizes a material's response to slowly applied
forces, while the dynamic modulus of elasticity describes its behavior under rapidly applied
forces. Both moduli are crucial in understanding the mechanical properties of materials and play
vital roles in designing structures to ensure their strength, durability, and stability.