Maximizing Green Space in A Building Complex Through Alternative Landscape Design Elements

Department of Architecture
Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida

Affiliated to – Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi
MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX

THROUGH ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
Submitted by:
S MOHAMMAD SALMAN NAQVI
06718001619
Submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Architecture
Batch: 2019-2024
Date: 08.06.2023
1|Page MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTIBILITY
COMPLETION OF RESEARCH WORK
Degree followed - Bachelor of Architecture
I hereby certify that Mr. S. Mohammad Salman Naqvi, Enrollment No. 06718001619, a registered
student of the Institute, has completed his B. Arch. Research Paper in accordance with the
requirements as laid down by the department & as per the GGSIPU syllabus.
The work is acceptable for examination.
MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH

ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
Signature of Research Coordinators Signature of HOD
Ar. Tanya Gupta Ar. Tanya Gupta

Professor HOD, Department of Architecture
Delhi Technical Campus
Greater Noida
Ar. Charu Jain
Professor
Date: 08.06.2023
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the Research Paper titled
MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH

ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
For partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF
ARCHITECTURE, submitted in the Department of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus,
GGSIPU is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from February-June,
2023 under the supervision of Ar. Tanya Gupta and Ar. Charu Jain.
Place: Greater Noida S. Mohammad Salman Naqvi

06718001619
Batch: 2019-2024
Date: 08.06.2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Research Paper presented here would not have been possible but for the guidance & support
of Ar. Tanya Gupta, HOD, Department of Architecture, who extended her support & valuable
guidance whenever and wherever required.
Ar. Charu Jain, Ar. Seema Sharma, Ar. Mehak Arora, Ar. Pooja Thareja, and Er. Parvez Alam,
my research faculty, whose relentless pursuit of high academic standards, the can-do attitude &
zeal to imbibe professional ethics have helped this project meet high academic standards &
professional working.
My parents, who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do.
And also my friends & colleagues who were always around to help me.
Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.
S. Mohammad Salman Naqvi

06718001619
(2019 - 2024)
Date: 08.06.2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 PREAMBLE/PRELUDE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
1.3 AIM
1.4 OBJECTIVES
1.5 SCOPE
1.6 LIMITATIONS
1.7 HYPOTHESIS
1.8 METHODOLOGY
2 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 ROOF GARDEN
2.1.1 ROOF GARDEN CONSTRUCTION HISTORY
2.1.2 TYPES OF ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.1 INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.1.1 KEY FEATURES OF INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.2 EXTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.2.1 KEY FEATURES OF EXTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.3 SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.3.1 KEY FEATURES OF SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
2.1.3 COMPONENTS OF ROOF GARDEN
2.1.4 MERITS OF ROOF GARDEN
2.1.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
2.1.4.2 SOCIAL BENEFITS
2.1.4.3 ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES
2.1.5 DEMERITS OF ROOF GARDEN
2.1.5.1 STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1.5.2 HIGH INITIAL COST
2.1.5.3 MAINTNANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY
2.1.5.4 PLANT SELECTION AND ADAPTATION
2.1.5.5 FIRE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
2.1.5.6 ACCESSIBILITY FOR EMERGENCY SERVICES
1.1 VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.1 VERTICAL GARDEN CONSTRUCTION HISTORY
1.1.2 TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.2.1 GREEN WALL VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.2.2 GREEN FACADES VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.2.3 FREESTANDING VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.2.4 TIER GARDEN
1.1.2.5 WINDOW BOXES
1.1.2.6 GUTTER GARDEN
1.1.3 COMPONENTS OF VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.4 MERITS OF VERTICAL GARDEN
1.1.5 DEMERITS OF VERTICAL GARDEN
2 CASE STUDY
2.1 ROOF GARDEN
2.1.1 DLF CYBER HUB, GURGAON
2.1.1.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1.2 TIMELINE, ACRHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS
2.1.1.3 SITE CHARACTER
2.1.1.4 TRANSIT CONNECTIVITY
2.1.1.5 LOCATION
2.1.1.6 PLANT SELECTION
2.1.1.7 BENEFITS OF DLF CYBER HUB ROOF GARDEN
2.1.1.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
2.1.1.9 INFERENCES
2.1.2 BOSCO VERTICALE, ITALY
2.1.2.5 LOCATION
2.1.2.9 INFERENCES
2.1.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CHART
3 CASE STUDY
3.1 VERTICAL GARDEN
3.1.1 SANTALAIA, COLOMBIA
3.1.1.5 LOCATION
3.1.1.9 INFERENCES
3.1.2 CAIXA FORUM MUSEUM, MADRID
3.1.2.5 LOCATION
3.1.2.9 INFERENCES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 https://www.newyorkdecks.com/rooftop-garden-benefits/
FIGURE 2 https://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/measures/green-roofs/intensive-
green-roofs/
FIGURE 3 https://www.bentarchitecture.com.au/articles/2019/whats-the-difference-
between-an-intensive-green-roof-and-an-extensive-green-roof
FIGURE 4 https://zinco-greenroof.co.uk/systems/semi-intensive
FIGURE 5 http://buildcarewaterproofing.in/terrace-waterproofing/terrace-
waterproofing-for-garden-making/
FIGURE 6 https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/urban/creating-your-own-
rooftop-garden.htm
FIGURE 7 https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/urban/creating-your-own-
rooftop-garden.htm
FIGURE 8 https://krishijagran.com/agripedia/10-super-easy-vertical-garden-ideas-for-
small-spaces/
FIGURE 9 https://www.floweraura.com/blog/types-of-vertical-garden
FIGURE 15 https://hanginggardens.co.nz/systems/living-wall-system/
FIGURE 16 https://www.nelda.org.in/11-advantages-of-having-a-vertical-garden/
FIGURE 17 https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-disadvantages-
vertical-farming.php
FIGURE 18 https://lbb.in/delhi/dlf-cyberhub-just-got-7-new-outlets/
FIGURE 19 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-milan/
FIGURE 20 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-milan/
FIGURE 21 https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/how-milans-bosco-verticale-has-
changed-the-way-designers-think-about-sustainable-design
FIGURE 22 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/santalaia/
FIGURE 23 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/santalaia/
FIGURE 24 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/caixa-forum-museum-vertical-garden/
FIGURE 25 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/caixa-forum-museum-vertical-garden/
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In today's urbanized world, the availability of open green spaces within building
complexes has become increasingly limited. However, there is a growing recognition of
the importance of incorporating nature and greenery into our built environments. As a
result, alternative landscape design elements such as roof gardens and vertical gardens
have emerged as innovative solutions to maximize green spaces within a building
complex.
Roof gardens involve the transformation of otherwise unused rooftops into lush green
spaces. By utilizing this often overlooked area, building complexes can create vibrant
gardens that not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also offer a range of
environmental and social benefits. On the other hand, vertical gardens involve the
cultivation of plants on vertical surfaces, such as walls and facades. This vertical greening
technique offers a unique opportunity to transform bare walls into living, breathing
ecosystems.
The aim of this topic is to explore the concept of maximizing green spaces in a building
complex through the implementation of alternative landscape design elements,
specifically focusing on roof gardens and vertical gardens. By delving into the potential
benefits and challenges associated with these green interventions, we can better
understand their role in creating sustainable and liveable environments.
Throughout this exploration, we will uncover the multifaceted advantages of roof

gardens and vertical gardens. From space utilization and biodiversity enhancement to
improved air quality and storm water management, these alternative landscape
elements have the potential to revolutionize the way we perceive and interact with our
built surroundings. Additionally, we will discuss the psychological and social well-being
benefits that these green spaces can provide to the residents of a building complex.
Furthermore, this topic will shed light on the design considerations, maintenance
requirements, and potential cost implications associated with roof gardens and vertical
gardens. By examining the practical aspects, we can identify the key factors that need to
be considered when implementing these alternative landscape design elements.
The integration of roof gardens and vertical gardens in a building complex presents an
exciting opportunity to maximize green spaces in urban environments where land is
scarce. Through their implementation, we can transform underutilized spaces into
thriving ecosystems, promoting sustainability, biodiversity, and the well-being of
building residents. By delving into the various aspects of this topic, we can pave the way
for a greener, more environmentally conscious future in building design and
construction.
1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY
The need for studying the topic of maximizing green spaces in a building complex
through alternative landscape design elements, specifically roof gardens and vertical
gardens, is driven by the limitations of urban green spaces, the aspiration for
environmental sustainability, the promotion of health and well-being, the potential for
urban agriculture, the enhancement of aesthetics, and the fostering of community
engagement. By conducting thorough research and understanding the best practices,
we can effectively implement these alternative landscape elements and create
sustainable, liveable, and environmentally conscious building complexes.
The study of maximizing green spaces in a building complex through alternative

landscape design elements encourages community engagement and social cohesion.
These green spaces serve as gathering areas and foster interaction among residents,
creating a sense of belonging and promoting social connections. By exploring the
benefits and challenges of roof gardens and vertical gardens, we can design inclusive
and liveable communities that prioritize community well-being.
1.3 AIM
Explore the use of roof gardens and vertical gardens as alternative landscape design
elements to maximize green spaces in a building complex.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
 Assess the feasibility of implementing roof gardens and vertical gardens in a
building complex.
 Explore design considerations for integrating roof gardens and vertical gardens.
 Examine the environmental benefits of roof gardens and vertical gardens.
 Investigate the impacts of green spaces on health and well-being
 Assess the economic viability of roof gardens and vertical gardens.
 Study the social and community impact of incorporating these green spaces.
 Provide guidelines and best practices for successful implementation and
maintenance.
 Address challenges and barriers associated with implementing roof gardens and
vertical gardens
10 | P a g e MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH ALTERNATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN ELEMENTS
The study of maximizing green spaces in a building complex through alternative
landscape design elements, specifically focusing on roof gardens and vertical gardens,
can provide valuable insights, guidelines, and recommendations for creating sustainable,
visually appealing, and environmentally conscious building complexes.
1.5 SCOPE
 Study the impact of green spaces on the health and well-being of building
occupants.
 Analyse of the social and community impact of incorporating green spaces, such
as community engagement and overall liveability.
 Study development of practical guidelines, best practices, and recommendations
for successful implementation.
 Study the Consideration Of Design Aspects, Including Plant Selection, Soil
Composition, Irrigation Systems, And Structural Requirements.
1.6 LIMITATION
 The findings and recommendations of the dissertation may be specific to the

particular building complex and context studied, limiting their applicability to
other settings.
 Access to relevant data, such as building and environmental data, may be
limited, making it challenging to conduct comprehensive analyses and draw
robust conclusions.
 There may be limitations on the scope of the study, preventing a
comprehensive analysis of all relevant factors influencing the implementation
of roof gardens and vertical gardens.
1.7 HYPOTHESIS
Incorporating roof gardens and vertical gardens in a building complex will result in
improved environmental sustainability, enhanced well-being, and positive social impact.
METHODOLOGY CHART
SELECTION OF TOPIC
UNDERSTANDING THE AREA OF RESEARCH
FORMULATING AIM AND OJECTIVE
DEFINING SCOPE
DATA COLLECTION
LITERATURE STUDY CASE STUDY

 BOOKS RELATED DLF CYBER HUB, GURUGRAM
TO ALTERNATIVE BOSTO VERTICALE, MILANO
LANDSCAPE SANTALAIA, BOSTON
 RESEARCH PAPER CAIXAFORUM, MADRID
 ARTICLES
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
2 LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 ROOF GARDEN

A roof garden, also known as a rooftop garden or green roof, refers to the practice of
creating a garden or green space on the roof of a building. It involves transforming the
otherwise unused or underutilized roof area into an aesthetically pleasing and functional
green space. Roof gardens can vary in size and design, ranging from small rooftop
planters to extensive landscaped gardens.
Roof gardens offer numerous benefits, both for the building and its surrounding
environment. They provide insulation, reducing heat transfer and energy consumption,
thereby contributing to improved energy efficiency. Additionally, they mitigate the
urban heat island effect, where densely built urban areas experience higher
temperatures compared to surrounding regions. The vegetation on the roof absorbs
solar radiation and cools the surrounding air through evapotranspiration.
(FIGURE 1 https://www.newyorkdecks.com/rooftop-garden-benefits/)
Another advantage of roof gardens is their ability to manage storm water runoff. The
plants and soil act as natural filters, absorbing and retaining rainwater, reducing the
strain on drainage systems, and preventing storm water runoff from overwhelming
sewer systems. This helps in reducing the risk of flooding and alleviating the burden on
municipal infrastructure.
Roof gardens also contribute to enhancing air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and
other air pollutants, thus mitigating the effects of urban pollution. They provide habitat
for birds, butterflies, and other wildlife, promoting biodiversity and supporting
ecological balance in urban areas.
Moreover, roof gardens offer aesthetic benefits, adding greenery and visual appeal to
the building complex and surrounding landscape. They create a serene and relaxing
environment, offering a space for leisure, recreation, and social interactions. In urban
areas with limited ground-level green spaces, roof gardens provide an opportunity for
individuals to connect with nature and experience the benefits of a natural environment.
Roof gardens offer a sustainable and innovative approach to maximize green spaces in
building complexes. By utilizing the underutilized roof area, they provide multiple
environmental, social, and economic advantages, contributing to the overall well-being
and sustainability of urban environments.
2.1.1 ROOF GARDEN CONSTRUCTION HISTORY

The concept of roof gardens, also known as rooftop gardens or green roofs, has a long
history dating back thousands of years. Here is a brief overview of the history of roof
gardens:
Ancient Mesopotamia:
o One of the earliest recorded instances of roof gardens dates to ancient
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 4000 BCE.
o Ancient Mesopotamian cities, such as Babylon, had rooftop gardens called
"hanging gardens," which were terraced structures with plants and trees.
Ancient Rome:
o In ancient Rome, roof gardens were commonly found in residential buildings and
villas.
o These gardens were known as "Horti pensiles" and were adorned with a variety of
plants, flowers, and even statues.
Medieval Europe:
o During the middle Ages, roof gardens were prevalent in Europe, particularly in
monasteries and castle complexes.
o Monasteries had roof gardens where monks cultivated herbs and medicinal
plants for their healing properties.
o Castles often had rooftop gardens as a symbol of wealth and prestige.
19th Century:
o The 19th century marked a significant period for rooftop gardens, particularly in
urban areas.
o In Europe, rooftop gardens became popular in cities like London and Paris to
create green spaces amidst the industrialization and urbanization.
o The Kew Gardens Temperate House in London, completed in 1863, featured
rooftop gardens with a wide variety of plants.
20th Century:
o In the early 20th century, rooftop gardens became less common as modern
architecture focused more on functional design and efficient use of space.
o However, there were still notable examples of rooftop gardens, such as the
Rockefeller Centre rooftop gardens in New York City, designed by landscape
architect Ralph Hancock.
Contemporary Times:
o In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in rooftop gardens due
to the growing awareness of environmental sustainability and the benefits of
green spaces in urban areas.
o Modern roof gardens are designed with a focus on energy efficiency, storm water
management, biodiversity, and the creation of usable outdoor spaces for building
occupants.
Today, roof gardens can be found on a wide range of buildings, including residential,
commercial, and public structures. They contribute to urban greening efforts, mitigate
the heat island effect, provide habitat for wildlife, and improve air quality, and offer
recreational and relaxation spaces for people in urban environments. The history of roof
gardens reflects a long-standing human desire to bring nature closer to our built
environment and create sustainable and vibrant urban landscapes.
2.1.2 TYPES OF ROOF GARDEN
2.1.2.1 INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN

An intensive roof garden, also known as an intensive green roof or a rooftop garden,
refers to a type of green space that is created on the roof of a building with a focus on
maximizing vegetation and providing a wide range of plants and features.
(FIGURE 2 https://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/measures/green-roofs/intensive-
green-roofs/)

Purpose: Intensive roof gardens are designed to create lush and diverse ecosystems on
rooftops, providing a variety of benefits such as enhanced aesthetics, improved air
quality, increased biodiversity, storm water management, energy conservation, and
potential food production.
Structural Considerations: Intensive roof gardens require a stronger roof structure

compared to extensive green roofs (which have shallower soil depths). The additional
weight of soil, plants, and other elements must be supported, often necessitating
engineering assessments and modifications to ensure the building's integrity.
Soil Depth: Intensive roof gardens typically have a deeper soil layer (6-24 inches or
more) to support a wider variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, perennials, and even
vegetable gardens. This depth allows for greater root growth and water retention.
Plant Selection: A wide range of plant species can be incorporated into intensive roof
gardens, including grasses, flowers, herbs, small trees, and even edibles. The selection
depends on factors such as climate, sunlight exposure, local conditions, and
maintenance requirements.
Irrigation and Drainage: Intensive roof gardens often require irrigation systems to
provide water to plants, especially during dry periods. Drainage systems are also
essential to manage excess water, preventing waterlogging and potential structural
damage.
Maintenance: Intensive roof gardens generally require more maintenance compared to

extensive green roofs. Regular care includes watering, fertilizing, pruning, pest control,
weed management, and monitoring for any structural issues or plant health concerns.
Access and Amenities: Some intensive roof gardens are designed to be accessible to
people, serving as green spaces for recreational activities, social gatherings, or
relaxation. These gardens may include pathways, seating areas, and other amenities to
enhance the user experience.
Intensive roof gardens go beyond the basic functions of traditional green roofs by
incorporating a diverse range of plant life and providing additional benefits for building
occupants and the environment.
2.1.2.2 EXTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN

An extensive roof garden, also known as an extensive green roof or a rooftop meadow,
refers to a type of green space created on the roof of a building with a focus on low-
maintenance, lightweight vegetation.
(FIGURE 3 https://www.bentarchitecture.com.au/articles/2019/whats-the-difference-
between-an-intensive-green-roof-and-an-extensive-green-roof)
Purpose: Extensive roof gardens aim to create ecological benefits and improve the
environment without requiring intensive maintenance. They offer advantages such as
storm water management, insulation, reduced energy consumption, and increased
biodiversity.
Soil Depth: Extensive roof gardens have a shallow soil layer, typically ranging from 2 to
6 inches deep. This lightweight soil composition allows for the growth of hardy, low-
maintenance plants.
Plant Selection: Extensive roof gardens typically feature plants that are well-suited to
withstand harsh rooftop conditions, such as drought, strong winds, and limited
nutrients. These plants often include sedums, mosses, grasses, and other succulents.
Irrigation and Drainage: Extensive roof gardens generally require minimal irrigation as
the selected plants are adapted to survive with limited water. Additionally, they are
designed to have effective drainage systems to prevent water accumulation and
potential structural damage.
Maintenance: Extensive roof gardens are designed to be self-sustaining and require

minimal maintenance. Once established, they typically need occasional weeding,
inspections for any maintenance issues, and periodic fertilization if necessary.
Structural Considerations: Extensive roof gardens are lightweight compared to

intensive roof gardens, which means they typically have fewer structural requirements.
However, it's important to conduct proper structural assessments to ensure the building
can support the additional weight.
Access and Amenities: Extensive roof gardens are primarily created for environmental
benefits rather than human use. They are not typically designed for direct human access
or recreational activities, although they can enhance the visual appeal of the building
Extensive roof gardens are designed for low-maintenance and environmental benefits,
featuring lightweight vegetation that can thrive in rooftop conditions. They offer
advantages such as storm water management and increased biodiversity while requiring
minimal upkeep.
2.1.2.3 SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN
A semi-intensive roof garden is a hybrid approach that combines elements of both
intensive and extensive roof gardens. It offers a middle ground between the lushness
and diversity of an intensive roof garden and the low-maintenance characteristics of an
extensive roof garden.
(FIGURE 4 https://zinco-greenroof.co.uk/systems/semi-intensive)
2.1.2.3.1 KEY FEATURES OF SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF

GARDEN
Purpose: The purpose of a semi-intensive roof garden is to strike a balance between
vegetation variety and maintenance requirements. It aims to provide some of the
benefits of intensive roof gardens while reducing the maintenance efforts involved.
Soil Depth: Semi-intensive roof gardens have a moderate soil depth, typically ranging
from 6 to 12 inches. This allows for a wider variety of plants to be grown compared to
extensive roof gardens while still maintaining a lighter load compared to intensive roof
gardens.
Plant Selection: Semi-intensive roof gardens can accommodate a broader range of

plant species compared to extensive green roofs. Along with hardy, low-maintenance
plants commonly found in extensive roofs, they can also include a selection of grasses,
perennials, and even some small shrubs or trees.
Irrigation and Drainage: Semi-intensive roof gardens generally require some irrigation,
particularly during dry periods, but not as much as intensive roof gardens. They still
benefit from effective drainage systems to prevent water accumulation and potential
structural issues.
Maintenance: While semi-intensive roof gardens require more maintenance compared
to extensive roofs, they generally require less care and attention than intensive roof
gardens. Maintenance tasks may include occasional watering, fertilizing, pruning, and
weed control to keep the garden healthy and attractive.
Structural Considerations: Semi-intensive roof gardens have moderate weight

requirements. Although they are lighter compared to intensive roof gardens, it is still
important to evaluate the building's structural capacity to ensure it can support the
added load.
Access and Amenities: Depending on the design and purpose of the semi-intensive
roof garden, it may incorporate elements for human use and enjoyment. This can
include pathways, seating areas, or limited recreational spaces to provide a more
engaging rooftop experience.
2.1.3 COMPONENTS OF ROOF GARDEN

A roof garden consists of various components that work together to create a functional
and thriving green space on the roof of a building. The key components of a roof
garden include:
Roof Structure: The roof structure forms the foundation for the roof garden. It should
be designed to support the additional weight of the garden, including soil, plants, and
any other features.
Waterproofing and Drainage System: A robust waterproofing membrane is essential

to prevent water leakage into the building. It ensures that the roof remains watertight
and protects the underlying structure. A well-designed drainage system is also crucial to
manage excess water and prevent water pooling on the roof.
Growing Medium: The growing medium, also known as the substrate or soil, is where
the plants in the roof garden root and grow. It should be lightweight, well-draining, and
provide the necessary nutrients for plant growth. The growing medium may consist of a
mix of soil, compost, perlite, vermiculite, and other components.
Plants: The selection of plants for a roof garden depends on various factors, including
the climate, sun exposure, wind conditions, and the weight-bearing capacity of the roof.
Drought-tolerant plants, such as sedums, grasses, and succulents, are commonly used in
roof gardens due to their ability to withstand limited water availability and harsh rooftop
conditions. Trees, shrubs, flowers, and vegetables can also be incorporated, depending
on the size and design of the roof garden.
Irrigation System: An efficient irrigation system is necessary to supply water to the
plants in the roof garden. This may include drip irrigation, soaker hoses, or automated
irrigation systems that deliver water directly to the plant roots. Proper watering is crucial
for plant health and growth in a rooftop environment.
Structural Support and Safety Features: Depending on the design and size of the roof
garden, additional structural support may be required to ensure the safety and stability
of the roof. This may involve reinforcement of the roof structure, installation of
guardrails or safety barriers, and compliance with building codes and regulations.
Amenities and Features: Roof gardens can include various amenities and features to
enhance their functionality and aesthetics. These may include seating areas, walking
paths, pergolas, trellises, decorative elements, lighting, and even recreational spaces like
rooftop decks or gardens.
Maintenance and Access: Adequate provisions for maintenance and access should be
considered during the design phase. This may involve providing access points,
pathways, and storage for tools and equipment needed for garden maintenance, such
as pruning, watering, and plant care.
(FIGURE 5 http://buildcarewaterproofing.in/terrace-waterproofing/terrace-
waterproofing-for-garden-making/)
2.1.4 MERITS OF ROOF GARDEN
Roof gardens, also known as rooftop gardens or green roofs, offer several merits that
contribute to the overall well-being of buildings, occupants, and the surrounding
environment. Some of the key merits of roof gardens include:
2.1.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:

A. Improved Energy Efficiency: Roof gardens provide insulation, reducing heat transfer
and minimizing the need for artificial cooling in summer and heating in winter. This
results in energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
B. Storm water Management: The vegetation and growing medium of roof gardens
absorb and retain rainwater, reducing storm water runoff and alleviating the burden on
urban drainage systems.
C. Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Roof gardens help combat the urban heat island
effect by absorbing solar radiation and releasing it through evapotranspiration, lowering
ambient temperatures and improving air quality in urban areas.
D. Biodiversity Promotion: Roof gardens create habitats for birds, insects, and other
wildlife, contributing to urban biodiversity and supporting ecological balance.
2.1.4.2 SOCIAL BENEFITS:

A. Enhanced Well-being: Roof gardens provide access to nature, greenery, and
outdoor spaces, promoting mental health, stress reduction, and overall well-being for
building occupants.
B. Recreation and Leisure: Roof gardens can be designed as recreational spaces,

offering opportunities for relaxation, social interactions, and outdoor activities.
C. Community Engagement: Roof gardens can foster community engagement and a

sense of belonging among building occupants, encouraging social interactions and
community events.
2.1.4.3 ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES:
A. Increased Property Value: Roof gardens enhance the aesthetic appeal and
desirability of buildings, potentially increasing property value and marketability.
B. Energy Cost Savings: The improved insulation provided by roof gardens reduces the
need for artificial heating and cooling, leading to energy cost savings over time.
C. Extended Roof Lifespan: Roof gardens protect the underlying roof structure from
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, extreme temperatures, and other weathering factors,
potentially extending the lifespan of the roof.
Ecological Benefits:
A. Air Quality Improvement: Roof gardens help filter pollutants and particulate matter
from the air, resulting in improved air quality in urban areas.
B. Carbon Sequestration: The plants in roof gardens absorb carbon dioxide through
photosynthesis, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
C. Noise Reduction: The vegetation and growing medium in roof gardens can act as
sound insulation, reducing noise pollution from surrounding areas.
Roof gardens offer a sustainable and multi-faceted approach to maximizing green

spaces in building complexes. By integrating nature into urban environments, roof
gardens provide numerous benefits, creating healthier, more resilient, and enjoyable
spaces for occupants while contributing to the sustainability of the built environment.
(FIGURE 6 https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/urban/creating-your-own-
rooftop-garden.htm)
2.1.5 DEMERITS OF ROOF GARDEN
While roof gardens offer numerous benefits, there are also certain demerits or
challenges associated with their implementation and maintenance. Here are some
demerits of roof gardens to consider:
2.1.5.1 STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS:

A. Weight Load: Roof gardens add significant weight to the building structure,
requiring careful assessment of the roof's load-bearing capacity. In some cases,
structural modifications may be necessary.
B. Waterproofing and Leakage: Improper installation or maintenance of the
waterproofing membrane can lead to water leakage, potentially causing damage to the
building structure.
2.1.5.2 HIGH INITIAL COST:

A. Installation Expenses: Implementing a roof garden can be expensive due to the
need for structural modifications, waterproofing measures, and specialized landscaping
materials.
B. Maintenance Costs: Roof gardens require regular maintenance, including irrigation,

fertilization, pruning, and pest control, which can add to the overall expenses.
2.1.5.3 MAINTENANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY:

A. Limited Accessibility: Accessing and maintaining roof gardens can be challenging
due to their elevated location. Specialized equipment or additional access points may be
required, increasing maintenance complexity.
B. Maintenance Requirements: Roof gardens need regular care, including watering,

weeding, and plant management. The lack of proper maintenance can lead to plant
decline, pest infestations, and aesthetic degradation.
2.1.5.4 PLANT SELECTION AND ADAPTATION:

A. Limited Plant Choices: The rooftop environment presents unique challenges, such as
intense sunlight, wind exposure, and limited soil depth. These factors restrict the range
of plant species that can thrive on rooftops.
B. Plant Adaptation: Plants on roof gardens may face difficulties in adapting to
extreme weather conditions, leading to increased maintenance and potential plant loss.
2.1.5.5 FIRE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:

Fire Risk: In some cases, the presence of combustible materials in the roof garden, such
as dry vegetation or mulch, can pose a fire risk. Adequate fire safety measures need to
be in place to mitigate this risk.
2.1.5.6 ACCESSIBILITY FOR EMERGENCY SERVICES:

A. Limited Access for Emergency Services: In the event of a fire or other emergencies,
accessing roof gardens can be challenging for emergency service providers. This can
impact response times and evacuation procedures.
2.1.5.7 LIMITED SCOPE FOR LARGE-SCALE

IMPLEMENTATION:
A. Space Constraints: Roof gardens require suitable rooftop areas, which may be
limited in densely populated urban areas with high-rise buildings.
B. Regulatory and Zoning Constraints: Local regulations and building codes may
impose restrictions on the implementation of roof gardens, limiting their widespread
adoption.
(FIGURE 7 https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/urban/creating-your-own-
rooftop-garden.htm)
2.2 VERTICAL GARDEN
A vertical garden, also known as a living wall or green wall, is a type of garden that is
grown vertically on a wall or other vertical surface. It involves the use of specially
designed structures or systems to support plants in a vertical orientation, creating a
visually appealing and space-efficient way to incorporate vegetation into urban
environments. Vertical gardens have gained popularity as an innovative approach to
maximizing green spaces and introducing nature into built environments.
Vertical gardens offer a range of benefits and can be implemented both indoors and
outdoors. They are often utilized in urban areas where space is limited, allowing for the
integration of plants in areas where traditional gardens may not be feasible. These living
walls can be created using various techniques, such as modular systems, trellis
structures, or hydroponic systems, depending on the specific requirements and
constraints of the project.
(FIGURE 8 https://krishijagran.com/agripedia/10-super-easy-vertical-garden-ideas-for-
small-spaces/)
Vertical gardens provide numerous advantages, including aesthetic enhancements,

improved air quality, energy efficiency, and thermal insulation. They can transform bare
walls into vibrant and visually striking features, adding a touch of nature to urban
landscapes. In addition, vertical gardens contribute to the reduction of air pollution by
absorbing carbon dioxide and other pollutants, while releasing oxygen. They also help
to regulate indoor temperatures, reducing the need for artificial cooling and heating
and improving energy efficiency in buildings.
Beyond their environmental benefits, vertical gardens offer psychological and well-being
advantages. Research has shown that exposure to greenery and natural elements can
have a positive impact on mental health, reducing stress and promoting a sense of
tranquillity. Vertical gardens also create a connection to nature, even in urban settings,
allowing individuals to experience the benefits of green spaces without the need for
traditional gardens.
With their ability to enhance aesthetics, improve air quality, conserve energy, and
promote well-being, vertical gardens have become a popular choice for architects,
designers, and urban planners. They offer a unique and sustainable way to incorporate
vegetation into buildings, public spaces, and even interior environments, contributing to
the overall liveability and sustainability of urban areas.
2.2.1 CONTRUCTION HISTORY VERTICAL GARDEN

The concept of vertical gardens, also known as living walls or green walls, has a relatively
more recent history compared to roof gardens. Here is a brief overview of the history of
vertical gardens:
1970s:
o The concept of vertical gardens was popularized in the 1970s by French botanist
Patrick Blanc. Blanc is often credited as the pioneer of modern vertical gardens.
o Blanc experimented with growing plants on vertical surfaces using a hydroponic
system, which allowed plants to grow without soil and with a nutrient-rich
solution.
1990s:
o In the 1990s, vertical gardens gained further attention as architects and designers
began incorporating them into their projects.
o Notable examples include the vertical gardens designed by Patrick Blanc for the
Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris and the One Central Park residential
building in Sydney, Australia, which features vertical gardens designed by Patrick
Blanc in collaboration with architect Jean Nouvel.
Early 2000s:
o The early 2000s saw an increase in the popularity and adoption of vertical
gardens in various parts of the world.
o Green wall technologies and techniques were refined and improved, making
vertical gardens more accessible and feasible for a wider range of applications.
Present Day:
o Vertical gardens have become a prominent feature in urban design, architecture,
and landscaping projects worldwide.
o They are utilized in a variety of settings, including commercial buildings, public
spaces, residential developments, and even interior spaces such as offices,
restaurants, and shopping malls.
o The technology and systems for vertical gardens have advanced, offering
different methods of irrigation, planting systems, and plant selection.
The history of vertical gardens demonstrates how they have evolved from experimental
projects to mainstream design features. Today, vertical gardens are valued for their
aesthetic appeal, environmental benefits such as improved air quality and temperature
regulation, and their ability to bring nature into urban environments. The ongoing
advancements in vertical garden technology and the growing interest in sustainable and
green design continue to drive innovation and creativity in the field of vertical gardens.
2.2.2 TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDEN
2.2.2.1 GREEN WALL VERTICAL GARDEN

Green Wall Vertical Garden is a specific type of vertical garden that focuses on creating
a lush and vibrant living wall by covering vertical surfaces with a variety of plants. It is an
innovative and visually striking approach to incorporate vegetation into urban
environments, both indoors and outdoors.
Green Wall Vertical Gardens offer a unique and space-efficient solution to transform
bare walls or building facades into thriving green installations. By utilizing vertical space,
they maximize the use of available area, making them ideal for urban environments
where horizontal space is limited.
The main characteristic of Green Wall Vertical Gardens is the dense coverage of plants,
creating a dense, layered effect that resembles a living tapestry. Various plant species
are carefully selected and strategically placed to achieve a visually appealing and
harmonious composition. The selection of plants can range from cascading vines and
ferns to flowering plants and even small shrubs, providing a diverse and dynamic
display.
The construction of Green Wall Vertical Gardens involves the use of specialized systems
and techniques to ensure proper plant growth and maintenance. These systems typically
include a framework or structure to support the plants, as well as irrigation systems to
provide water and nutrients to sustain their growth. The systems can be modular panels,
trellises, or pocket systems, depending on the specific design requirements and desired
aesthetic.
Beyond their aesthetic value, Green Wall Vertical Gardens offer numerous benefits. They
enhance air quality by filtering pollutants and releasing oxygen, contributing to a
healthier environment. Additionally, they help regulate temperature and humidity,
reduce noise levels, and provide insulation to buildings, resulting in energy savings.
Green Wall Vertical Gardens also promote biodiversity by providing habitat for birds,
butterflies, and other beneficial insects.
These living walls have found applications in various settings, including commercial
buildings, hotels, shopping centres, restaurants, public spaces, and even residential
homes. They create a visually captivating and soothing atmosphere, adding a touch of
nature and tranquillity to the urban landscape.
In conclusion, Green Wall Vertical Gardens are a remarkable type of vertical garden that
combines the beauty of plants with the verticality of walls. They offer a sustainable and
visually stunning solution to incorporate greenery into urban spaces, providing
numerous environmental, aesthetic, and psychological benefits.
(FIGURE 9 https://www.floweraura.com/blog/types-of-vertical-garden)
2.2.2.2 GREEN FACADES VERTICAL GARDEN
Green Facades Vertical Garden is a specific type of vertical garden that utilizes climbing
plants to cover and transform vertical surfaces, such as walls or building facades, into
lush and verdant living installations. It is an innovative and sustainable approach to
introduce greenery into urban environments, adding beauty and numerous benefits to
both indoor and outdoor spaces.
Green Facades Vertical Gardens create a visually striking display by allowing climbing
plants to grow vertically on a supporting structure, such as trellises or wire mesh. These
plants have natural mechanisms, such as tendrils, aerial roots, or twining stems, that
enable them to attach and climb up the structure, creating a dense and vibrant green
facade.
The main characteristic of Green Facades Vertical Gardens is the use of climbing plants,
which can range from flowering vines and ivy to foliage plants and creepers. The
selection of plants depends on factors such as climate, available sunlight, and desired
aesthetics. The climbing plants intertwine and cover the vertical surface, creating a
dynamic and textured appearance.
The installation of Green Facades Vertical Gardens involves careful planning and
consideration of structural support for the climbing plants. The supporting structure
should be capable of bearing the weight of the plants and providing a framework for
them to climb and spread. In some cases, an irrigation system may be incorporated to
ensure that the plants receive adequate water and nutrients for their growth.
Green Facades Vertical Gardens offer several benefits beyond their visual appeal. They
contribute to improving air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen,
enhancing the overall environmental health. These living walls also act as natural
insulators, reducing energy consumption by providing shade and insulation to buildings,
thereby improving their energy efficiency.
In urban areas where space is limited, Green Facades Vertical Gardens offer an effective
solution to incorporate greenery without occupying valuable floor space. They can be
installed on the exterior walls of buildings, transforming them into living canvases of
green, or even on interior walls to create a biophilic and calming environment.
Green Facades Vertical Gardens can be found in various settings, including commercial
buildings, offices, hotels, retail spaces, public areas, and even residential homes. They
provide numerous benefits, such as enhancing aesthetics, improving air quality,
reducing energy consumption, and promoting biodiversity by creating habitats for birds,
insects, and other wildlife.
In conclusion, Green Facades Vertical Gardens are an exceptional type of vertical garden
that utilizes climbing plants to transform vertical surfaces into vibrant living installations.
They offer a sustainable and visually appealing way to introduce greenery into urban
spaces, enhancing the environment and creating a connection with nature.
2.2.2.3 FREESTANDING VERTICAL GARDEN

Freestanding Vertical Gardens are a specific type of vertical garden that allows plants to
grow vertically in a self-supporting structure, independent of existing walls or structures.
They offer a flexible and versatile solution for incorporating greenery into various indoor
and outdoor spaces, regardless of the availability of walls or building facades.
Unlike other types of vertical gardens that rely on existing structures for support,
Freestanding Vertical Gardens feature standalone frameworks or structures specifically
designed to accommodate plants in a vertical arrangement. These structures can be
freestanding walls, frames, or modular units that provide a framework for the plants to
grow vertically.
The main characteristic of Freestanding Vertical Gardens is their ability to create a

vertical landscape without the need for a pre-existing wall. The frameworks typically
have multiple tiers or shelves, allowing plants to be arranged at different heights and
creating a visually appealing display. Various plant species can be selected to create a
diverse and vibrant composition.
The construction of Freestanding Vertical Gardens often involves the use of modular
units that can be easily assembled and disassembled, providing flexibility in terms of
size and configuration. These units may incorporate features such as built-in irrigation
systems or reservoirs to supply water and nutrients to the plants. This ensures proper
plant growth and minimizes maintenance efforts.
Freestanding Vertical Gardens offer numerous benefits. They provide an opportunity to
introduce greenery in spaces where traditional vertical gardening methods may not be
feasible, such as indoor areas with limited access to natural light or outdoor spaces
without available walls. They contribute to improved indoor air quality, as plants help
filter pollutants and release oxygen. Additionally, they can serve as privacy screens,
space dividers, or decorative elements, enhancing the aesthetics of the surroundings.
The applications of Freestanding Vertical Gardens are diverse, making them suitable for
a wide range of settings. They can be used in offices, residential homes, retail spaces,
restaurants, hotels, and public areas, both indoors and outdoors. These self-contained
vertical gardens offer the flexibility to create green spaces in various environments,
providing the benefits of plants and nature even in spaces with limited infrastructure.
In conclusion, Freestanding Vertical Gardens are a unique and versatile type of vertical
garden that offers a self-supporting framework for plants to grow vertically. They
provide an innovative solution for introducing greenery into spaces where traditional
vertical gardening methods may not be feasible. Whether for decorative purposes or
improving indoor air quality, Freestanding Vertical Gardens offer a flexible and visually
appealing way to incorporate plants into diverse environments.
2.2.2.4 TIER GARDEN
A Tier Garden is a specific type of vertical garden that utilizes multiple tiers or levels to
create a layered arrangement of plants. It offers a visually appealing and space-efficient
solution for incorporating greenery into both indoor and outdoor environments. Tier
Gardens provide a unique and dynamic display of plants, creating a vertical landscape
with distinct levels of vegetation.
The main characteristic of a Tier Garden is its multi-tiered structure, which allows plants
to be arranged in ascending or descending order, creating a tiered effect. Each tier
typically consists of shelves, platforms, or containers that hold the plants. The tiers can
be of equal size or varying sizes, providing versatility in design and plant selection.
The construction of a Tier Garden involves setting up the framework or structure that
supports the tiers. This framework can be freestanding or attached to an existing wall,
depending on the specific requirements and available space. The tiers are then arranged
within the structure, allowing for easy access to each level for planting, maintenance,
and harvesting if applicable.
One of the advantages of Tier Gardens is their ability to maximize vertical space
efficiently. By utilizing multiple tiers, they make use of the available vertical area, making
them suitable for environments with limited floor space. Tier Gardens can be
implemented in various sizes, from small indoor installations to larger outdoor
structures, accommodating a diverse range of plant species and quantities.
The plant selection for a Tier Garden can vary based on personal preference, desired
aesthetics, and environmental conditions. Each tier can feature different types of plants,
including flowers, herbs, vegetables, succulents, or a combination thereof. The layered
arrangement creates visual interest and allows for the integration of plants with varying
heights, textures, and colours.
Tier Gardens offer several benefits beyond their aesthetic appeal. They provide an
efficient use of space, allowing for a greater plant density in a limited area. They can also
help improve air quality by filtering pollutants and releasing oxygen. Additionally, Tier
Gardens can contribute to food production, with edible plants grown in the tiers for
personal consumption or urban farming initiatives.
The applications of Tier Gardens are versatile, ranging from indoor gardens in homes,
offices, or public spaces, to outdoor gardens in courtyards, balconies, or rooftops. They
can serve as decorative features, privacy screens, or functional gardens for growing
herbs and vegetables. The tiered arrangement adds depth and dimension to the space,
creating a visually captivating and lively atmosphere.
In conclusion, a Tier Garden is a distinctive type of vertical garden that utilizes multiple
tiers or levels to create a layered display of plants. It offers an efficient and visually
appealing solution for incorporating greenery into various environments. Whether for
decorative purposes, food production, or space optimization, Tier Gardens provide a
versatile and dynamic approach to vertical gardening.
2.2.2.5 WINDOW BOXES

Window Boxes are a specific type of vertical garden that involves the use of containers
or planters placed on window sills or ledges to create a garden display. They offer a
convenient and space-efficient solution for introducing plants and greenery to urban
environments, particularly in areas with limited outdoor space.
The main characteristic of Window Boxes is their placement on windows, allowing plants
to be displayed vertically and adding a touch of nature to buildings. The boxes or
planters are typically mounted or attached to the exterior of windows, although they can
also be used indoors. They provide a compact and accessible gardening solution for
individuals who may not have access to a traditional garden or outdoor space.
Window Boxes come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, including plastic, wood,
metal, or fiberglass. They can be customized to fit the dimensions of the window sill or
ledge, ensuring a secure and stable installation. The boxes are filled with potting soil or
a growing medium, and plants are planted directly into them.
The plant selection for Window Boxes is diverse and can be tailored to personal
preferences, climate conditions, and the amount of sunlight available. Flowers, herbs,
succulents, or even small vegetables can be grown in Window Boxes, creating a
colourful and dynamic display. Cascading or trailing plants are often used to create a
visually appealing and cascading effect.
Window Boxes offer numerous benefits beyond their decorative appeal. They can help
improve air quality by filtering pollutants and releasing oxygen, contributing to a
healthier indoor environment. They also provide insulation, reducing heat gain or loss
through windows and potentially lowering energy consumption. Additionally, Window
Boxes can attract pollinators and create a mini-habitat for birds and beneficial insects.
The maintenance of Window Boxes is relatively straightforward. Regular watering,

fertilizing, and pruning may be required, depending on the plant species chosen. Care
should be taken to ensure proper drainage to avoid water build up and potential
damage to the window structure.
Window Boxes can be found in various settings, including residential homes,

apartments, offices, and commercial buildings. They offer a simple and accessible way
for individuals to engage in gardening and bring nature closer to their living or working
spaces. Window Boxes can transform plain windows into vibrant and inviting displays,
adding beauty and a connection to the natural world.
In conclusion, Window Boxes are a charming and practical type of vertical garden that
allows plants to be grown on window sills or ledges. They provide a space-efficient
solution for introducing greenery to urban environments, enhancing aesthetics,
improving air quality, and connecting individuals with nature. Whether filled with
flowers, herbs, or vegetables, Window Boxes offer a delightful and accessible gardening
experience for all.
2.2.2.6 GUTTER GARDEN
A Gutter Garden is a specific type of vertical garden that utilizes gutters as planting
containers to create a unique and space-efficient gardening solution. It involves
repurposing gutters, typically made of metal or plastic, and transforming them into
functional planters that can be installed vertically, either indoors or outdoors.
The main characteristic of a Gutter Garden is its use of gutters as the primary planting
containers. The gutters are mounted horizontally or at a slight angle, allowing plants to
grow along the length of the gutter. They are often attached to walls, fences, or other
vertical structures, making use of unused vertical space.
Gutter Gardens are particularly suitable for environments with limited gardening space
or for individuals who live in apartments, condominiums, or urban areas with minimal
outdoor space. They offer a creative and accessible solution for growing plants, herbs, or
vegetables without the need for traditional garden beds or containers.
The construction of a Gutter Garden involves securing the gutters to the chosen vertical
structure. Drainage holes are typically drilled into the bottom of the gutters to ensure
proper water drainage. The gutters are then filled with potting soil or a growing
medium, and plants are planted directly into the gutters. Plant choices can vary based
on personal preferences and growing conditions.
Gutter Gardens provide several benefits beyond their space efficiency. They offer easy
accessibility for gardening tasks such as planting, watering, and harvesting, as the plants
are within arm's reach. Gutter Gardens also help conserve water by reducing runoff, as
excess water can be collected and reused within the system. Additionally, they can act as
natural insulators, providing some protection against temperature fluctuations.
Gutter Gardens are versatile and can be customized to fit various spaces and styles. They
can be installed indoors along windowsills or on vertical walls, or outdoors on fences,
balconies, or patios. Their flexibility allows for creative arrangements, including vertical
cascading designs or multiple rows of gutters to maximize planting space.
Maintenance of Gutter Gardens typically involves regular watering, fertilizing, and

occasional pruning or trimming. Care should be taken to monitor the moisture levels in
the gutters and ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging or root rot.
In conclusion, Gutter Gardens are an innovative and practical type of vertical garden that
repurposes gutters as planting containers. They provide a space-efficient solution for
gardening in limited spaces and offer accessibility and convenience for growing plants,
herbs, or vegetables. Gutter Gardens can be customized and installed in various
environments, making them suitable for urban dwellers and gardening enthusiasts
looking for alternative ways to bring greenery into their surroundings.
2.2.3 COMPONENTS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

Support Structure: The support structure forms the backbone of the vertical garden
and provides stability for the plants. It can be a freestanding frame, a wall-mounted
system, or any other structure designed to hold the weight of the plants and the
growing medium. The support structure should be sturdy and durable to withstand the
weight and environmental conditions.
Planting Containers: Planting containers are used to hold the growing medium and the
plants. They can vary in size, shape, and material. Common types of containers include
pots, planters, hanging baskets, fabric bags, or specialized modular units designed
specifically for vertical gardening. The containers should have proper drainage to allow
excess water to escape and prevent waterlogging.
Growing Medium: The growing medium is the material in which the plants' roots grow
and receive nutrients. It should provide good drainage, aeration, and moisture retention.
Common growing mediums for vertical gardens include potting soil, coco coir, peat
moss, vermiculite, perlite, or a combination of these. The choice of growing medium
depends on the plant requirements and environmental factors.
Plants: The selection of plants is crucial for a successful vertical garden. Plants should be
chosen based on factors such as sunlight exposure, climate, space limitations, and
desired aesthetics. Depending on the specific vertical garden design, plants can include
ornamental flowers, foliage plants, herbs, vegetables, succulents, or even climbing vines.
It's important to consider the growth habits and the mature size of the plants to ensure
they are suitable for the vertical space.
Irrigation System: An irrigation system is often incorporated into vertical gardens to

ensure that plants receive adequate water and nutrients. This can include drip irrigation,
micro-sprinklers, or misting systems. The irrigation system should be designed to
distribute water evenly throughout the vertical garden and prevent water wastage. It can
be automated or manual, depending on the garden's size and specific requirements.
Fertilizers: Fertilizers provide essential nutrients for plant growth and development.
They can be applied in various forms, including slow-release granules, liquid fertilizers,
or organic compost. The choice of fertilizers depends on the plant's nutritional needs
and the preferences of the gardener. It's important to follow proper fertilization
schedules and dosage guidelines to prevent over-fertilization or nutrient deficiencies.
Lighting: In indoor vertical gardens or areas with limited sunlight, artificial lighting may
be necessary to supplement natural light. LED grow lights are commonly used as they
provide the appropriate light spectrum for plant growth. The lighting system should be
positioned and timed to provide the necessary amount of light for the plants'
photosynthesis process.
Maintenance Tools: Regular maintenance is essential for the health and vitality of a
vertical garden. Common maintenance tools include hand pruners or scissors for
trimming and pruning, a watering can or hose for watering, a trowel for planting or
replanting, and a soil moisture meter to monitor the moisture levels in the growing
medium.
These components work together to create a thriving and visually appealing vertical
garden. Each component plays a vital role in providing structural support, proper
growing conditions, and care for the plants. A well-designed and maintained vertical
garden can transform any space into a lush and vibrant oasis.
(FIGURE 15 https://hanginggardens.co.nz/systems/living-wall-system/)
2.2.4 MERITS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

Vertical gardens, also known as living walls or green walls, offer numerous merits that
make them a popular choice for both indoor and outdoor spaces. Here are some of the
key merits of vertical gardens:
Space Optimization: Vertical gardens utilize vertical space, making them ideal for areas
with limited floor space. They allow for the cultivation of plants in areas where
traditional gardens or landscaping may not be feasible, such as urban environments or
compact living spaces.
Improved Air Quality: Vertical gardens contribute to improved air quality by acting as
natural air filters. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through the process
of photosynthesis, helping to reduce air pollution and create a healthier living
environment.
Thermal Insulation: The foliage of vertical gardens can act as a layer of insulation,
reducing heat absorption and loss through walls or building facades. This can help
regulate indoor temperatures and potentially reduce energy consumption for heating
and cooling.
Noise Reduction: The dense foliage of vertical gardens can help absorb and block
sound, acting as a natural sound barrier. This is particularly beneficial in urban areas with
high levels of noise pollution, creating a more peaceful and tranquil environment.
Aesthetic Appeal: Vertical gardens add a visually striking and natural element to any
space. They can transform plain walls or vertical surfaces into vibrant and captivating
living installations, enhancing the overall aesthetics and creating a soothing and calming
ambiance.
Biodiversity and Habitat Creation: Vertical gardens can provide a habitat for birds,
insects, and other beneficial wildlife, contributing to biodiversity in urban areas. They
can serve as a mini-ecosystem, supporting the presence of pollinators and attracting
birds, butterflies, and other beneficial species.
Food Production: Vertical gardens can be used for growing herbs, vegetables, and
fruits, allowing for small-scale food production in urban environments. This promotes
self-sustainability and provides an opportunity for individuals to grow their own fresh
produce, even in limited spaces.
Stress Reduction and Well-being: The presence of greenery and nature has been
shown to have a positive impact on mental health and well-being. Vertical gardens
create a sense of calm and relaxation, helping to reduce stress and improve overall
mood and productivity.
Branding and Marketing: In commercial settings, vertical gardens can be used as a

branding or marketing tool. They create a unique and memorable visual experience,
distinguishing businesses and attracting customers, while also communicating a
commitment to sustainability and environmental consciousness.
Water Conservation: Vertical gardens can be designed with water-saving features, such
as drip irrigation systems or recirculating water systems. These features help minimize
water usage by delivering water directly to the plants' roots, reducing wastage and
promoting water conservation.
These merits make vertical gardens an attractive option for both aesthetic and practical
purposes, contributing to greener and more sustainable urban environments.
(FIGURE 16 https://www.nelda.org.in/11-advantages-of-having-a-vertical-garden/)
2.2.5 DEMERITS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

While vertical gardens offer several benefits, there are also some potential drawbacks or
challenges associated with their implementation. Here are some of the demerits of
vertical gardens:
Cost: The initial cost of installing a vertical garden can be higher compared to traditional
gardens. The expenses can include the structural framework, irrigation systems, planting
materials, and maintenance equipment. Additionally, specialized knowledge and
expertise may be required for the design and installation, which can add to the overall
cost.
Maintenance Requirements: Vertical gardens require regular maintenance to ensure

the health and vitality of the plants. This includes watering, fertilizing, pruning, and
monitoring for pests or diseases. The vertical orientation of the garden can make these
tasks more time-consuming and physically demanding, especially for larger installations.
Watering and Irrigation: Proper irrigation is crucial for the success of a vertical garden.
However, maintaining adequate moisture levels in vertical gardens can be challenging.
There is a higher risk of uneven watering or water runoff, which can result in
overwatering or water wastage. Careful attention and the use of appropriate irrigation
systems are necessary to prevent these issues.
Plant Selection and Limited Plant Varieties: Not all plant species are suitable for
vertical gardens due to the limited root space, exposure to wind and sunlight, and other
environmental factors. This can restrict the diversity of plants that can be grown in a
vertical garden. Additionally, some plants may have difficulty adapting to the vertical
orientation and may require extra care or specialized techniques.
Structural Considerations: The weight of a vertical garden, especially when fully grown
and saturated with water, can put stress on the supporting structure or wall. Proper
planning and assessment of the load-bearing capacity of the structure are essential to
ensure its stability and longevity.
Limited Growing Space for Some Plants: Some plants, particularly those with
extensive root systems or larger growth habits, may not thrive in the limited space
provided by a vertical garden. It can be challenging to accommodate the growth and
spread of certain plant species, which may restrict the variety or size of plants that can
be grown in the garden.
Limited Lifespan of Plants: Due to the restricted root space and potentially harsh
growing conditions, the lifespan of plants in a vertical garden may be shorter compared
to traditional gardens. Some plants may have difficulty establishing and maintaining a
healthy root system, leading to shorter lifespans or the need for frequent replacement.
Susceptibility to Pests and Diseases: Vertical gardens, especially those located

outdoors, may be more susceptible to pest infestations and diseases. The close
proximity of plants and the potential for limited airflow can create favourable conditions
for pests and diseases to spread. Regular monitoring and proactive pest and disease
management are necessary to prevent and address these issues.
Design and Aesthetic Considerations: Designing and maintaining an aesthetically

pleasing vertical garden can be challenging. Careful consideration of plant placement,
colour combinations, and overall design coherence is necessary to create an attractive
and visually appealing display. Without proper planning and execution, vertical gardens
may appear cluttered, unbalanced, or lacking visual harmony.
Despite these demerits, many of these challenges can be addressed with proper
planning, design, and maintenance. With the right selection of plants, suitable care
practices, and ongoing monitoring, the potential drawbacks of vertical gardens can be
minimized, allowing for the creation of vibrant and sustainable green spaces.
(FIGURE 17 https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages-disadvantages-
vertical-farming.php)
1 CASE STUDY
3.1 ROOF GARDEN
3.1.1 DLF CYBER HUB
(FIGURE 18 https://lbb.in/delhi/dlf-cyberhub-just-got-7-new-outlets/)
 The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden is a case study in how to create a successful
rooftop garden in a hot, dry climate. The garden is in Delhi, India, which has a
hot, dry climate with temperatures that can reach up to 45 degrees Celsius (113
degrees Fahrenheit).
 The garden was designed by a team of landscape architects who specialized in
rooftop gardens. The team chose plants that were native to the region and that
were able to thrive in the hot, dry climate. The plants were also chosen for their
ability to provide shade and privacy.
 The garden was planted in the fall of 2012. The plants were watered regularly,
especially during the first year. The plants were also fertilized every few months.
 The garden has been a success. The plants have thrived in the hot, dry climate.
The garden provides shade and privacy for the residents of the building. The
garden has also helped to reduce the heat island effect in the area.
 The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden is a valuable resource for anyone who is planning
to create a rooftop garden in a hot, dry climate. The garden demonstrates that it
is possible to create a beautiful and successful rooftop garden in a challenging
climate.
3.1.1.2 TIMELINE, ARCHITECT AND OTHER DETAILS
 Project name- cyber city Guru gram
 Project type- commercial
 Developers- DLF
 Client- DLF
 Year of start- 1997
 Year of completion- 2013
 Includes shops, office building, recreational area
 No. Of storeys- for office and commercial building g+20
 Total project area-128 acre
 Architect- Hafeez contractor and Mohit Gujral
 Footfall- 40,000 per day

 Site area- 128 acres
 2.5 Acres Roof Garden
 Topography- site is flat
 Site slope- south to north
 Shape- site is irregular
 Orientation- site is north west oriented
 Commercial buildings oriented in northeast
 Orientation allows more open spaces
 To Receive Indirect Sunlight and Lesser Heat Gain

DLF Cyber Hub enjoys seamless connectivity to various modes of transportation,
making it easily accessible for visitors and employees. Some key points include:
 Metro: The nearest metro station to DLF Cyber Hub is Sikandarpur, which is part
of the Delhi Metro's Yellow Line. It provides convenient access to the hub for
commuters from different parts of Delhi and Guru Gram.
 Roadways: The hub is well-connected to major roads and highways, such as the
National Highway 48 and the Guru gram-Faridabad Road. This facilitates smooth
travel by private vehicles, taxis, and buses.
 Public Transport: Public buses and auto-rickshaws are readily available, allowing
for affordable and convenient commuting options.
3.1.1.5 LOCATION
 Business District: The hub is situated in Guru Gram’s prime business district,
attracting numerous multinational corporations, start-ups, and professional
services. This concentration of businesses fosters networking, collaboration, and
employment opportunities.
 Proximity to Commercial Centres: DLF Cyber Hub is located near major
commercial centres, such as Cyber City and Udyog Vihar. This proximity enables
easy access to corporate offices, hotels, shopping centres, and entertainment
venues.
 International Airport: The hub is within a reasonable distance from Indira
Gandhi International Airport, one of India's busiest airports. This is advantageous
for businesses hosting international visitors and facilitates seamless travel for
employees commuting to other cities or countries.

The DLF Cyber Hub roof garden plant specification is a comprehensive list of
plants that are suitable for growing in a rooftop garden. The list includes both
flowering and non-flowering plants, as well as trees and shrubs. The plants are
chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry climate of Delhi.
 The following are some of the plants that are included in the DLF Cyber Hub roof
garden plant specification:
o Flowering plants: These plants add colour and interest to the roof garden. Some
of the popular flowering plants for rooftop gardens include:
 Jasmine
 Hibiscus
 Bougainvillea
 Lantana
 Petunias
o Non-flowering plants: These plants provide structure and interest to the roof
garden. Some of the popular non-flowering plants for rooftop gardens include:
 Palm trees
 Bamboo
 Bottlebrush trees
 Ficus trees
 Areca palms
o Trees: Trees can provide shade and privacy in a roof garden. Some of the popular
trees for rooftop gardens include:
 Ashoka tree
 Gul mohar tree
 Jacaranda tree
 Rain tree
 Cassia fistula
o Shrubs: Shrubs can add colour and interest to a roof garden. Some of the
popular shrubs for rooftop gardens include:
 Oleander
 Lagerstroemia
 Duranta
 Agave
 Yucca

Here are some of the benefits of the DLF Cyber Hub roof garden:
 Reduces heat island effect: The garden helps to reduce the heat island effect in
the area. The heat island effect is a phenomenon that occurs when urban areas
are warmer than surrounding rural areas. This is due to the fact that urban areas
have more concrete and asphalt, which absorb heat. The garden helps to reduce
the heat island effect by providing shade and by releasing water vapour into the
air.
 Improves air quality: The garden helps to improve air quality by absorbing
carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Plants also release oxygen into the air, which
is beneficial for human health.
 Provides habitat for wildlife: The garden provides habitat for a variety of
wildlife, including birds, insects, and small mammals. This is beneficial for the
environment and can also provide a source of enjoyment for people who live or
work in the area.
 Increases property value: Studies have shown that homes and businesses with
rooftop gardens tend to have higher property values than those without. This is
because rooftop gardens add beauty and value to a property.
If you are considering creating a rooftop garden, the DLF Cyber Hub roof garden is a
great example of what can be achieved. With careful planning and execution, you can
create a beautiful and beneficial rooftop garden for your home or business.
3.1.1.8 DESIGN CONSIDEARTION
 The size of the roof: The size of the roof will determine the size of the garden. A
large roof will allow for a more extensive garden, while a small roof will limit the
size of the garden.
 The weight of the garden: The weight of the garden is important to consider, as
it will affect the load-bearing capacity of the roof. A heavy garden could put too
much stress on the roof and cause it to collapse.
 The type of roof: The type of roof will also affect the design of the garden. A flat
roof will be easier to garden on than a sloping roof.
 The exposure to the sun: The exposure to the sun will also affect the design of
the garden. A garden that is exposed to the sun all day will need to be planted
with plants that can tolerate heat and sun.
 The availability of water: The availability of water is important to consider, as
gardens need to be watered regularly. If there is no easy access to water, then the
garden will need to be designed in a way that minimizes the amount of water
needed.
 The budget: The budget will also affect the design of the garden. A large budget
will allow for the use of more expensive materials and plants, while a small
budget will limit the choices.
(FIGURE 19 https://www.whatsuplife.in/gurgaon/blog/cyber-hub-architecture-layout-
landscape-gurgaon)
3.1.1.9 INFERENENCES
The DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden is a case study of how a rooftop garden can be used to
improve the urban environment. The garden is located in a densely populated area, and
it provides a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of the city. The garden is home
to a variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to
improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The
garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize,
and enjoy the outdoors.
The DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the DLF
Cyber Hub skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a
number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the DLF
Cyber Hub Roof Garden demonstrates the potential of rooftop gardens to improve the
quality of life in urban areas.
Overall, the DLF Cyber Hub Roof Garden case study is a success story. The garden has
demonstrated the potential of rooftop gardens to improve the quality of life in urban
areas. The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to construct
rooftop gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.
3.1.2 BOSCO VERTICALE
(FIGURE 20 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-milan/)
Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) is a pair of residential skyscrapers in Milan, Italy.
Designed by Stefano Boeri Architetti, the two towers contain over 900 trees, 4,500
shrubs, and 15,000 perennials, making them the world's first vertical forests. The project
was completed in 2014 and has since won numerous awards, including the prestigious
International High-rise Award.
Design and Concept: Bosco Verticale stands out for its unique design, which integrates
lush vegetation into the building's structure. The towers are covered with over 900 trees
and more than 20,000 plants, creating a vertical forest that spans the facades. The aim of
this concept is to bring nature back into the urban environment and promote
biodiversity.
Greenery and Sustainability: The vertical forest concept at Bosco Verticale is not only
aesthetically pleasing but also environmentally friendly. The vegetation helps to filter
dust and pollutants, reduce the carbon footprint, and improve air quality. Additionally,
the trees and plants act as natural insulation, reducing energy consumption for heating
and cooling within the buildings.
Residential Living: The towers of Bosco Verticale offer luxurious residential apartments
with stunning views of Milan. The presence of the greenery provides residents with a
close connection to nature, offering a peaceful and serene living environment in the
heart of the city.
Awards and Recognition: Bosco Verticale has received numerous accolades and
awards for its innovative design and sustainability. It has been recognized as a model for
vertical greenery and sustainable architecture, showcasing the potential for integrating
nature into urban spaces.
Influence and Inspiration: The success of Bosco Verticale has inspired similar projects
and concepts in other cities around the world. The idea of incorporating vertical forests
or greenery into high-rise buildings has gained traction as a means to combat
urbanization's negative impacts and create healthier and more sustainable urban
environments.

 Project name- Bosco Verticale
 Project type- Multi-Family Residential
 Developers- Hines Italia
 Client- Hines Italia
 Includes multifamily residential accommodations
 No. Of storeys- First Tower Has 26 Storeys, While The Second Tower Has 18
Storeys
 Total project area- 40,000 square meters (430,556 square feet)
 Architect- Stefano Boeri
 Footfall-10,000 per day

 Site area-40,000 sqm
 8,900 sqm Roof Garden
 Topography- site is flat
 Site slope- 1%
 Shape- site is trapezoidal
 Orientation- site is north-south oriented
 Maximized sunlight for the plant life
 Sense of privacy for the residents
 Open and airy feeling
 Sense of green space and separation from the city
Bosco Verticale enjoys good transit connectivity, allowing residents and visitors easy
access to other parts of Milan. Here are some key aspects of the transit connectivity
around Bosco Verticale:
Metro Stations: The project is conveniently located near several metro stations,
providing efficient transportation options. The closest metro station to Bosco Verticale is
the Garibaldi FS station, which is served by the M2 (green line) and M5 (lilac line). This
allows for easy connections to various parts of the city.
Bus Stops: There are multiple bus stops in the vicinity of Bosco Verticale, facilitating
convenient travel within Milan. Bus lines connect the area to different neighbourhoods,
landmarks, and transportation hubs, expanding the reach of public transportation.
Railway Station: Milano Porta Garibaldi railway station is within walking distance of
Bosco Verticale. It is one of the main railway hubs in Milan, offering regional, national,
and international train connections. This provides residents with convenient access to
wider transportation networks.
Bike Sharing and Pedestrian Paths: The area around Bosco Verticale promotes
alternative transportation options such as bike sharing services and pedestrian-friendly
paths. This encourages active commuting and reduces reliance on cars for shorter trips.
Proximity to Central Areas: Bosco Verticale is located in the Porta Nuova district, a
central and well-connected part of Milan. This proximity to the city centre means that
other key areas, attractions, and amenities are easily accessible by various modes of
transportation.
3.1.2.5 LOCATION
Bosco Verticale, or the Vertical Forest, is located in the Porta Nuova district of Milan,
Italy. The precise address of Bosco Verticale is Via Gaetano de Castillia, 26, 20124 Milan,
Italy.
The Porta Nuova district is a vibrant and modern area in central Milan that has
undergone significant urban redevelopment in recent years. It is known for its
contemporary architecture, upscale residential buildings, office spaces, commercial
areas, and cultural institutions.
The location of Bosco Verticale in the Porta Nuova district offers residents and visitors
access to a wide range of amenities, including shops, restaurants, cafes, parks, and
entertainment venues. It is a highly desirable area to live in, combining a convenient
urban lifestyle with an integration of nature through the vertical forest concept.
Being situated in central Milan, Bosco Verticale also benefits from proximity to major
transportation hubs, including railway stations, metro stations, and bus stops, providing
excellent connectivity to other parts of the city and beyond.

The Bosco Verticale roof garden plant selection was carefully chosen by agronomists
Laura Gatti and Emanuela Borio. The plants were selected based on their ability to thrive
in urban environments, their resistance to pests and diseases, and their ability to provide
shade and reduce noise pollution. The towers are home to over 900 trees, shrubs, and
plants. The plants are arranged on the balconies of the towers, and they are watered
and maintained by a computerized system
The following are some of the plant species that can be found on the Bosco Verticale
roof garden:
Evergreens: These plants provide year-round greenery and help to reduce the urban
heat island effect. Some examples of evergreens that can be found on the Bosco
Verticale roof garden include:
 Yew (Taxus baccata)

 Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)
 Holly (Ilex aquifolium)
Deciduous trees: These trees provide shade in the summer and allow for more sunlight
to reach the building in the winter. Some examples of deciduous trees that can be found
on the Bosco Verticale roof garden include:
 Maple (Acer spp.)

 Oak (Quercus spp.)
 Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Herbaceous perennials: These plants provide flowers and other colourful foliage
throughout the year. Some examples of herbaceous perennials that can be found on the
Bosco Verticale roof garden include:
 Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

 Iris (Iris spp.)
 Peony (Paeonia spp.)
3.1.2.7 BENEFITS OF BOSCO VERTICALE

The roof garden at Bosco Verticale offers several benefits, contributing to the overall
sustainability and well-being of the residents and the urban environment. Here are some
key benefits of the roof garden:
Enhanced Biodiversity: The roof garden at Bosco Verticale promotes biodiversity by

providing habitats for various plant and animal species. The diverse selection of plant
species attracts birds, insects, and other wildlife, contributing to a more ecologically
balanced and vibrant urban ecosystem.
Improved Air Quality: The extensive greenery in the roof garden helps to filter and
purify the air by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. The plants also help to
reduce air pollutants and mitigate the effects of urban heat island effect, creating a
healthier and more comfortable environment.
Noise Reduction: The vegetation in the roof garden acts as a natural sound barrier,
helping to reduce noise pollution from the surrounding urban environment. The plants
absorb and block high-frequency sounds, creating a quieter and more peaceful living
environment for the residents.
Thermal Insulation: The roof garden provides thermal insulation to the buildings,
helping to regulate indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption for heating
and cooling. The vegetation acts as a natural buffer against heat gain in the summer and
heat loss in the winter, improving the overall energy efficiency of the structures.
Aesthetics and Well-being: The roof garden at Bosco Verticale enhances the aesthetics
of the project, creating a visually stunning and unique living environment. The green
spaces and natural elements contribute to a sense of well-being and provide residents
with a connection to nature within the urban setting.
Storm water Management: The roof garden helps to manage storm water runoff by
absorbing and retaining rainwater. The plants and soil act as natural filters, reducing the
load on the drainage system and minimizing the risk of flooding during heavy rainfall
events.
The roof garden at Bosco Verticale not only adds beauty and liveliness to the project but
also demonstrates the numerous environmental and social benefits of incorporating
green spaces into urban developments.
3.1.2.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATION BOSCO VERTICALE

The design of the roof garden at Bosco Verticale takes into consideration several
important factors to ensure its functionality, sustainability, and visual appeal. Here are
some design considerations for the roof garden:
Structural Considerations: The design of the roof garden considers the load-bearing
capacity of the building structure to support the weight of soil, plants, and water.
Engineering expertise is required to ensure that the roof garden is structurally sound
and does not pose any safety risks.
Plant Selection: The selection of plant species is carefully considered to ensure their
suitability for the rooftop environment. Factors such as wind exposure, sunlight
availability, and water requirements are taken into account to choose plants that can
thrive in the specific conditions of the roof garden.
Irrigation System: An efficient irrigation system is incorporated into the design to

provide adequate water supply to the plants while minimizing water wastage. Drip
irrigation or other water-efficient techniques may be employed to ensure the plants
receive the necessary hydration without excessive water consumption.
Drainage: Proper drainage systems are integrated into the roof garden design to
manage excess water and prevent waterlogging. This helps maintain healthy plant
growth and prevents structural damage to the building.
Access and Circulation: The design considers the ease of access and circulation within
the roof garden. Pathways, seating areas, and other amenities are strategically placed to
create a functional and inviting space for residents to enjoy.
Sustainability and Maintenance: Sustainable practices are incorporated into the

design, such as the use of recycled materials, efficient water management, and
environmentally friendly maintenance practices. These considerations help reduce the
environmental impact and ensure the long-term sustainability of the roof garden.
Aesthetics and Visual Integration: The design of the roof garden aims to create a visually
harmonious and integrated space within the overall architectural concept of Bosco
Verticale. Attention is given to the arrangement of plants, colours, textures, and other
design elements to create an aesthetically pleasing environment.
By considering these design considerations, the roof garden at Bosco Verticale is able to
fulfil its intended purpose as a functional, sustainable, and visually appealing green
space for the residents to enjoy.
(FIGURE 21 https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/how-milans-bosco-verticale-has-
changed-the-way-designers-think-about-sustainable-design)
3.1.2.9 INFERENCES
The Bosco Verticale Roof Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be used to
improve the urban environment. The garden is located in the heart of Milan, Italy, and it
provides a welcome respite from the hustle and bustle of the city. The garden is home
to a variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to
improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The
garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize,
and enjoy the outdoors.
The Bosco Verticale Roof Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the
Milan skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of
benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the Bosco Verticale
Roof Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of
life in urban areas.
Overall, the Bosco Verticale Roof Garden case study is a success story. The garden has
demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban
vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.
Features Bosco Verticale DLF Cyber Hub
Visual
Location Milan, Italy Guru gram, India

Concept Vertical forest with integrated Landscaped rooftop gardens
greenery
Size/area Approximately 9.88 acres (40,000 sqm) Approximately 2.5 acres (1 hectare)
Plant selection Diverse selection of native and Ornamental plants and shrubs
adapted species
Biodiversity Promotes biodiversity and supports Limited focus on biodiversity
ecosystems
Air quality Improves air quality through plant Limited impact on air quality
absorption improvement
Noise reduction Acts as a sound barrier for noise Limited impact on noise reduction
reduction
Thermal Provides thermal insulation for energy Limited impact on thermal insulation
insulation efficiency
Aesthetics Visually stunning with vertical forest Beautifully landscaped with decorative
concept elements
Storm water Manages storm water runoff through Limited focus on storm water
management plant absorption management
Sustainability Emphasizes sustainable practices in Incorporates some sustainable features
design
Access and Designed for easy access and Provides well-planned pathways for
circulation circulation movement
Transit Good transit connectivity in the area Convenient access to public
connectivity transportation
3.2 VERTICAL GARDEN
3.2.1 SANTALAIA
(FIGURE 22 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/santalaia/)
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a large-scale green wall located in Barcelona, Spain. It is
one of the most beautiful and successful vertical gardens in the world, and it has been
praised for its aesthetic appeal, its environmental benefits, and its social impact.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden was designed by the architectural firm Hortocity. The
project took eight months to plan and eight months to construct. The green wall is 9
stories tall and covers an area of 2,300 square meters. It is composed of over 15,000
plants from 40 different species.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden has a number of environmental benefits. It helps to

improve air quality, reduce noise pollution, and regulate the temperature of the
surrounding environment. The green wall also provides a habitat for birds and insects,
and it helps to reduce the urban heat island effect.
In addition to its environmental benefits, the Santalaia Vertical Garden also has a
number of social benefits. It provides a green oasis in the heart of the city, and it helps
to improve the quality of life for the people who live and work in the area. The green
wall also serves as an educational resource, and it has been used to teach children about
the importance of sustainability.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a truly impressive project. It is a beautiful and

sustainable addition to the city of Barcelona, and it has a number of positive
environmental and social impacts.
 Project name- Santalaia

 Project type- Multi-Family Residential
 Developers- Pablo Atuesta, Groncol
 Client- Caletal Developers
 Includes multifamily residential accommodations
 No. Of storeys- Ground floor(Entrance lobby), 1st to 9th floor(Residential
Apartments), 10th floor(Roof garden)
 Total project area- 3,400 square meters (36,700 square feet)
 Architect- Exacta Proyecto Total
 Footfall- 500 to 1,000 visitors per day
 Site area-40,000 sqm

 3,117 sqm (33,368 sqft) Vertical Garden
 Site slope- 100%
 Shape- site is triangular
 Orientation- site is north-south oriented
 It improves air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.
 It reduces noise pollution by absorbing sound waves.
 It regulates the temperature of the surrounding environment, helping to mitigate
the urban heat island effect.
 It provides a habitat for birds and insects.
Santalaia benefits from good transit connectivity due to its location in Bogotá,
Colombia, a city with a well-developed transportation system. Here are some key
aspects of the transit connectivity of Santalaia:
Public Transportation: Bogotá has an extensive public transportation network that

includes buses and a rapid transit system known as TransMilenio. These modes of public
transportation provide convenient access to and from Santalaia, with nearby bus stops
or TransMilenio stations within walking distance.
Proximity to Major Roads: Santalaia is likely to be located in an area with good road
connectivity, offering easy access to major roads and highways. This enables residents,
visitors, and employees to reach the building conveniently by private vehicles or taxis.
Pedestrian Infrastructure: Bogotá has made significant efforts to improve pedestrian

infrastructure, including sidewalks and pedestrian-friendly streets. Santalaia is likely to
benefit from these pedestrian amenities, making it easily accessible on foot and creating
a safe and pleasant walking experience for visitors.
Cycling Infrastructure: Bogotá is known for its extensive cycling infrastructure,

including dedicated bicycle lanes and a public bike-sharing system called Ciclovía. The
presence of cycling infrastructure near Santalaia encourages sustainable transportation
options, allowing cyclists to easily access the building.
Integration with Transportation Hubs: Depending on its specific location, Santalaia

may be situated near transportation hubs such as bus terminals, train stations, or
airports. These hubs provide convenient connections to regional and national
transportation networks, facilitating travel to and from the building.
Ride-Hailing Services: Ride-hailing services like Uber and local counterparts are widely
available in Bogotá. Visitors or residents can use these services to reach Santalaia
conveniently and efficiently.
The transit connectivity of Santalaia benefits both residents and visitors, offering
multiple transportation options, including public transportation, road access, pedestrian
infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, and integration with transportation hubs. These
features contribute to the accessibility and convenience of reaching Santalaia from
various parts of Bogotá.
3.2.1.5 LOCATION
Santalaia is located in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. The exact address or
coordinates of Santalaia may vary, as there may be multiple buildings or structures in
Bogotá that incorporate vertical gardens or living walls. However, Santalaia is generally
situated within the urban fabric of Bogotá, contributing to the city's skyline and urban
landscape.
As Bogotá is a large and densely populated city, the specific location of Santalaia would
need to be researched or obtained from official sources or local directories. It is
advisable to consult city maps, architectural publications, or contact relevant authorities
to obtain the accurate location details of Santalaia in Bogotá.
The plant selection for Santalaia's vertical garden is a crucial aspect of its design and
sustainability. The following are the 10 species of plants that are found in the Santalaia Vertical
Garden.
Monstera deliciosa: This plant is known for its large, heart-shaped leaves. It is a tropical
plant that is native to Central and South America
Philodendron scandens: This plant is known for its trailing vines. It is a tropical plant
that is native to Central and South America.
Spathiphyllum wallisii: This plant is known for its white flowers. It is a tropical plant
that is native to South America.
Dracaena fragrans: This plant is known for its fragrant leaves. It is a tropical plant that
is native to Africa.
Chlorophytum comosum: This plant is known as the spider plant. It is a tropical plant
that is native to South Africa.
Aglaonema commutatum: This plant is known as the Chinese evergreen. It is a tropical

plant that is native to Southeast Asia.
Sansevieria trifasciata: This plant is known as the snake plant. It is a tropical plant that
is native to Africa.
Epipremnum aureum: This plant is known as the golden pothos. It is a tropical plant
that is native to Southeast Asia.
Peperomia obtusifolia: This plant is known as the baby rubber plant. It is a tropical
plant that is native to South America.
Aechmea fasciata: This plant is known as the flaming sword bromeliad. It is a tropical
plant that is native to Brazil.
These plants are all able to withstand the climate, pollution, and drainage conditions in
Bogotá. They are also easy to maintain, which makes them a good choice for a vertical
garden.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a beautiful and sustainable addition to the city of
Bogotá. The plants in the garden provide a number of benefits, including improved air
quality, reduced noise pollution, and regulated temperature. The garden is also a
popular tourist destination, and it is a great place to learn about the benefits of vertical
gardens.
3.2.1.7 BENEFITS OF SANTALAIA

The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a large-scale vertical garden located in Bogotá,
Colombia. It is the largest vertical garden in the world, and it covers an area of over
3,100 square meters. The garden is home to over 115,000 plants from 10 different
species.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden provides a number of benefits, including:
Improved air quality: The plants in the garden help to filter the air and remove
pollutants. This can help to improve the air quality in the surrounding area, which can
have a number of health benefits for people who live and work nearby.
Reduced noise pollution: The plants in the garden can help to absorb sound waves,
which can help to reduce noise pollution in the surrounding area. This can be beneficial
for people who live and work in noisy areas, as it can help to improve their quality of life.
Regulated temperature: The plants in the garden can help to regulate the temperature
in the surrounding area. This can be beneficial in both hot and cold climates, as it can
help to keep people comfortable.
Habitat for birds and insects: The plants in the garden provide a habitat for birds and
insects. This can help to improve the biodiversity in the area, which can have a number
of benefits for the environment.
Increased property value: The Santalaia Vertical Garden has increased the property
value of the building on which it is located. This is because the garden makes the
building more attractive to potential buyers and renters.
Sense of well-being and relaxation: The Santalaia Vertical Garden can provide a sense
of well-being and relaxation for people who visit it. The beauty of the garden and the
sound of the birds can help to reduce stress and improve people's mood.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a great example of how vertical gardens can be used to
improve the urban environment. It provides a number of benefits, both for the
environment and for the people who live and work nearby.
3.2.1.8 DESIGN COSIDEATIONS OF SANTALAIA
Here are some of the specific design considerations that were taken into account when
designing the Santalaia Vertical Garden:
The climate: The climate in Bogotá is cold and high-altitude, so the plants in the garden
were selected to be able to withstand these conditions. The plants in the garden are all
tropical plants that are native to Central and South America.
The pollution: Bogotá is a densely urbanized city, so the garden was designed to filter
out pollution and improve air quality. The plants in the garden help to filter the air and
remove pollutants.
The drainage: The garden is a hydroponic garden, which means that the plants are
grown in water. The design of the garden ensures that the water drains properly and
that the plants do not get waterlogged. The garden has a special drainage system that
allows the water to flow through the plants and then drain away.
The maintenance: The garden is a large garden, so it was important to design it in a

way that would make it easy to maintain. The plants in the garden are all easy to care
for, and the irrigation system is automated. The irrigation system is automated, so the
plants are watered on a regular schedule. This makes it easy to maintain the garden and
ensures that the plants are always healthy.
The aesthetics: The garden was also designed to be aesthetically pleasing. The plants in
the garden were selected for their beauty, and the design of the garden creates a sense
of harmony and tranquillity. The garden is designed in a way that allows the plants to
grow in a natural way. The plants are not arranged in rows, and they are allowed to
grow in a way that is pleasing to the eye.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a beautiful and sustainable addition to the city of
Bogotá. The design of the garden ensures that it provides a number of benefits, both for
the environment and for the people who live and work nearby.
(FIGURE 23 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/santalaia/)
3.2.1.9 INFERENCES
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be used to
improve the urban environment. The garden is located in Bogota, Colombia, and it is the
largest vertical garden in the world. The garden is home to over 115,000 plants,
including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants help to improve the air quality,
reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife. The garden is also open to the
public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax, socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.
The Santalaia Vertical Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to the Bogota
skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a number of
benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the Santalaia Vertical
Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in
urban areas.
Overall, the Santalaia Vertical Garden case study is a success story. The garden has
demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life in urban
vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more liveable.
3.2.2 CAIXA FORUM MUSEUM
(FIGURE 24 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/caixa-forum-museum-vertical-
garden/)
CaixaForum is a cultural centre in Madrid, Spain, owned by the not-for-profit banking

foundation "la Caixa". It was designed by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron and
built by Ferrovial between 2001 and 2007. It was an old power station called Central Del
Mediodía, from the 1900s. The Vertical Garden by Patrick Blanc at the square is also
well-known.
The CaixaForum is located in the Paseo del Prado, in the heart of Madrid's cultural
district. It is close to the Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, and the Thyssen-
Bornemisza Museum. The centre is home to a variety of cultural exhibitions, including
art, photography, design, and architecture. It also hosts a number of educational and
cultural events, such as concerts, workshops, and lectures.
The CaixaForum is a popular tourist destination, and it is also a popular spot for locals.
The centre is open to the public, and admission is free for members of la Caixa.
 Here are some of the things you can do at CaixaForum:
Visit the permanent exhibition, which explores the history of the building and its
transformation into a cultural centre.
See temporary exhibitions on a variety of topics, such as art, photography, design, and
architecture.
Attend educational and cultural events, such as concerts, workshops, and lectures.
Enjoy the views from the rooftop terrace, which offers stunning views of Madrid.
Have a coffee or a meal in the cafe or restaurant.
If you are interested in art, culture, or architecture, then you should definitely visit
CaixaForum. It is a great place to learn about Spanish culture and to see some of the
best art and exhibitions from around the world.
 Here are some additional facts about CaixaForum:
The building has a total area of 13,000 square meters.
The centre has a capacity of 2,000 people.
The Vertical Garden at the square has over 15,000 plants from 150 different species.
The CaixaForum is one of the most visited cultural centres in Spain.
 Project name- Caixa Forum Museum

 Project type- Museum
 Developers- Herzog & de Meuron
 Client- La Caixa Foundation
 Includes Temporary And Permanent Exhibition, Educational/Cultural Events
 No. Of storeys- 5
 Total project area- 13,000 sqm
 Architect- Herzog & de Meuron
 Footfall- 10,000 visitors per day
 Site area-1300 sqm

 600 sqm (6,458 sqft) Vertical Garden
 Site slope- 100%
 Shape- site is roughly rectangular
 Orientation- site is northeast-southwest oriented
 The south-facing facade allows in plenty of natural light, which helps to reduce
the need for artificial lighting.
 The north-facing facade helps to keep the museum cool in the summer, which
reduces the need for air conditioning.
 The public plaza in front of the museum is a great place to relax and enjoy the
views of Madrid.
 The Vertical Garden on the facade of the museum helps to create a sense of
vitality and energy.
CaixaForum Madrid enjoys excellent transit connectivity, allowing visitors to access the
museum conveniently using various modes of public transportation. Here are some
details about the transit connectivity of CaixaForum Madrid:
Metro: CaixaForum Madrid is well-connected to the metro system. The nearest metro
station to the museum is Banco de España, which is served by Line 2 (Red Line). From
there, it is just a short walk to the museum's location on Paseo del Prado.
Bus: Several bus lines serve the area around CaixaForum Madrid, making it easily
accessible by bus. The museum is served by multiple bus stops along Paseo del Prado,
allowing visitors to reach the museum using different bus routes.
Cercanías (Suburban Rail): For visitors arriving from outside Madrid, Cercanías
suburban rail lines provide an additional transportation option. The Recoletos station,
located near CaixaForum Madrid, is served by Cercanías lines C-1, C-2, C-7, and C-10.
Walking: CaixaForum Madrid is located in a central area of Madrid, making it easily

accessible by foot from nearby attractions or transit hubs. Visitors can enjoy a pleasant
walk along Paseo del Prado to reach the museum.
Cycling: Madrid has a growing network of cycling infrastructure, including bike lanes
and bike-sharing services. Visitors who prefer cycling can use the bike-sharing service or
bring their own bicycles to reach CaixaForum Madrid.
Overall, the transit connectivity of CaixaForum Madrid is robust, with easy access to
metro stations, bus stops, suburban rail stations, and walking routes. This ensures that
visitors have multiple options to reach the museum using public transportation, making
it a convenient and accessible cultural destination in Madrid.
3.2.2.5 SITE LOCATION
The museum is located in the heart of Madrid, on the Paseo del Prado. The Paseo del
Prado is a major avenue in Madrid that is home to several museums, including the
Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum.
The CaixaForum museum is located in a former power station that was built in the early
1900s. The power station was renovated and converted into a museum in 2008. The
museum is known for its Vertical Garden, which is a large green wall that covers the
facade of the building.
The CaixaForum museum is open from 10:00 AM to 20:00 PM, Tuesday to Sunday.
Admission is €6 for adults and €4 for children and students.
The museum is easily accessible by public transportation. The nearest metro stations are
Atocha Renfe and Banco de España. There are also several bus lines that stop near the
museum.
Here are some of the plants that are selected for the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical
Garden:
Begonias: Begonias are a diverse group of plants that come in a wide variety of colours,
shapes, and sizes. They are relatively easy to care for and can tolerate a wide range of
conditions.
Yuccas: Yuccas are drought-tolerant succulents that can thrive in hot, dry climates. They
have long, spiky leaves that give them a distinctive appearance.
Cistus: Cistus are evergreen shrubs that are native to the Mediterranean region. They
have fragrant flowers that bloom in the spring and summer.
Cedrus: Cedars are coniferous trees that are known for their majestic appearance. They
can grow to be very large, and their branches can spread out to form a wide canopy.
Sedum: Sedums are succulents that come in a variety of colours, shapes, and sizes. They
are very hardy plants and can tolerate a wide range of conditions
Pilosela: Philomela is a small, daisy-like flower that is native to Europe. It is a drought-

tolerant plant that can thrive in poor soils.
Arenaria: Arenaria is a low-growing, mat-forming plant that is native to Europe. It has

small, white flowers that bloom in the spring and summer.
Bergenia: Bergenia is a hardy perennial that is native to Europe and Asia. It has large,
heart-shaped leaves and clusters of pink or white flowers that bloom in the spring.
These are just a few of the many plants that are selected for the CaixaForum Madrid
Vertical Garden. The plants were chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry climate
of Madrid, as well as their beauty and diversity. The Vertical Garden is a stunning
example of how plants can be used to improve the urban environment.
3.2.2.7 BENEFITS OF CAIXAFORUM MADRID VERTICAL

GARDEN
CaixaForum Madrid offers several benefits to visitors, the community, and the city as a
whole. Here are some of the key benefits of CaixaForum Madrid:
Cultural Enrichment: CaixaForum Madrid provides a platform for cultural enrichment,

offering a diverse range of art exhibitions, performances, workshops, and educational
programs. Visitors have the opportunity to engage with various forms of art, expand
their artistic knowledge, and appreciate the creativity of renowned artists.
Accessible Art and Culture: CaixaForum Madrid is committed to making art and culture
accessible to all. The museum offers a wide range of programs, events, and exhibitions
that cater to different ages, backgrounds, and interests. This inclusivity allows a broader
audience to engage with art and culture, fostering a sense of community and social
cohesion.
Architectural Gem: The CaixaForum Madrid building itself is an architectural gem.

Designed by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron, the museum stands out with its
striking and innovative design. The adaptive reuse of the former power station adds to
the architectural significance and serves as a unique backdrop for the art and cultural
experiences within.
Urban Regeneration: CaixaForum Madrid contributes to urban regeneration by

repurposing and revitalizing existing buildings. The transformation of the power station
into a cultural centre breathes new life into the space and enhances the surrounding
neighbourhood. It acts as a catalyst for the revitalization and rejuvenation of the urban
fabric.
Community Engagement: CaixaForum Madrid actively engages with the local

community through its outreach programs, educational initiatives, and social projects. It
collaborates with schools, community organizations, and social institutions to provide
educational opportunities, promote cultural participation, and contribute to the well-
being of the community.
Economic Impact: The presence of CaixaForum Madrid has a positive economic impact
on the city. The museum attracts visitors from near and far, stimulating tourism,
supporting local businesses, and generating employment opportunities in the cultural
sector.
Cultural Exchange and Dialogue: CaixaForum Madrid serves as a space for cultural
exchange, fostering dialogue and understanding among diverse communities. The
museum hosts conferences, lectures, and discussions on a wide range of topics,
promoting intellectual exchange and encouraging dialogue on social, artistic, and
cultural issues.
Aesthetic Enhancement: CaixaForum Madrid adds aesthetic value to the cityscape. The
building's unique design and the surrounding landscaped areas contribute to the visual
appeal of the neighbourhood, enhancing the overall urban environment.
Overall, CaixaForum Madrid's benefits encompass cultural enrichment, accessibility,

architectural significance, urban regeneration, community engagement, economic
impact, cultural exchange, and aesthetic enhancement. These factors contribute to the
museum's role as a cultural hub and a catalyst for positive social and urban
development in Madrid.
3.2.2.8 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF CAIXAFORUM MADRID
VERTICAL GARDEN
The design of the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden was carefully considered to
ensure that it would be both beautiful and functional. Some of the key design
considerations included:
 The choice of plants: The plants were chosen for their ability to thrive in the hot, dry
climate of Madrid, as well as their beauty and diversity. The plants were also chosen for
their ability to withstand the wind and rain, as well as the pollution in the city air.
 The irrigation system: The irrigation system is designed to ensure that the plants
receive the correct amount of water, even in hot, dry weather. The system is also
designed to be energy-efficient, so that it does not contribute to the city's pollution
problem.
 The structure of the wall: The wall is made of a lightweight, fire-resistant material that
is able to support the weight of the plants. The wall is also designed to be able to
withstand the wind and rain.
 The maintenance of the garden: The garden is maintained by a team of professionals
who ensure that the plants are healthy and that the irrigation system is working
properly. The garden is also cleaned on a regular basis to remove dust and debris.
(FIGURE 25 https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/caixa-forum-museum-vertical-
garden/)
3.2.2.9 INFERENCES
The CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden is a case study of how a vertical garden can be
used to improve the urban environment. The garden is located in Madrid, Spain, and it is
home to over 15,000 plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers, and herbs. These plants
help to improve the air quality, reduce noise pollution, and provide a habitat for wildlife.
The garden is also open to the public, and it is a popular spot for people to relax,
socialize, and enjoy the outdoors.
The CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden is a well-maintained and beautiful addition to

the Madrid skyline. The garden is a valuable asset to the community, and it offers a
number of benefits to both people and the environment. The case study of the
CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden demonstrates the potential of vertical gardens to
improve the quality of life in urban areas.
Overall, the CaixaForum Madrid Vertical Garden case study is a success story. The
garden has demonstrated the potential of vertical gardens to improve the quality of life
in urban areas. The case study has also inspired other businesses and organizations to
construct vertical gardens, which is helping to make our cities greener and more
liveable.
Features Vertical Garden Santalaia CaixaForum Madrid
Visual
Location Bogotá, Colombia Madrid, Spain

Concept Vertical garden integrated into building Vertical garden as an exterior feature
facade
Size/Area Covers approximately 3,100 square meters Covers approximately 460 square
meters
Plant Selection Diverse selection of over 85,000 plants and Varied selection of plant species
100+ species
Biodiversity Promotes biodiversity and supports Limited focus on biodiversity
ecosystems
Air Quality Improves air quality through plant Limited impact on air quality
absorption improvement
Noise Acts as a sound barrier for noise reduction Limited impact on noise reduction
Reduction
Thermal Provides thermal insulation for energy Limited impact on thermal insulation
Insulation efficiency
Aesthetics Visually stunning with lush vertical Unique and eye-catching vertical
greenery garden design
Maintenance Regular maintenance required for plant Regular maintenance required for
care plant care
Sustainability Emphasizes sustainable practices in design Incorporates some sustainable features
Accessibility Not applicable Accessible to the public
4. CONCLUSION
The dissertation on "Maximising Green Spaces in a Building Complex through

Alternative Landscape Design Elements" with respect to roof gardens and vertical
gardens has explored the potential of these alternative landscape design elements to
enhance the sustainability, aesthetics, and well-being of building complexes. Through an
in-depth literature review, it was established that roof gardens and vertical gardens offer
numerous benefits, including the promotion of biodiversity, mitigation of urban heat
island effect, improvement of air quality, storm water management, energy efficiency,
and the creation of green spaces in urban environments. These alternative landscape
design elements have the potential to transform underutilized spaces into thriving
ecosystems, enhancing the overall liability and sustainability of building complexes.
The objectives of the study were successfully addressed through the development of a
methodology that included site analysis, design considerations, plant selection,
structural evaluation, and maintenance strategies. By implementing a comprehensive
approach, the study has demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of incorporating
roof gardens and vertical gardens within a building complex.
The scope of the research has covered various aspects, including design considerations,
environmental benefits, social and economic impacts, and challenges associated with
the implementation and maintenance of roof gardens and vertical gardens. Case studies
and best practices have been examined, providing valuable insights into successful
projects and highlighting the potential for innovation in this field. While the research
has shown the immense potential of roof gardens and vertical gardens, it is important to
acknowledge the limitations of this study. Factors such as structural constraints, high
initial costs, limited plant selection, maintenance requirements, and regulatory
constraints may pose challenges to the widespread adoption of these alternative
landscape design elements. Further research and collaboration between architects,
landscape designers, engineers, and policymakers are necessary to address these
limitations and overcome barriers to implementation.
In conclusion, the dissertation has highlighted the significance of maximizing green

spaces in building complexes through alternative landscape design elements, specifically
roof gardens and vertical gardens. The findings of this study contribute to the growing
body of knowledge on sustainable urban design and provide practical insights for
architects, urban planners, and stakeholders involved in creating greener and more
sustainable built environments. By embracing these alternative landscape design
elements, building complexes can embrace a harmonious coexistence between nature
and architecture, fostering a healthier and more sustainable future for urban
communities.
REFERENCES
 "Evaluating Rooftop and Vertical Gardens as an Adaptation Strategy for Urban

Areas" by Samira Akhter Tumpa, Md. Akiful Islam Fahim, Mazedur Rahman, and Md.
Monirul Islam. This paper evaluates the potential of roof gardens and vertical
gardens to mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve air quality in urban
areas.
 "The Benefits of Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens" by the National Roofing
Contractors Association. This paper provides an overview of the benefits of green
roofs and vertical gardens, including their ability to reduce energy consumption,
improve air quality, and provide habitat for wildlife.
 "The Potential of Vertical Gardens to Improve Urban Liveability" by Jessica M. Ogden

and David J. T. Sumpter. This paper reviews the potential of vertical gardens to
improve urban liveability by providing a range of benefits, such as increased
biodiversity, improved air quality, and reduced noise pollution.
 "The Impact of Vertical Gardens on Urban Microclimates" by Mariagrazia Ierna,

Mariacristina Di Carlo, and Vincenzo Corsaro. This paper investigates the impact of
vertical gardens on urban microclimates, finding that they can significantly reduce air
temperature and improve air quality.
 "Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens: A Review of Their Benefits and Limitations" by
Jennifer A. Green and Emily E. Talley. This paper provides a comprehensive review of
the benefits and limitations of green roofs and vertical gardens, highlighting the
need for further research to fully understand their potential.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.slideshare.net/ArchDuty/vertical-gardens-dissertation
https://agriculture.auburn.edu/departments/hort/educational-opportunities-abound-
on-rooftop-garden/
https://www.scribd.com/document/397627836/Vertical-Garden-Dissertation-Report
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45441
https://www.niu.edu/communiversitygardens/_pdf/projects/Vertical-Rooftop-
Gardens.pdf
http://www.greenroofs.com/
https://www.oregonlive.com/hg/2021/06/how-gardeners-can-create-vertical-
landscapes-in-small-spaces.html
https://improveoutdoors.com/vertical-garden-ideas/
https://thursd.com/articles/vertical-gardens-offer-various-health-benefits-you-should-
know-about
https://www.hgtv.com/outdoors/landscaping-and-hardscaping/design/vertical-garden-
design

Maximizing Green Space in A Building Complex Through Alternative Landscape Design Elements

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Department of Architecture

Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida

MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX

S MOHAMMAD SALMAN NAQVI

Submitted in partial fulfilment

of the requirement for the Degree of

Degree followed - Bachelor of Architecture

The work is acceptable for examination.

MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH

Signature of Research Coordinators Signature of HOD

Ar. Tanya Gupta Ar. Tanya Gupta

MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE IN A BUILDING COMPLEX THROUGH

Place: Greater Noida S. Mohammad Salman Naqvi

My parents, who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do.

Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.

S. Mohammad Salman Naqvi

Throughout this exploration, we will uncover the multifaceted advantages of roof

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

The study of maximizing green spaces in a building complex through alternative

 The findings and recommendations of the dissertation may be specific to the

UNDERSTANDING THE AREA OF RESEARCH

FORMULATING AIM AND OJECTIVE

LITERATURE STUDY CASE STUDY

2.1 ROOF GARDEN

2.1.1 ROOF GARDEN CONSTRUCTION HISTORY

2.1.2.1 INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN

2.1.2.1.1 KEY FEATURES OF INTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN

Structural Considerations: Intensive roof gardens require a stronger roof structure

Maintenance: Intensive roof gardens generally require more maintenance compared to

2.1.2.2 EXTENSIVE ROOF GARDEN

Maintenance: Extensive roof gardens are designed to be self-sustaining and require

Structural Considerations: Extensive roof gardens are lightweight compared to

2.1.2.3.1 KEY FEATURES OF SEMI INTENSIVE ROOF

Plant Selection: Semi-intensive roof gardens can accommodate a broader range of

Structural Considerations: Semi-intensive roof gardens have moderate weight

2.1.3 COMPONENTS OF ROOF GARDEN

Waterproofing and Drainage System: A robust waterproofing membrane is essential

2.1.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:

2.1.4.2 SOCIAL BENEFITS:

B. Recreation and Leisure: Roof gardens can be designed as recreational spaces,

C. Community Engagement: Roof gardens can foster community engagement and a

Roof gardens offer a sustainable and multi-faceted approach to maximizing green

2.1.5.1 STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS:

2.1.5.2 HIGH INITIAL COST:

B. Maintenance Costs: Roof gardens require regular maintenance, including irrigation,

2.1.5.3 MAINTENANCE AND ACCESSIBILITY:

B. Maintenance Requirements: Roof gardens need regular care, including watering,

2.1.5.4 PLANT SELECTION AND ADAPTATION:

2.1.5.5 FIRE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:

2.1.5.6 ACCESSIBILITY FOR EMERGENCY SERVICES:

2.1.5.7 LIMITED SCOPE FOR LARGE-SCALE

Vertical gardens provide numerous advantages, including aesthetic enhancements,

2.2.1 CONTRUCTION HISTORY VERTICAL GARDEN

2.2.2 TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDEN

2.2.2.1 GREEN WALL VERTICAL GARDEN

2.2.2.3 FREESTANDING VERTICAL GARDEN

The main characteristic of Freestanding Vertical Gardens is their ability to create a

2.2.2.5 WINDOW BOXES

The maintenance of Window Boxes is relatively straightforward. Regular watering,

Window Boxes can be found in various settings, including residential homes,

Maintenance of Gutter Gardens typically involves regular watering, fertilizing, and

2.2.3 COMPONENTS OF VERTICAL GARDEN

Irrigation System: An irrigation system is often incorporated into vertical gardens to