Signals Systems

Chapter
1 Introduction
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
01. Ans: (c) 04.
Sol: The maximum value of Sol: x(n) = 1 – [(n–4) + (n–5) + -----]
A. x(n) + 2x(–n) = {–1,–1,3,1,1} is 3 x(n)
The maximum value of
B. 5x(n)x(n–1) = {0,5,5, –5,5,0} is 5
The maximum value of -----
C. x(n)x(–n–1) = {0,–1,1,1,–1,0} is 1
The maximum value of –2 –1 0 n
1 2 3
D. 4x(2n) = {4, 4, –4} is 4
B>D>A>C x(n) = u(–n+3) = u (Mn – n0)
02. Ans: (a) M = –1 no = –3
Sol: x t  x t  1
05.
Sol:
t t x(t)
–1 2 –2 1 (a)
1
t   t 
x  1 x    1
2   2 
0 t
–1 1
t t
–4 2 –2 4
–1
Non zero duration = 6
(b) x(t)
03.
Sol: Sifting property of impulse is 1
t2
t
 x ( t ) ( t  t
t1
0 )dt  x ( t 0 ) t 1  t 0  t 2 –2 –1 1 2
= 0 other wise 06.

(a) t0 = 4 is out of the limit so value = 0 Sol: (a) as t , amp  0, Energy signal
(b) (t + cost)|t=1 = 0
(b) Constant amp – Power signal
(c) cost u(t–3)| t=0 = 1u(–3) = 0
(c) Power + energy = Power signal
1 1
(d) e t  2  (d) Periodic signal  Power signal
2 t 2 2
 (e) as t  , amp, NENP
(e) t sin t t   
2 2 (f) as t , amp , NENP

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
3 Postal Coaching Solutions
07. Energy of the secondary signal

Sol:
= 1+ 2(0.752 + 0.52 + 0.252 )
(i)
= 2.75
   
  
 x (n )   (0.5) n
2 2
E x1 ( n )  1
2
(0.25) n E x1 ( n )  E x 2 ( n )
n   n 0 n 0

2 2
   (0.25) 
2
 n 08.
n 0 1  0.25 0.75 x n   x   n 
Sol: x oc n  
 2
E x 2 ( n )   x 2 (n )  1.5  1.5  3
2
1  j7  1  j7 
n    ,0,
 2 2 
Given E x1 ( n )  E x 2 ( n )
2 09.
3 Sol:
0.75 x(t)
2 = 2.25
 = 1.5 2
(ii) Ans: (a)

t
Sol: x1(t) = |t|; 1  t  1 2 1 0 1
x2(t) = 1  |t|; 1  t  1
10.
T = 0.25 secs 1 1
Sol: (a) T1  , T2 
x1(t) x2(t) 9 6
1 1 T1 2
 LCM = 3
T2 3
1 0 1 t
1 0 1 t T0 = LCM T1 = 1/3
x1(n) 15
1 1 (b) T1  , T2  15
11
x2(n) 1
n T1 1
–1 –0.75 –0.5–0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

T2 11
n
LCM = 11
–1 –0.75 –0.5–0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
T0 = LCM T1 = 15

 x (n )
2
Energy in x(n) = 2 2
n   (c) T1  , T2 
3 5
Energy of the first signal T1 5
2 2 2 2  irrational number
= 2(1 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 0.25 ) T2 3
= 3.75 So a non-periodic.

4 Signals & Systems
2  (m)
(d) T0  
10 5 x(n)
(e) It is extending from 0 to  ------ 1 1 1 ------

So non-periodic
-4 -3 0 12 3 4 5 n
x t   x  t  1
(f) x e ( t )   cos 2t -1 -1
2 2 -1
2 2 N0=4
T0   1
0 2 11.
Sol:
0 5 (A) x(nTs) = 2cos(150nTs +30)
(g)  - rational, so periodic
2 6  3 
2 6 = 2cos  n  30 
N0  m m  4 
0 5 3
0 
N0  6 4
(h) N1 = 8m  N1= 8 2 8
N0  m m
N2 = 16m  N2 =16 0 3
N3 = 4m  N3 = 4 N0 = 8
N1 1 N1
 , 2 (B) Ans: (a)
N 2 2 N3 2
N 1  m  N1  2
LCM = 2 3
N0 = LCM  N1 = 16 2
N2  m  N2  2
0 7 7
(i)  - rational, so periodic
2 2 20
N3  m  N3  4
2 2 25
No  m m
0 7 N1 N 1
 1, 1  , LCM = 2
N0 = 2 N2 N3 2
(j) multiplication of one periodic & N0 = LCM  N1 = 4

non-periodic is non-periodic 2 
0  
(k) u(n) + u(–n) = 1 + (n) is non-periodic 4 2
x n   cos60 n   sin 140 n   cos50 n 
x(n) so 14th harmonic
(l)
1 1 12.
------ -1 1 3 ------
n Sol: (a) x 1 t   x 2 t x 1 t  2   x 2 t  2 
2
-1 1
-1  x 1 t x 1 t  2   x 2 t x 2 t  2 
N0=2 is non linear

(b) sin x 1 t   x 2 t   sin x 1 t   sinx 2 t  13.

is non linear Sol: (a) tx t  t o   3  t  t o x t  t o   3
time variant
(c)
d
x1 t   x 2 t   dx1 t   dx 2 t 
dt dt dt (b) e x  t  t o   e x  t  t o  time invariant
is linear
(c) x t  t 0  cos 3t  x t  t 0  cos 3t  t 0 
(d) 2x1 t   x 2 t   3  2x1 t   x 2 t   6 time variant
is non linear
(d) sin [x(t–t0)] = sin[x(t–t0)] time invariant
t
dx t  t 0  dx t  t 0  d
(e)  x   x d
1 2 (e)   x t  t 0 
 d t  t 0  dt  dt 0 dt
t t
time invariant
   x1  d    x 2   d is linear
 
(f) x 2 t  t 0   x 2 t  t 0  time invariant
(f) x1 t   x 2 t 2  x12 t   x 22 t 
(g) x(2t – t0)  x(2t – 2t0) time variant
is non linear
(h) 2 x n n 0  x n  n 0   2 x n n 0  x n  n 0 
(g) x1 t   x 2 t  cos 0 t time invariant
 x1 t  cos 0 t  x 2 t  cos 0 t is linear
(i) time variant (time reversal operation is
time variant)
(h) logx1 n   x 2 n   logx1 n   logx 2 n 
(j) time variant(coefficient is time variable)
is non linear
(k) all coefficients are constant
(i) x1 n   x 2 n   x1 n   x 2 n  - time invariant
is non linear 14.
Sol: x2(t) = x1(t) – x1(t–2)
(j)   x  n   x  n  is non linear y2(t) = y1(t) – y1(t–2)
x3(t) = x1(t+1) + x1(t)
(k) non linear (median is a non linear
operator ) y3(t) = y1(t+1) + y1(t)
15.
x1 n   x 2 n  x n  x 2 n 
(l)  1  Sol: (a) Preset output depends on present input-
x1 n  1  x 2 n  1 x1 n  1 x 2 n  1
causal
is non linear
(b) preset output depends on present input-
(m) linear (no non linear operator is present) causal
(c) preset output depends on present input-
(n) e x1 n  x 2 n   e x1 n   e x 2 n  is non linear causal

6 Signals & Systems
(d) preset output depends on future input- The coefficients of differential equation are
non causal (y(–) = x(0)) function of time then it is time variant.
(e) preset output depends on present input-
causal (a) linear, time variant, dynamic
(f) preset output depends on present input- (b) linear, time invariant, dynamic
causal
(c) linear, time invariant, dynamic
(g) n > n0 causal, n < n0 non-causal
(h) non - causal(present output depends on (d) non linear, time variant, dynamic
future input)
(i) y0    x k  present output depends
0
18.
k  
on present input - causal Sol: If a system expressed with differential
1 equation then it is dynamic.
(j) y 1   x k  future input non causal
k 0 The coefficients of differential equation are
(k) non-causal for any value of ‘m’ function of time then it is time variant.
(l)  = 1 causal,   1 non causal
(a) linear, time invariant, dynamic (a2)
(m) causal(present output depends on past
inputs) (b) non linear, time variant, static (b5)
(n) non causal(present output depends on
(c) linear, time variant, dynamic (c1)
future input)
(d)nonlinear, time invariant, dynamic(d4)
16.
Sol: (a) present output depends on present input
19.
-static
Sol: (a) y(t) = u(t).u(t) = u(t) - stable
(b) present output depends on present input
-static (b) y(t) = cos3t u(t)  –1 < y(t) < 1 stable
(c) present output depends on present input
-static (c) y(t) = u(t–3) stable
(d) present output depends on present input du t 
-static (d) yt    t  unstable
dt
(e) y(1) = x(3) present output depends on
future input -dynamic t
(e) yt    u  d  r t  is unstable
(f) dynamic(differentiation operation is 
dynamic)
(g) present output depends on past input (f) sin (finite) = finite. stable
- dynamic (g) y(t) = tu(t) = r(t) unstable
(h) y(n) = efinite = finite stable
17.
Sol: If a system expressed with differential (i) y(n) = u(3n) bounded stable
equation then it is dynamic. (j) x(n) = 1  y(n) = n – n0 + 1  y() = 

 unstable

20. 21.
Sol: Two different inputs produces same output Sol: Given
x(n)
then it is non invertible. + Unit delay y(n)

Two different inputs produces two different
outputs then it is invertible.
Convert to Z-domain
(a) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t) X(z)
+ Z1 Y(z)
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = u(t) 
So, non invertible
(b) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t) Yz  z 1 1
 
Xz  1  z 1
z 1
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = u(t)
So, non invertible (i) x(n) =  (n);
1
(c) x1(t) = u(t)  y1(t) = u(t – 3)  Yz   Xz 
z 1
x2(t) = –u(t)  y2(t) = –u(t – 3) 1 1
Yz   1 
So, invertible z 1 z 1
z
(d) x1(t) = A  y1(t) = 0 Yz   z 1
z 1
x2(t) = –A  y2(t) = 0 Taking inverse Z – transform
So, non invertible y(n) = (1)n1 u (n1)
(e) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = 0 if n = 0, 1, 2, 3…….
x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = 0 Then y(n) = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1…….]
So, non invertible

(ii) x(n) = u(n);
(f) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = 0 
 Y(z) = X Z
x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = 0 z 1
1 z
So, non invertible Yz  
z 1 z 1
(g) So, non invertible
Yz  1 A B
(h) x1(n) = (n)  y1(n) = u(n)   
z z  1z  1 z  1 z  1
x2(n) = –(n)  y2(n) = –u(n) 1 1

So, invertible  2  2
z 1 z 1

8 Signals & Systems
1 z 1 z 24. Ans: (a)

Yz     Sol: A system is memory less if output,
2 z 1 2 z 1
y(t) depends only on x(t) and not on past or
1 1
yn     1 u n   u n 
n
future values of input, x(t).
2 2
A system is causal if the output, y(t) at any
time depends only on values of input, x(t) at
22. Ans: (b) that time and in the past.
Sol: Constant added - non linear Both (S-I) and (S-II) are true and (S-II) is
So, statement-I is true. the correct explanation of (S-I).
Time varying term - time variant Both Statement I and Statement II are
So, statement-II is true. individually true and Statement II is the
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct explanation of Statement I.
individually true but Statement II is not the
correct explanation of Statement I
23. Ans: (d)

Sol: (S-I): y(n) = 2 x(n) + 4 x(n  1)
If x(n) is bounded, y(n) is bounded.
 Stable. (S-I) is false.
(S-II): h(n) = 2 (n) + 4 (n  1)
h(n) = { 2 , 4 }
Impulse response h(n) has only two finite

nonzero samples. This is the condition for
stability.
 (S-II) is True.
Statement I is false but Statement II is true

2
Chapter LTI (LSI) Systems
01. h(2–)
Sol: x()

(a) yt    x  h t   d 1

x() h(t-) 1/2

1
 
0 2 6 0 2
 
2
2 1
 t–2 y(2) =   .1d  2

4
0 
8 0 2
Case (i) t–2 <0 y(t) = 0, t < 2 03.
t 2 1  e 3 t  2  , t >2 Sol: x()
Case (ii) t–2>0 y  t    e  3  d  h(t-)
0 3 3
1  e 3 t  2  1
y t   u t  2
3  
1 2 6 t+1
(b) 5
x() h(t-) y4    1d  1
1 1 6
1 6 1  3
y    x h   d   4  5.5
 2  1.5 2  2
 
1 t
04. Ans: (b)
t
Case (i) t < 0 y(t) = 0 Sol: st    h d  u t  1  u t  3


t t 2 s(2) =1
Case (ii) 0<t<1 yt    d 
0 2 05.
1 1 Sol: Assume – +a =  –d = d
Case (iii) t>1 yt    d  
0 2 zt    x ht  a   d  yt  a 

06.
02. Ans: 0.5

Sol: (a) x(t – 7 + 5) = x(t – 2)
1  b 1  b
Sol: x(t) * h(t) =  x()h(t  )dt  y( t ) (b) x t    t    x t  
 a  a a  a
(c) x t   2t  3  2t  3

y(2) =  x ()h (2  )d
  2 x t  3  2 x t  3

10 Signals & Systems
07. 10.
Sol: Sol: (i) T = 4 h(t)
(a) e u 1t  1  e t  1
1 1
[From product property]

------ ------
(b) e  t  e 1 [From sifting property]
t 1
0 4 t
(c) e   t 1u t  1 [From convolution property] –8 –4 8
08. y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Sol: dx t 
dt
1 1
5
t
3 t
–5 –3 –1 1 3 5
–1
dx t 
 t  3  t  5 (ii) T = 2
dt h(t)
dx t 
 h t   h t  3  h t  5
dt ------
------
09. t
 –4 –2 0 2 4
1
Sol: (a) Ax Ah = Ay,  (t )dt   y(t)
1 1 A 1
. 
  
1 t
A –3 –1 1 3


1 1 A 1
(b) . = ,
   
 sin c(t ) dt   11.
1 Sol:
A (a)
 x(t)

 at 2 1 1
(c) 11 = A 2 e

dt  1
1 t t
A= -3 1 -1 1
2 y(t)

1 2
(d)    = 2A

 1 t 2
dt  
 t
A= -4 -2 2
2

(b) Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (d)

s 
1 e
tu t   u t  1  Sol: x t   h  t  
s
2 s  xh t  d

s 
e 1
t  12 u t  1

s
3

2
  xh  t d

(c)
h(t)
15.
yn       x  2 gn  4   x  1g n  2 
1/T Sol:
 x 0 gn   x 1g n  2   x 2 gn  4     
0 t x(n) =  (n–2) = 1 n=2

T
=0 otherwise
1
h t   u t   u t  T  y(n) = g(n – 4)
T
x(t) = u(t) 16.
1
yt   x t   h t   r t   r t  T  Sol: y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
T
12. Ans: (a) = 2(0.5)nu(n) + (0.5)n-3 u(n – 3)
Sol: To get three discontinuities in y(t) both y(1) = 1, y(4) = 5/8
rectangular pause must be same width. To
get equal width h(t) = x(t). It is possible
only 17. Ans: (a)
=1
Sol: y(n) = [a, b, c, d, a, b, c, d---- N times]
13. Ans: (a) h(t)
Sol: y(n) is a periodic function with periodic ‘4’.
x(t)
2 2 N 1
5 2 So h(n) must be h n    n  4i 
------ ------ i 0
t t
-1 1 –2 0 2 18. Ans: 31 1 x y
y(t) Sol: x(n) = {1,2,1}
1 1 x y
h(n) = {1,x,y}
10 10 10 2 2 2x 2y
----- ----- y(n) = x (n )  h (n ) 1 1 x y
-3 -1 1 3 t
y(n) = { 1, 2+x, 2x + y + 1, x + 2y, y}
y(t)
y(1) = 3 = 2+x  x = 1
10 y(2) = 4 = 2x+y+1  y = 1
y(n) = {1, 3, 4, 3, 1}
t
y(t) = 10 for all ‘t’ 10 y (3) + y(4) = 103 + 1 = 31

1  1  n 1
19. Ans: (d) n
1
  1 h n   h n     u n     .u n 1
Sol:  hn    a
n   n 0
n
 b
n  
n
 1 2 2 22
n
1
only when |a| < 1, |b|>1    n   n 
2
24.
20. Ans: (b) Sol: 1. The convolution of one causal, one-non
  0 causal system is may be causal or non-
 h t dt   e dt   e dt   only when
t t
Sol: causal. So, given statement is False.
 0 
2. h(t) = e2tu(t–1) is causal, un stable
 < 0,  > 0 So, given statement is false.
 
3. h t   sin 0 t ,  h t  dt   sin 0 t dt  
 
21.
unstable. So, given statement is true
Sol: (a) h(n) = n u(n) +  n-1 u(n–1)
4. y(t) = x(t–2)  causal
(b) h(n) = 0 n<0 causal
x(t) = y(t+2)  non causal.
System stable for any value of ‘’ So, given statement is false
except    and || < 1, except  = 0 25. Ans: (a)

Sol: s(t) = u(t) – e-tu(t)
dst 
22. h t  
dt

 t   e t t   e t u t  
 e  t u t 
n n 1
1 1
Sol: (a)   u n   A  u n  1  n 
5 5
26.
When n =1, A = 1/5 k
n
1 n
Sol: sn    h k      u k 
1 k  2 
(b) Hz  
k 
1
1  z 1 k
5
n1
   n  0
k  0 2 
1
H inv z   1  z 1 =0 n<0
5   1  n 1 
sn   2 1     u n 
1
gn   n   n  1   2  
5
27.
23.
Sol: x(n) = u(n), y (n) = (n)
1 u(n) – u(n–1) = (n)
Sol: h1 (n )  (n )  (n  1) y(n) = x(n) – x(n–1)
2

x(n) = nu(n) sc(t) = s( t ) * s 2 ( t )

y(n) = nu(n) – nu(n–1) + u(n–1)
= n(n) + n(n–1) = s1 ( t ) * s 2 ( t )
= u(n–1) sc(t)  s1(t) * s2(t)
28.
Sol: hc(t) = h1(t)  h2(t)
t t
 h c ()d   h1 () d* h 2 ()

 
t
 h1 () *  h 2 ()d


Chapter
3 Fourier Series
01. Ans: Zero 04. Ans: (b)
  Sol: f1 = 5Hz, f2 = 15Hz
Sol: T1  , T2  The signal lying with in the frequency band
2 6
 
T1  10Hz to 20 Hz is 4 sin  30t  
 3, T0 = LCM  T1   8
T2 2
0 = 4 p
4
2
 8 Watts
2
x(t) = 3sin (0t + 30) – 4cos(30t – 60)
second harmonic amplitude = 0
05. Ans: (b)
02. Ans: (d) Sol: At 0t = /2
Sol: (a) Given signal is periodic. 1 1 1
x t   1       
So, fourier series exists 3 5 7
(b) Given signal is periodic. 
 tan 1 1 
So, fourier series exists. 4
(c) Given signal is periodic.
So, fourier series exists. 06. Ans: (c)
2
(d) Given signal is non-periodic. Sol:   (2k ), k = 1, 2, ……
T
So, fourier series does not exists. The above frequency terms are absent.
The above frequency contains even
03. harmonics and also gives that sin terms are
Sol: absent. only cosine terms are present
(P) Ans: (b) Finally odd harmonics with cosine terms
Hidden symmetry a0, bn exists are present so, x(t) it is a even and
(Q) Ans: (b) halfwave so,
Half wave symmetry an, bn exists with x(t) = x(T–t) even
odd harmonics x(t) = –x(t–T/2) halfwave
(R) Ans: (b)
Odd symmetry & HWS  sine terms 07. Ans: (a)
with odd ‘n’ 20
(S) Ans: (c) Sol: T1 = 1, T2 =10, T3 = 8, T4  
3
Even and odd HWS  a0, cosine with
odd ‘n’ T0 = 40
(T) Ans: (d)
2
a0 =0 (because average value = 0) 0   0.05rad / sec
Even & HWS as cosine with odd ‘n’ T0

08. Ans: (a) 2 

2 0
a1  10 sin t cos tdt  0
1
21  11  13 5
Sol: Average value  2

 2
2 0
6 6 b1  10 sin t sin tdt  5
09. Ans: (a) d1  a12  b12  5

2
1
f t dt
2 0
Sol: a 0  14. Ans: (d)
Sol: 0 = 

a0 = Average value = 0
x t   a 0   a n cosnt   b n sin nt 
n 1
10. Ans: (d)
x(t) = A cos (t)
1
Sol: T0 = 4msec f 0   250Hz 2
T0 A  a 1   x ( t )e  jt dt
5 f0 = 1250 Hz 0
1 2
4
11. Ans: (b)   te  jt
dt   (2  t )e  jt dt = 
0 1
2
Sol: Odd + HWS  sine terms with odd
harmonics 15.
Sol: a0 = 5
10[1   1 ]
1 n
12. Ans: (a) b n  10 sin nt dt 
T n
1 2 0
Sol: RMS 
T 0
2
x ( t )dt an = 0
20 20
x t   5  sin t  sin 3t    
T 2 2 T
  3
1    12  
=   t  dt   36dt 
T 0 T  H()
 T
2
 1
1 144 t 3 T T 
= . 2
36t
T  T 2 3 
T
0 2
 
-4 4
1 144  T 3   T 
=  2    36  y t   5 
20 20
sin t  sin 3t
T  T  24   2   3
1
= 6T  18T 16.
T 
= 24 Sol: 0 
3
RMS = 24  2 6A x t   2  cos2 0 t   4 sin 50 t 
1 1 4 4
x t   2  e j2 0 t  e  j2 0 t  e j50t  e  j50 t
13. Ans: (c) 2 2 2j 2j

1 4 4
Sol: Average value  1  10 sin tdt  10 c0= 2, c2 = 1/2, c 2  , c 5  , c 5 
2 0
 2 2j 2j

17. 21.
1 1 T
j 1
Sol: c n   t e  jn0 t
dt   te  jn 2 t
dt  Sol: a K   x ( t )e  jk0 t dt
0 0
2 n T0
c0 = 1/2 1   jk 3 t
1 2 2 2
 jk t 
=  e dt    e dt 
3
a n  c n  c n  0
3 0 1 
1
b n  jc n  c n  
n   jk 2  t 
 jk
2
t
18. 1 e 3 1 e  3 2
=  
Sol: (i) y(t)  d n  e  jno c n  e -jn c n = cn (–1)n 3   jk 2 2 1 
0
 jk 
(ii) f(t) = x(t) –y(t)  3 3 
d n  c n   1 c n  c n 1   1
n n
  1   jk 3
2
   jk 43  jk
2

(iii) g(t) = x(t) + y(t) =  e  
 1   e  e 3 
d n  c n   1 c n  c n 1   1
n n
   jk 2    
1  
2 4
 jk  jk
19. Ans: (b) ak = 1  2 e 3
 e 3

jk 2  
Sol: d n  e  jn0 t 0 c n  e jn0 t 0 c n  2 cosn0 t 0 c n
T
Assume t 0  22. Ans: (c)
4
Sol: W1 is a periodic square waveform with
 n  period T and it is having odd symmetry and
d n  2c n cos 
 2  also odd harmonic symmetry (or Half-wave
symmetry).
dn = 0 for odd harmonics
W2 is a periodic triangular waveform with
20. period T and it is having odd symmetry and
also odd harmonic symmetry (or Half-wave
dx t 
Sol: yt   symmetry).
dt
 Only odd harmonics: nf0, n = 1, 3, 5 etc
dn = jn0cn of sine terms are present in wave forms W1
dn and W2 in their Fourier series expansion.
cn 
jn0
Note that waveform, W2 can be obtained by
integrating the waveform, W1.
1 T/ 2  jn0t
dn   t  d / 2  t  d / 2e dt
T T / 2 If cn is the exponential FS coefficient of the
nth harmonic component, c n e j n ω0 t
2j  n0d  1
 sin   | cn |   | n 1 | for wave form W1
T  2  n
d
C0  1
T | cn |  2
 | n 2 | for wave form W2
n

23.
Sol: =
1
 jk 2

e  jk  1  e  jk 2   e  jk  
(a) Polar form of TFS

= d o   d n cos( n0 t   n )
=
1
jk 2

 1k  1  1   1k 
 
n 1
2
1   1
k
dn = 2 c n cK =
jk 2
do = 2, d1 = 4 , d2 = 4 , d3 = 4 cK = 0 for ‘K’ even (K=10)
polar form = 2 + 4cos(0t + 30) Power = 0
+ 4cos(20t + 60)
+ 4cos(30t + 90) 25.
(b) x(t)  cn Sol: (a) All periodic signals are power signals.
x(at)  cn , 0 = a0 For power signal E =  [given is false]
x(t)  cn (b) C0 = j2 (average value) [given is false]
T
x(t – t0)  e  jn0t 0 cn j
T 0
(c) x I ( t )dt  j2
dx ( t )
 ( jn0 )c n
dt 1
T
T 0
x I ( t )dt  2 is possible only when
24.
Sol: xI(t) is constant. So given is correct
T0
1 1
T
j
T
 x (t )e
 jn 0 t
(a) Cn  dt (d) C0 =  x R ( t )dt   x I ( t )dt
T0 0 T0 T0
1
1 = 0 + j2
Cn 
20 1. e  jnt dt
1
T
T 0
x R ( t )dt  0 only when x R ( t ) is odd
1  ( 1) n
Cn 
2 jn given is in correct
1
1 1
C0 
20 dt 
2 26.
Sol:
j j 
C 1  , C1  , C–2 = 0, C2 = 0 1 
   Cn
T  
2 2
  (a) Power  x t dt 
n  
Power upto second harmonics is 4
C
2 2
1 1 1 P
P   | C n | 2  2   2  0.453 n
n  2  4  x  4
= (0.5)2+(1)2+(2)2+(4)2+(2)2+(1)2+(0.5)2
1 
 
4
 jk t
8
 jk t = 26.5 Watts
(b) c K    e 4
dt    e 4
dt  
8  0 4  (b) x t   C n e jn0 t
  jk  t 4 
 jk t
 n  
1 e 4 e 4 8 
j

j
=     C  4 e  j40 t  C 3e  j30 t e 2  C  2 e  j2  0 t e 4  C 1e  j0 t
8   jk   jk
 4
 j j
 4 0
4   C 0  C 1 e j 0 t  C 2 e j 2  0 t e 4  C 3 e j0 t e 2  C 4 e j 4 0 t

 j30 t 

C3
 0.5e  j4 0 t  1e 2
D. Given signal satisfied half-wave
  
 j 2 0 t  j30 t  j 2 0 t  symmetry so only harmonics are present
 2e 4
0.5e j40 t  1e 2
 2e 4
D4
  j2 0 t  4 j 2 0 t  


 0.5 e  j4 0 t  e j4 0 t  2 e  e 4

  28. Ans: (b)
  j30 t 

j30 t 

 Sol: Frequency is constant. So, S1 is LTI system,
e 2
e 2
4
 
frequency is not constant. So, S2 is not LTI
system.
 
 x t   cos 40 t  4 cos 20 t  
 4 29. Ans: (d)
  Sol: Fourier series expresses the given periodic
 2 cos 30 t    4 waveform as a combination of d.c.
 2
component, sine and cosine waveforms of
x *  t   x t  different harmonic frequencies as
 
So even symmetry f ( t )  a 0   a n cos (n 0 t )   b n sin (n 0 t )
n 1 n 1
(c) f0 = 10 Hz = A0 + An cos(n0t + n)

So, statement (1) is true.
0 = 2 f0 = 20  rad
An and n (Amplitude and phase spectra)
 
x t   cos80t   4 cos 40t   occur at discrete frequencies.
 4 So, statement (2) is true.
  Waveform symmetries (Even, odd, Half-
 2 cos 60t    4
 2 wave) simplify the evaluation of FS
coefficients.
(d) Cut off frequency = 25 Hz
So, statement (3) is true.
= 50  rad Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct.
So output of the filter is
  30. Ans: (d)
yt   4 cos 40t    4 Sol: For a real valued periodic function f(t) of
 4
frequency f0
Cn = C *n
27.
Sol: A. Fourier transform of periodic impulse Statement (I) is False but Statement (II) is
train is also periodic impulse train True because the discrete magnitude
A2 spectrum of real function f(t) is even and
phase spectrum is odd.
B. For a full wave rectified wave form
2A
cn  , n is even
 1  4n 2  
B 1,

Chapter
4
Fourier Transform
01. 2 sin  4 sin 2
 Y  
Sol: Xf    x t e  j2 ft dt  

x(t) units are volts and dt units are sec f = 1   = 2, Y(2) = 0
So, Unit of X(f) is volt-sec (or) volt/Hz

06. Ans: (d)
02. Sol: Y() = 3X(2)
Sol:
1  

x(at)  X 
(a) X0    x t dt  area a a

t
1 
 4  2    1 2   7 x    2X2
2  2
(b) 2x(0) = 22 = 4
1 t
x    X2
2 2
03.
Sol: y(t) = 3/2 x(t/2)
(i) x t   e  at u t   e at u  t 
1 1 2a
X    2 07.
a  j a  j  a   2
 2 j Sol: i) 1  2()
(ii) e at u t   e at u  t   2 1
a  2 ii)  2e a .u  
As a 0 a  jt
2
u t   u  t   iii)
2a
 2e  a | |
j a t 2
2
2
sgn t   iv)
1
  j sgn 
j t
04.
12 08.
Sol: G   1 
 9 2 t
Sol: x1 t   rect  X1 f   Sincf 
Apply inverse Fourier Transform 1
gt   t   2e 3|t|  1
x t   x  t   Xf   e  jf Xf 
 2
05. Ans: Zero
FT[x(t) + x(–t)] = X(f) + X(–f)
Sol: x(t) = rect(t/2), X() = 2sa()
y(t) = x(t)+x(t/2), Y() = X() + 2X(2) = 2cos (f). Sinc (f)

09. 
ii) sin 0 t    0     0 
1 j
Sol: u t    
j
iii) e at sin c tu t   1  1

1 

1 2 j  a  j  c  a  j  c  
 t   2u  
jt iv) Arect t  cos 0 t  AT Sa    0 T  Sa    0 T
T 2  
 2 


 2  
 
1 1
 t    u 
2 j2t
14.
10. Sol: Sinc(t)  rect (f)
Sol: 1
i) x t   e 3 t 1u t  1e 3 Sin c(t)cos(10t)  [rect (f – 5)
2
1
X  e  je 3 + rect (f + 5)]
3  j
t
ii)    2Sa  15.
2
 t 1 Sol: (i) e  j3t x t   X  3
  2e Sa 
 j

 2  (Frequency sifting property)
4 3
iii) e 2|t|  j t
4  2 e 4
x t / 4  4X4  3
2 t 2 4 e  2 j (Time scaling property)
e 
4  2 3
1  j4 t
e x t / 4  X4  3
11. 4
Sol:
(a) f1(t) = f(t – 1/2) + f(–t–1/2) (ii) Ans: (a)

j j
X   2    4    4
F1   e 2
F  e 2 .F 
x(t) = 1 + cos(4t)
3 t 
(b) f 2 t   f   1
2 2 
F2   3e 2 jF2
16. Ans: (d)
12. Ans: (a) Sol: X(f) = (f – f0)
Sol: g(t) = x(t–3) – x(–t+2)
x(t)  e j2 f 0 t
G f   e  j6 f Xf   e  j4 f X f  j
x t  t  1 e4
8f 0
13.
Sol: 
x t  
i) 1  j t
cos 0 t  e 0  e
2
 j0t 

      0     0    4

17. Ans: (b) dx t  1 

Sol:   jXd
X(f) dt t 0 2 
2

1 0
 
2 1
j  j  d
 
1
 
 j j  d
0 
 
1

f 2 
–2 2
1 21.
x(t) cos 2 t  Xf  1  Xf  1 d  2a   4 ja
2 Sol: te a t  j 
2
 2 2 
d  a    a 2   2 2  
t  4 j
1 te 
 2
1 2
-3 -1 1 3 Apply duality property

4t 
 2j.e
18. Ans: (d) t 2
1 
2
Sol: Output of multiplier

1 1
= x t  cos2c t    x t  cos  22.
2 2
Sol:
1
Output of the filter is  x t  cos   2 (i) X1   e 2 jX   e 2 jX 
2
 x t  cos  (ii) X 2 () 
1  2 j   
e X 
3 3
19. Ans: (c) (iii) X 3 ()   j e 3 j .X
2
dx ( t )
Sol: y(t) = d
dt (iv) X 4 ()  j  jX
d
Y() = jX()
It x(t) is even function, then y(t) is odd
function. 23.
It x(t) is triangular function X() is Sinc2 Sol: x(t) = rect (t/2)
function, it is real. 2 sin 
X 
y(t) is odd function, Y() is imaginary. 
1 (a). y1 t   x t  1  Y1   e  j X

20. Ans: 
2  (b).  y2(t) = x(t) * x(t)
1   2 sin  2 sin 
Sol: x t     Xe d
jt
Y2() = X() X() 
2     
dx t  1 
sin 2 
 jX.e d Y2   4
jt

dt 2   2

d 25.
(c). y 3 t   tx t  Y3   j x 
d      
Sol: X  rect   rect 
(d). y 4 t   x t sin t 
1
X    X    21   2 2 
2j
X() H()
dx t  2
(e). y 5 t    jx  1
dt 1
(f). y6(t) = (t+1) x(t) + 2u(t–1) 

t -2 -1 1 2 -f f
(g). y 7 t   y1    2Y1 2
2 (a). 0 < f < 1 Y() = X().H() H()
(h). y8(t) = y2(2(t+1)) y2(2(t1)) 2
2 sin f t
1   1   y t  
Y8   Y2  e  j1  Y2  e  j1 t 
2 2 2 2 -f f
1   1  
 Y2  e j  Y2  e  j (b). 1 < f < 2
2 2 2 2
1  

 Y2   e j  e  j
2 2
 2
Y()
1
t 1
(i). y 9 t   x   y 2 t  
2 2 -f -1 1 f
1
Y9   2X2  Y2 
2 sin 1t sin f t
1 yt   
(j). zt   y 2 2 t  t t
2
y10(t) = z(t+1) + z(t) + z(t–1)
sin 1t sin 2 t
(c). f > 2 yt   
Y10() = (1+2cos) Z() t t
26.
Sol:
24. Ans: y(t) = cos 2t
(a). X() =  () + (5) + ()
sin 4t  
Sol: h t   H  rect  x(t) = 1 + ej5t + ejt
t 8 2
e  jt  T1  2
H() 
1 2 2
e  j5 t  T2  
5 5
 T1 5
-4 4  is irrational
T2 
y(t) = cos 2t So, non-periodic

(b). h(t) = u(t)  u(t2)  


rect(t)  2 sin   Y   yt e  jt dt 
h(t)  2   
 
sin  
2
rectt  
 
 
2
 
t sin  . 
2  2 
0 rectt  

t  
 h t   rect  0.5  2
2 

 rectt   sin c 
sin  2 
rect (t)  2
 cos   [ () +  ( + )]
2  
Y1   sin c           
t  sin   2 
rect   0.5   2e  j
2   2 
Y1   sin        
sin  
 H  2e  j 2
 2  2 
x(t) * h(t)  H() X()  sin      sin    
 2  2
 sin  
XH      5    2e  j 2  2 
    sin      sin     
 2   2 
sin  sin 5
  Lt 2e j    52e j5
x0  5 = 2  () + 2 ( + )
sin  Y1  
2
      
 2e  j
 
sin 5  sin x  Taking inverse fourier transform
 2  2e  j5   5 Lt  0
5  x  2
∴ y 1 t   cos t
x  
sin 5 
XH  2  2e  j5   5
5
 x t  * h t   2  2e  j5 sin 5 e  j5 t (b). y2(t) = rect(t) * cos 2t
5 Similar to above
 Periodic
2 
Y2   sin    2    2
(c). In above problem, convolution of two non  2
periodic signals can be a periodic signal 2   2  
 sin    2  sin    2
 2  2
27. 2  2  2   2 
 sin    2  sin  .  2   0
2  2   2  2 
Sol:
(a). y1(t) = rect (t) * cos t ∴ y2(t) = 0

t 1
(c). y3(t) = sin c(t) * sinc  
2
 
rect (t)  sin c   ×
 2 
0 2
sinc  t   2 rect    0  4
 2 
 t  0
sin c   2 rect 
 2 
∴ Y4() = 0

sin ct   rect   y4(t) = 0
 2 
t  
sin c   2 rect  28.
2 
Sol:
∴ Y3   rect  2 rect   X1()
 2   1/8
1 2

–8 8
× (a). sinc(8t) 


 0  /2 0 /2
H  8e  j X1   e  j  8    8
2 0 otherwise
Y  e  j       
= y(t) = cos(t – 1)
 (b). Ans: (d)
/2 0 /2
G f   e  f Hf   e  f
2 2
 
Y3   2 rect 
 Yf   G f Hf   e 2 f
2
 
Y3   2 rect 
 29. Ans: (c)
2 2
Taking inverse fourier transform Sol: e  t  e  f

t From frequency shifting property
y 3 t   sin c 
x t   e j2 t e  t
2
2
 -conjugate even symmetry
(d). sinc(t)  rect  
 2  30.
Sol:
   3  1
e j3t sin ct   rect  (a). Y  X  0   X  0 
 2  2
    3  sin t sin t / 2
sin ct  * e j3t sin ct   rect   rect  (b). x t   
 
2   2  t t

1       35.
X   rect  * rect 
2  2  1  2 t 4
Sol: e 
 4
2
X() =
1/2 
8  4 
 2
 2  4 2 d  2 2  4  d
 

–3/2 –1/2 1/2 3/2

1 2
 2  e 2 t dt
31. 2 
t X 
Sol:  x t dt   X0 
 j 2
rect / 4
   36.
2.302
Ans: B 
j a
2a
32. Sol: gt   2
sin at  a  t2

Sol:  rect  2a a t
t  2a  We know e 
a  2 2
2a a 
X() By duality property 2 e
a t 2
B 
2 2
e d  0.99  e
a  a 
Given d
 B 
-a a 0 B
0 
  e 2 a d   e 2a d  0.99  e 2 a d   e 2 a d
1  2a a B 0   0
 X d 
2
E  0 B
  e 2 a  0 e 2 a   
2     e 2 a  e 2 a 
   0.99      
2a  B  2a  0   2a    2a  0 
33.
1  1 / 2   5
1/ 2 1 
1
2a

1  e  2 aB 
2a
e 
1  2 aB
1  
0.99
2a

1  1
Sol: E    d   d   d 
2  1 1 / 2 4 1/ 2  8  2 2e2aB = 2 0.99
 1 e2aB = 0.99
34.  0.01 = e2aB
Sol: Ex(t) = 1/4
1  ln (100) = 2aB
X 
2
4  2 n 100 4.605 2.302

1  B  =
SYY   X | H | 
2 2
,  c    c 2a 2a a
4  2
 c
1 1 1 1  
E yt    S yy  d   tan 1   37. Ans: (a)
2  8 2 2  2  c  2
Sol: E   X1 f  df   10 8
2
c = 2 rad/sec  3

38. Ans: (c) 42.

 Sol: The condition for distortion less
Sol: H   30    30 transmission system is magnitude response
60
is constant and phase response is linear

0 = 10 |H(10)| = 2 , H10   function of frequency. These two conditions
6 are satisfied in the frequency range
 13 20 to 30 kHz. So, from 20 to 30kHz no
0 =26 |H(26)|=1, H26  
30 distortion.
   13 
yt   4 cos10t    sin  26t  
 6  30  43. Ans: 8
39. Sol: Given input signal frequencies are 10Hz,
20Hz, 40Hz. Only 20Hz is allowed.
Sol: () = –t0
So, y(t) =
 
t p    t0 1      
  8 cos 20t   20   4 cos 20t   20o 
2  4   4 
 d
t g    t0 42
d Power in y(t) = 8
Both are constant 2
40. 44.
Sol: Sol: The condition for distortion less
(i) Ans: (c) transmission system is magnitude response
1 is constant and phase response is linear
Hf  
1  j2fRC function of frequency.
For 200 <  < 200, there is no amplitude
1
H f   distortion.
1  4 f 2 R 2 C 2
2
And For  100 <  < 100, there is no phase
|H(f1)|  0.95 distortion
f1 = 52.2 Hz x1(t)
 = 20 and  = 60
So no phase distortion and no amplitude
(ii) Ans: (a)
distortion.
(f) = –tan–1(2fRC) x2(t)
 df  1  2RC   = 20,  = 140
t g f      Amplitude distortion, do not occurs.
df 2 1  2fRC 2 
Phase distortion occurs.
tg(100) = 0.71 msec [∵  = 140]
x3(t)
41. Ans: (c)  = 20,  = 220,
Phase distortion and amplitude distortion
Sol: yt   1 cos100t  108 cos106 t  1.56 106  occurs
100
tg = 10–8, tp = 1.5610–6 [∵  = 220]

45. 1 8 
T y  e
16
Sol: R xx     x ( t ) x ( t  )dt
1
0 y0 
16
A2
R xx   cos0    18 cos6
2 49.
Power = Rxx(0) = 18 Sol: rxy    x t  * y t   e  t u t  * e3 t u  t 
46. 1 1 1/ 2 1/ 2
rxy     
Sol: rxx    x t * x  t   e 3t u t * e 3t .u  t  1  j 3  j 1  j 3  j
1  1
F. T 1 1 3  rxy    e u    e 3 u   
rxx   SXX    rxx    e 2 2
9  2 6
50.
47. Sol: Given x(t) = sinc 10t
Sol:

1 1 Sinc t  rect  
(a) H  , X 
2 2
 2 
1  2
4  2
1   
SYY   X H
2 2
sin c10t   rect 
10  20 
(b) y(t) = x(t) * h(t) = [e–t – e–2t]u(t) 1   
 1 X  rect 
E y  t    yt  dt  10  20 
2
 12

1 H  3rect e  j2
E x t    8 
4
1  Y() = X() H ()
E y t   E x t 
3 1        j2 
 rect 3 rect e
10  20   8 
48.
Sol: 1/10 3
i) Ans: (b)
1 8 t 
x t   e 8 t u t  * e 8 t u t   e  
16 10  10  4  4
1 1
x   3 
 16  16 e  rect e  j2 
10  8 
ii) Ans: (c)
1  output energy
S GG   G  
2
64   2 1

 Y d
2
1 
SGG 0  2  
64
4
iii) Ans: (b) 1 9
y  e 8 t u t  * e8 t u  t 
 
2  4  100

1 9  
 .
2 100
 8  t  nTs   f s    ns 
n   n  

1   
Output energy =
36
J  t  10n       n 
100 n   10 n   5

1   
x1 t  * (t 10n)  X1      n 
51. n 10 n  5
1   n   
Sol: X1() X   X1     n 
(a). m = 200  10 n   5   5
1    
s = 400  rad/sec X       X1 0   X1      
 10  5  5
–200 200
 2   2   3   3  
X1       X1          
(b). m = 400  X2()  5   5   5   5  
s = 800  rad/sec   2 
X1    2, X1    2,
5  5 

–400 400  3   4 
X1    X1        0
 5   5 
5
(c). x 3 t   cos500t   cos3000t 
2 X()
m = 5000 
s = 10,000  rad/sec
1 
(d). X 4   .rect  
6  j  2a  –2/5 –/5 0 /5 2/5
m = a
a The maximum frequency in above signal
fm 
2 is
a m = 2/5
f s  2f m  Hz
 2fm = 2/5
fm = 1/5
(e). m = 120 , fm = 60Hz Nyquist rate = 2fm = 2/5 = 0.4
(fs) = 2fm = 120 Hz
52.
(f) Ans: 0.4 Sol:
Sol: X1()
X()
 2
sin t
x 1 t   2 2
  0 0

t –/2 /2
2 2

(a). X()+e–j.X() no change in frequency axis 54. Ans: (d)

(s)min = 2m = 0 Sol: Given x(t) = 100 cos(24  103 t)
1
dx t  fm= 12000Hz & fs =  20KHz
(b).  j.X s = 0 50
dt
The frequencies in sampled signal are
1  
(c). x 3t   .X  = nfs  fm = 12K, 8K, 32K, 52K, 28K,------
3 3
The above frequencies passed through a
30  30 30 filter of cutoff from 15K.
S  2   30
2 2 2 So, output is 8KHz, 12KHz only.
1 1
(d). X  0   X  0 
2 2 55. Ans: (a)
Sol: fm = 200Hz, fs = 300Hz
The frequency in sampled signals are =
0 30
200, 100, 500, 400, 800. Cutoff frequency
of filter is 100 Hz.
2 2
30 Output frequency = 100 Hz
S  2   30
2 56. Ans: (b)
53. Sol: The sampled signal spectrum is
Sol: 1 
1  
X  (f )   X(f  nfs )
Ts n  
(a) x1 2t   X1  
2 2 If fs=fmThe spectrum is constant spectrum
In this operation maximum frequency
57. Ans: (a)
becomes double. So, fm = 4k, fs = 2fm = 8k
Sol: fm < fc < fs – fm  5< fc < 9
(b) x 2 t  3  e 3 j .X 2 
In this operation maximum frequency does 58. Ans: (c)
not change double. So, fm = 3k, fs = 2fm = 6k Sol: fm =100, fs –fm = 150
(c) X1()+X2() fs = 250
In this operation maximum frequency is 1
Ts   4m sec
max(2k, 3k). So, fm = 3k, fs = 2fm = 6k fs
(d) X1()*X2()
In this operation maximum frequency is 59. Ans: (d)
2k + 3k. So, fm = 5k, fs = 2fm = 10k 1 1
Sol: f s    3  103  1kHz
(e) X1 ().X2() T0 10
In this operation maximum frequency is T0  n 
min(2k, 3k). So, fm = 2k, fs = 2fm = 4k 6 sin  
1  3 
T0 T0
Cn  3.e  jn0t dt 
1
(f) X1   1000  X1   1000 n
2 6
fm = 2.5kHz, (fs)min = 2fm= 5kHz  Cn = 0 for n = 3, 6, 9 …..

Cn 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10……

Y() = X().H()
  f  3fs, + f 6 fs ….
Are not present in signal
 400  3 (1000) = 3.4 K,  2.6 K
So options with 3.4 K and 2.6 K are wrong –1500 0 1500 
So (c) and (a) are wrong.
3.6 K is out of the given range [ 2.5 to 3.5] The maximum frequency in y(t) = 1500 
So (B) is wrong
m = 1500 
So (D) is correct.
fn = 750
(fs)min = 2fn = 1500 Hz
60. = 1500 samples/sec
(i). Ans: (b)
Sol: X() (ii) Ans: (a)
 
Sol: x t   cos10t  
 4
fs = 15 Hz, s = 2fs = 30 Hz
–1000 1000 
 sin t   
h t    . cos 40t  
 t   2
Output of multiplier is = x(t). cos(1000t)
1 1 sin t 1
= X  1000  X  1000 
2 2 t 
– 
Output of multiplier
sin t   
h t    cos40t  cos  sin 40t sin 
t  2 2
sin t
–2000 0 2000  h t   . sin 40t
t
1  sin t j40 t sin t  j40 t 
  .e  .e 
2 j  t t
sin 1500t 
h(t)  H()
t
H() 1/2j
–41 –39

39 41
–1500 0 1500 
–1/2j

  61. Ans: (c)

x t   cos10t  cos  sin 10t  sin Sol: x(t) = m(t) c(t)
4 4
1 Where c(t) is carrier signal and m(t) is a
X    10    10 base band signal and fc > fH (where fc is
2
carrier frequency, fH is the highest
1  
 j   10    10 
 frequency component of m(t))
2  x̂ t   mt .ĉt 
Sampled signal spectrum Where f̂ t  is Hilbert transform of f(t).

X    f s  
 X  n  s For the above problem c(t) = sin  t  
n    4
n = 0, m, –m = –10, 10  sin(t / 5) 
n = 1, s – m, s + m = 20, 40 and m(t) = – 2  
 t / 5 
n = 2, 2s – m, 2s + m = 50, 70
Complex envelope
only 40 frequency is allowed output of
= x t   jx̂ t e
 j2 f c t
filter is
      j2fct
Y 
15      =  2 mt sin t    jmt cos t  e
 2 j   40   2 j   40    4  4 
2 
  
=  2mt cos t    j sin t   e  j2f ct

15   1   1 
     40     40   4  4 
2  j 2j j  2j     1
 j t    j2   t
15     =  2mt  e  4
e 2
  2 j   40  2 j   40  j
2  j 
15      = j 2mt  e 4  2mt e 4
    40    40  
2 2 2   sin(t / 5)  j 4
= 2 e
15     t / 5 
  2 j   40   2 j   40  62. Ans: (b)
2
   Sol: Given s( t )  e  at cos[(c  ) t ]u ( t )
   40    40  
2 2  Complex Envelope s ( t )  s  ( t )e  jc t
15   ~s ( t )  [e  at e j( c  ) t u ( t )]e  jc t
Y      40    40
2 2  Complex Envelope = eat e jt u(t)
 
   40    40 63. Ans: 8
2j  Sol: Y() = X() H()
15  1 1 
yt    cos 40t  sin 40t  X()
2 2 2  H()
15   
yt   cos 40t cos  sin 40t sin  2 j
2  4 4
 
15  
yt   cos 40t   –2 2
2  4 –j

Y() = –2j 0 <  < 2 65. Ans: (c)

2j –2 <  < 0 Sol: Aliasing occurs when the sampling
  frequency is less than twice the maximum
1
 
2 2
y( t ) dt  y() d frequency in the signal, and it is

2   irreversiable process.
1 
2 0
 So, Statement I is true but Statement II is
  4 d   
4 d false.
2  0 2
4
= 2  2 66. Ans: (b)
2 Sol: Sampling in one domain makes the signal
16 to be periodic in the other domain. It is
= true.
2
=8 Multiplication in one domain is the
convolution in the other domain.
64. Ans: 10kHz Both statements are correct and statement
Sol: m(t)  band limited to 5kHz (II) is not the correct explanation of
m(t) cos(40000t)  modulated signal we statement (I).
require least sampling rate to recover
m(t)  25kHz = 10 kHz

Chapter
5
Laplace Transforms
01.  A.e s 5 t 0
G s   ,   5
1 s5
Sol: e  at u ( t )  ,   a
sa A = –1, t0 = –1
1 06.
eat u ( t )  ,  a
sa Sol: x t   5r t   5r t  2   15u t  2   5u t  4 
1 5 5e 2s 15e 2s 5e 4s
e at u ( t )  ,   a Xs    2  
sa s2 s s s
1 1
(1) X 1 s    ,   1 07. Ans: (a)
s 1 s  3
Sol: x(t) = r(t)–r(t–1)–r(t–4)+1.5r(t–6)–0.5r(t–8)
1 1
(2) X 2 s    ,2    4 1 e  s e 4s 3 e 6s 1 e 8s
s2 s4 X(s)  2  2  2  
s s s 2 s2 2 s2
(3) no common ROC so no laplace 1
transform for x3(t). So, D =  = – 0.5
2
(4) no common ROC, no laplace transform
08. Ans: (c)
(5) no common ROC, no laplace transform 1
Sol: Xs  
(6) X 6 s  
1

1
, 1    1 s  1s  3
s 1 s 1 1
G s   Xs  2  
s  1s  1
02. G() converges means ROC include
Sol: ROC = ( > –5)  ( > Re (–)) =  > –3 j axis
Imaginary port of ‘’ any value, real part of –1<  < 1
‘’ is 3.
09.

03. Sol: G(s) = X(s) + X(–s), where X(s) 
Sol: The possible ROC’s are s 1
 > 2, < –3, –3<  < –1, –1 <  < 2 s     s   s
G (s)   2
s 1
2
s 1
04.  –  = –1, –  –  =0
e 3s e3s  = –1,  = ½
Sol: Ys   
s 1 s  2 10.
yt   e t 3 .u t  3  e2  t 3 .u t  3 dyt  dyt 
Sol:  2 yt   t   2 x t 
dt dt
05. sY(s) = –2Y(s)+1 ----- (1)
Sol: sY(s) = 2X(s) ------ (2)
 s 5
solving (1) and (2)
(a). x t   e  5 t 1.u t  1.e  5  X(s)  e .e ,   5
2 s
–5t
s5 Ys   2 , Xs   2
(b). g(t) = Ae .u(– t – t0) s 4 s 4

11. 1
4 4 4 4 Ys   Xs .Hs  
Sol: (a) Xs      s3
s  2 s  1 s  13 2
s 1
yt   e 3 t .u t 
t2
x t   4e  2 t .u t   4 e  t .u t 
2 15. Ans: (d)
 4 te .u t   4e  t .u t 
t
1 1
e 2s Sol: Xs    e 6s , Hs  
(b) Xs    s2 s
s  13 1 e 6s
x t   t  2  .e   t  2  .u t  2 
2 Ys   Xs .Hs   
ss  2  s
t 2 t 1
2
e u t  
s  13 y t  
1
2
 
u t   e  2 t .u t   u t  6
16. Ans: (b)

12.
1
Sol: y(t) + y(t) * x(t) = x(t) + (t) Sol: H(s) =
s5
Y(s) +Y(s)X(s) = X(s)+1
1 1 2
Y(s) = 1 Y(s) =  
s  3 s  5 s  3s  5
y(t) = (t)
Y(s) 2
X(s) = 
H(s) s  3
13.
x(t) = 2 e–3t u(t)
e 2s
Sol: x 1 t  2  ,   2
s2
17. Ans: (b)
x 2  t  3 
e 3s
,  3 Vs  1 Ys  1
Sol:  
s3 Xs  s  1 Vs  s  1
Ys  
e 2s e 3s Ys  1 1 1
. , 2    3 Hs    . 
s2 s3 Xs  s  1 s  1 s  12
h(t) = t e–t . u(t)
14.
Ys  18.
Sol: sYs   4Ys   3  Xs 
s Y(s) 1
Sol: (a)  given statement is false
1 3 X(s) s
s (b) x(t) = u(t)
Hs    2  2
s  1s  3 s  1 s  3 y(t) = r(t) is unbounded
 1 t 3 given statement is false
h t   e .u t   e 3t .u t  (c) x(t) = u(–t)
2 2
y(t) =  is unbounded
1 s 1
Xs    1  given statement is false
s s (d) Given true

19. k
y   Lt sYs   1 k  8
Sol: s2Y(s) + sY(s) + 2Y(s) = X(s) s 0 8
1 4 12
H(s)  2 Hs   
s  s   2 s2 s4
2
G (s)  H(s)  sH(s)  H(s) h t   4e 2 t u t   12e 4 t .u t 
s
  2  s 2  s   1  1
G (s)    2 2 
 23.
 s   s  s    s j  2
Number of poles = 1. Sol: H j 
 j   4 j  4
2
20. Ans: (d) x(t) = 8 cos 2t, 0 = 2

Sol: Change the initial condition to –2y(0)
j 1 1 1
and the forcing function to –2x(t) H  j 0     j
4j 4 4
21. 1 
Sol: (a). x 0  Lt sXs   2 | H0  | , H0  
s  2 2 4
x    Lt sXs   0 8    
s 0 yt   cos 2t    2 2 cos 2t  
2 2  4  4
4s  5
(b). Xs   improper function
2s  1
3 3 24. Ans: (a)
Xs   2  
2s  1 2s  1  2  1
Sol: H j 
neglect the constant ‘2’ in the above   2  2 j  1
function. 0 = 1 rad/sec
3 3
x 0  Lt s.  H(0) = 0
s 2s  1 2 y(t) = 0 for all s
4s 2  5s
x    Lt sXs   Lt 0
s0 s0 2s  1
25. Ans: (d)
(c). x(0) = 0 2 1
Final value theorem not applicable, Sol: (i) Hs   Xs  
s s2
2
s
because poles on imaginary axis.
2
(d) x(0) = 0 Ys   Xs .Hs  
ss  1s  2
x() = –1
S = 2 pole lies right side of s-plane
22. y() =  unbounded
k s  1 1
Sol: Hs   Xs  
s  2s  4 s 26. Ans: (d)
Sol: For an LTI system input and output
k s  1
Ys   Hs .Xs   frequencies must be same, there may be
ss  2s  4  change in phase.

Given that input is a1sin(1t + 1) and 28.

corresponding output is a2F(2t + 2). s 2
s2
Sol: Hs  
From the above condition F may be sin or s3
cos and 1 = 2.
1 s3
H inv s   
27. Hs  s  2s  1
s2
Sol: Given Xs    > +1 causal unstable
s2 Does not exist in this case a causal & stable
2 1 system.
yt    e 2 t u  t   e  t u t 
3 3
29. Ans: (c)
2 1 1 Sol:
Ys   .  e  t u t  (a) A system to be stable & causal all the
3 s2 3
poles of the system should lie in the left
2 1 1 1 half of s-plane.
Ys   . 
3 s  2 3 s 1 (b) Any system property like causality,
  stability doesn’t depend on the location
<2  > 1 of zero’s. It depends only on poles
location.
(c) There is no necessity that the poles lie
Ys 
(a).  Hs   within |s| = 1
Xs 
All the roots of characteristic equation
1  2s  1  s  2  means all the poles of the system should
  2,   1,   0
3  s  2 s  1  lie in left half of s-plane.
 
s  2 
 s  2    1 30. Ans: (a)
1 s 1
Sol: Ys   , Hs  
1 3s s2 s 1

3 s  1s  2 Ys  s 1 2 / 3 1/ 3
Xs     
Hs  s  1s  2 s  1 s  2
s
 ,   1 Stable input –2 <  < 1
s  1s  2
2 1
x t    e t u  t   e  2 t .u t 
3 3
(b). The input is e3t t
 the output  H3 × input 31. Ans: –2.19

4
3 3t Sol: Y(s) = 1 
 e s6
45
y(t) = (t) – 4 e–6t.u(t)
3 3t y(0.1) = – 4 e–0.6
y t   e
20 = –2.19

Chapter
6 DTFT
01.
Sol:  
Y e j0 
1
1

4
3
1 1 1 h(n) 1 1
  1  4
sin   N1   
 
--- 2  
 
–N1 N1
n

(b) X e j   xn e  jn
sin n  
2 =
 

 7 
sin  
X e j   xn  1n  cos 3 3  1
 2  n  
(a) H 
 
sin  
(c) H e    1  2e  j  3e 2 j  4e 3 j
j
2
Here N1 = 3 DC gain H(ej) = 1+2+3+4 = 10
1 1 1 h(n) 1 03.
--- Sol:
n 3
–3 3 (i) X(e j )e j  e - j  [1  cos 2]
2
h(n)  0 n < 0 – non – causal
3  e 2 j  e 2 j 
X(e j )e - j  e j  1  
(b) 2 2 
Here N1 = 1 3 3 3
After applying time shifting property X(e j )e - j  e j   e 2 j  e 2 j
2 4 4

1 1 1 X ( e j )   x ( n )e
n  
 j n
3 5
x (0) 1 
 , x(1) = 1, x(–1) = 1,
n 2 2
0 1 2
3 3
h(n) = 0 n < 0 causal x(2) = , x(–2) =
4 4
(c) h(n) = (n–3) + (n+2) - non causal 3 5 3
x (n )   ,1, ,1, 
02. 4 2 4
1 
Sol: (a) an u(n) 
1  ae  j (ii) x(n) = 2(n + 3)– 3(n – 3)
1
n
X(ej) = 2e3j – 3 e–3j = 2[e3j – e–3j] – e–3j
y(n) =   u (n )
4 X(ej) = 4jsin(3) – e–3j
 
Y e j 
1
1 Given X(ej) = asin(b) + cejd
1  e  j a = 4j , b = 3, c = –1, d = –3
4

04. 1
 
sin  n  j  n   
Sol:  4  .e 2  
n  3 2 2 1
4 4 
j
 3
  Y(e )
sin  n   j  n 1 2 2
 4  .e 2 
n   0   3 
 3 
2 2 2
4 4 j0 j
Y(e ) = 1, Y(e ) = 1
j
Y(e )
06.
n
1 1
Sol:   u n  
 2 1
 3    3 1  e  j
4 2
4 4 4 From time scaling property
n
 n 
sin    1  10  n  1
 4   j2 n j n 

  u  
Y(n )   e  2 
e  2   10  1
n  1  e  j10 
 2
 n 
sin  07. Ans: (b)
4  n 
y(n )  2   cos  Sol: x(2n) = {1, 3, 1}
n  2 

x(2n) = (n +1) + 3(n) + (n–1)
05.
(n  n 0 )  e  jn 0
Sol:
(a) H(ej) FT [x(2n)] = 3 + 2cos
08.
–c c
 n
Sol: x    X e jk  
k
gn    1n .h n  n
(i) x    X e j2  
   He
Ge j j    
 2
 j 
G(ej) (ii) x 2n   X e 2 
 
09.
 1
-c  +c Sol: n u(n) 
1   e  j
Ideal HPF e 3 j
n–3 u(n – 3) 
    
(b) Y e j  X e j  X e j    1   e  j


 e 3 j / 8   1
 n 3 .u n  3  
jn
e 8
 j  / 8  

1  e  1 2
 3 j  / 8 
d  e  3
ne 8  n 3 .u n  3  j 
jn
d 1  e  j    / 8   DC gain = H(ej0) = 3 
 1 2
10. 14.
Sol: H(ej)
Sol: H e j    b  e  j
1  ae  j
 |H(ej)|2 = 1  H(ej).H*(ej) =1
 
6 6  b  e  j   b  e j 
     1
Input signal frequencies are ,   j
 j
8 4 1 ae  1 ae 
  Only when a = –b
Then the output is yn   sin  n 
8 
15. Ans: (a)
11.
Sol: For an LTI system input is x n   e j n 0
 
Sol: H e j  1  e  j  e 2 j
then output is y(n )  e j 0 n .H e j 0   x(n) = 1+4cosn

x1(n) = 1  = 0

H (e )  j
 h ( n )e
n  
 jn
|H (ej0)| = 1+  +  H(ej0) =0
He   8 j
2 cos 2  4 2 cos  y1(n) = 1 +  + 
 x2(n) = 4cosn  = 
0 
4 |H(ej)| = 1 –  +  H(ej) = 0

 
H e j 0  4
jn
yn   4e 4
y2(n) = 4 (1-+)cosn
y(n) = (1 +  + ) + 4(1 –  + ) cos n
12. y(n) = 4 only when  = 2,  = 1
Sol: (a) y1 n   x12 n  it is not an LTI system.
(b) Input frequency and output frequency 16. Ans: (a)
are same. So, it is LTI system.
 
2 4
H(ej) = 2 Sol: Y e j0   xn .  hn   15LB
(c) y3(n) = x3(2n) it is not an LTI system. n 0 n 0
13. 17.
Sol: H(ej) = 2  cos +  Sol: y(n) = x(n) + 2x (n1) + x(x2)
 
H e j

2  0 H e j  
2 1 Y(ej) = X(ej) [ 1+2ej + e2j]
3 8
H(ej) = [ 1+ej ]2
=  2  1 = [ 1+ cos   j sin]2

(a) |H(ej)| = (1+ cos )2 + sin2 () 1 1  j 1  2 j


 e  e
sin  3 3 3
H(ej) = 2tan1
1  cos  1
 1
 e  j e j  e  j  e  j
3 3

10   = 0  | H (ej)| = 1
1  j 1  j
 H (ej) = 0  e 2 cos   e
3 3
 n   
4 cos
2
      H e j  2
4 2
  2  j
H  e cos   e  j
1
 
3 3
  H(ej) = 90 1
H  e  j 1  2 cos 
 n   3
(b) Output of given input 10  4 cos   is
 2 4 1
H  0  e  j 1  2 cos   0 only
 n    3
10  42 cos   
 4 4 2 when
1+2 cos  = 0
 n  
 10  8 cos   1  2 
 4 4 cos    cos 
2  3 
18. Ans: (b) 2
Sol: anti symmetric, k = –2   2.093 rad
3
 () = –2
Slope = –2
22.
19. Ans: (b) Sol:
 5     X(ej)
Sol: x n   cos n   cos n  0 
 2  2  2 1
|H(ej)| = 1 H e j 0  

8
  
–c c
 n  
yn   cos   c
 2 8 1 c
E
2  1d  
 c
20. Ans: (a)
Sol: X(ej) = 2 + 2cos +e–5j + 2e–4j 1
23. Ans:
 j  40
  1 j
X e4
  Sol: By plancheral’s relation
  2
  
   

1
 x n yn   
  1/ 2  
X e j / 4  tan 1 
1 / 2

 4 n   2  
X e j Y e j d
 
 n    n  
sin   sin  
 4  1   4  
21. x n   
 2 2n 2  n 
Sol: H   hn e  jn
  h n e  jn  
n   n 0  

2
d
 

X e j d  2  nx 1 
1/2  2
  n   
(f).  d  n   
sin 
1   4   158  2  316
 
2  n 




/4 /4
 
(g). X e j    
N 1
 2 
  5
  n   25. Ans: (d)

sin  
1   3  Sol: f(n) = h(n) * h(n)
yn    
5  n  1 2 2
 
  1 1 2 2
1/5
2 2 4 4
2 2 4 4
y(n)
/3 /3 f(n) = { 1, 4, 8, 8, 4}  causal

n n  g(n) = h(n) * h(n)

 sin sin 4
4  3  1  1  1 d

n   2n 5n 2  2  5  h(n) = { 2 2 1}
 
4
1 

40 h(n) ranges from n = 2 to n=0
h(n) ranges from n = 0 to n=2
24. g(n) ranges from n = 2 to n=2

Sol: 1 2 2
 

2 2 4 4
(a). X e j0   xn   6
n   2 2 4 4
1 1 2 2
    1 xn   2

n
(b). X e j 
n  
g(n) = { 2, 6, 9 , 6, 2}

(c).  Xe d = 2x(0) = 4


j
 g(n) is non causal and maximum

value is 9.
 

(d).  X e j e 2 j d = 2x(2) = 0
 26.
2  5k 2  10k
(e).  X e j  d  2   X n    28
 
2 2
Sol: 
  n    40k 40k

FS = 2fm 28. Ans: 2.25 kHz

= 220k
 
Sol: H e j  0.5  0.5e  j

= is 3 - dB cutoff frequency
= 40k 2
2f 
   
 fs 2
4 2
2f 

9kHz 2
27. Ans: (a) f = 2.25kHz
Sol: x ( t )  cos( 0 t )
n
x nTs   cos 0 nTs   cos 0  ------- (1)
 1000 
 n   9n 
Given x(n)  cos   cos  ------ (2)
 4   4 
By comparing (1) & (2)
0  0 9
 ; 
1000 4 1000 4
0 = 250, 2250

Chapter
7
Z ‐ Transforms
01. 06. Ans: (d)
z Sol: poles = j, –j, zeros = 0, 0
Sol: anu(n)  ,z  a
za kz 2
z X z  
–anu(–n – 1)  ,z  a z2  1
za
X(1) = 1  k = 2
ROC = (|z| > 1)  (|z| < ||) = 1 < |z| < 2
2z 2
Only when  =  2, ‘n0’ any value X z  
z2  1
02.
Given right sided sequence so ROC is
Sol: (a) finite duration both sided signal 0 < |z| < 
z   j  z 1
(b) finite duration right sided signal |z| > 0
2z 2
(c) infinite duration right sided signal Xz   , ROC is z  1
(|z| >1/2) (|z| > 3/4) = |z| > 3/4 z2  1
(d) (|z|>1/3)(|z|< 3)(|z| > 1/2) =1/2< |z|<3
07. Ans: (b)

3n
03. Ans: (a) Sol: X(z) = 2nz 2n
Sol: ROC = (|z| > |a|)  (|z| < |b2|) common ROC n 0
exists only when |a| < |b2| 1 9

 z2  z4  - - - - -
=
2 4
 
04. i) Ans: (b)  
Sol: ROC = (|z| > |a|)  (|z| > |b|) (|z| < |c|)  9 1 
x(n) =     , , 0,1, 0, 
= |b| < |z| < |c|  4 2 
  
ii) ROC = (|Z| > ||) (|Z| < ||) 
Z Z Now consider (a) option
XZ    n
Z Z 
 2  n
(a)  >  no Z.T
Y1(z) =    z
n 0  3 
(b)  <  Z.T is exist 2 9

(c)  =  no Z.T = 1+ z 1  z 2  - - - - -
3 4

05. Ans: (c)  x (n ) y (n )  0

n  
1
 1/ 2 3/ 2
Sol: Xz    Now consider option (b)
1 1 1
1 z 1  z 1 Y2(z) = z–1 + 4z–3 + - - - - - -
2 2
n n y2(n) = {0, 1, 0, 4, - - - - - - }
11 3  1 
x n      u n     .u n  
22 2 2   x (n ) y
n  
2 (n )  0
x(2) = ¼

08. Ans: r = –1/2 10.

1 1 1
Sol: H(z) 
1

r

1  z 1  r (1  z 1 )
4 2 Sol:  3n .u n  2  9z , | z | 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z3
1 z 1 z (1  z )(1  z )
2 4 2 4
 3n .u  n  2  91 z , | z | 1
Consider the numerator z 3 3
1 1  1 1  11.
1 z  r 1  z 
4  2  Sol: g(n) = (n) – (n–6)
 1 r  1 G(z) = 1–z–6 , |z| > 0
(1  r )    z
4 2
1 r  12.
  
2z
zero = 
4 2
Sol: Xz   z 2  2z 
1 r z2
If zero = 1 x(n) = (n+2) + 2(n+1) – 2 (2)nu(–n–1)
1 r
 13. Ans: 0.097
4 2 1 1  r 1 r
1 r 4 2 Sol: The poles of H(z) are
 3r 3
  r = –1/2 1  j2k  1 
2 4 Pk = exp k  1, 2, 3, 4
2  4 
If zero = –1
j
1 r 1 4 1 j 1 j
 P1 = e   
4 2  1  1  r  1  r 2 2 2 2
1 r 4 2
j3 
r 5 1 1 j
  r = –5/2 is not valid P2 = e 4
 
2 4 2 2 2
Because given as r  1 1
j5 
1 j
P3 = e 4
 
2 2 2
09. Ans: (a)
j7 
z4 1 1 j
Sol: Hz   P4 = e 4
 
1 2 2 2
z4 
4
Hz   H z 1  H(z) =
kz 4
h(n)  h(–n) (z  P1 )z  P2 z  P3 z  P4 
 h(n) is not even. kz 4
n 
x    X(z m ) 1
m z4 
4
n/4
z4  1 n Given H(1) = 5/4
    u 
1  4 4
z4  5 k
4 
So h(n) is real for all ‘n’ 4 5/4

25 1
k=
16 z z
X(z) =  ROC
1 7 5
25 4 z
z z 10 4
H(z) = 16  5 10 
1 z  z  
z4   4 7
4
5 10
Given g(n) = (j)n h(n) ROC =  z 
4 7
G(z) = H(z/j)
4
15.
25  z 
25 4 Sol: Xz   z 4  z 2  2z  2  3z 4
 
16  j 
16
z
G(z) = 
 z  1 z4  1
4 H(z) = 2z–3
   4 Yz   Xz .Hz   2z  2z 1  4z 2  4z 3  6z 7
 j 4
y(4) = 0
25 25 4 25 8
G(z) =  z  z  .....
16 64 256 16.
25 z3 1
g(8) =  0.097 Sol: x 1 n  3  , | z |
256 1 2
1  z 1
2
z 1
x 2  n  1  , | z | 3
1
14. 1 z
n n 3
5  10 
Sol: x n     u n     u n  z 2
1
4 7 Yz   , | z | 3
 1 1  1  2
n
1  z 1  z 
5 z  2  3 
  u n   , | z | 5 / 4
4 5
z
4 17.
1
Sol: Hz  
n
7 z 7
  u (n )  z  1 1  1 1 
 10  7 10 1  z 1  z 
z  2  3 
10
1
7
n
z 1 7 X(z)  1  z 1
  u (  
n ) z 1  3
 10  7 10
z 1 
1
10 Yz   Hz .Xz  
1 1
n 1  z 1
 10  10 2
  u (n )  z z
7 1 7 7 n
 1
z 10  yn     .u n 
2

18. Ans: (a) 21. Ans: (a)

Sol: G (e j )  e  j  e 3 j Sol: y(n) = h(n) * g(n)
G (e j )  e 2 j (e j  e  j ) Y(ej) = H(ej) G(ej)
Let us consider  =  G e j 
 Y e   j
G (e j )  e 2 j (2 cos())  1  j 
When  =  it gives linear phase. 1  2 e 
1 j
 G(ej) = Y(ej)  e Y(ej)
19. Ans: (a) 2
 
Sol: H e j  e 2 j  e 3 j  g(n) = y(n) 
1
yn  1
2
|H(ej)| Put n = 1
HPF 1 1 1
 g(1) = y(1)  y (0)  
2 2 2
g(1) = 0

0  22. Ans: (c)
and it is FIR Filter because h(n) is finite Sol: H(ej) = 1–e–6j = 0 only when
duration. 6 = 2n (n = 1)


3
20.
2  f 
Sol: (1) x(n) = z0n , y(n) = z0n H(z0) 
9k 3
y(n) = (–2)n . H(–2) = 0
f = 1.5k
H(–2) = 0
23.
1 0.5
1  a. Sol: X(z)  ,z 2
1 1
Yz 
1 z 1  2z 1
(2) Hz    4
x(n) = –0.5 (2)n . u(–n–1)
Xz  1
x(0) = 0
1
1  z 1
2
24.
(a) H(–2) = 0 1 n even
9 Sol: x n   
a 0 n odd
8
 X(z) = 1 + z2 + z4+….
(b) y(n) = (1)n . H(1) 1

H(1) = –1/4 1  z 2
1 n 1
yn   1 
1  z 1  z 1 
1
4


x    Lt 1  z 1 Xz 
z1
 N0 = 8 m
N0 = 8 is the No. of samples per cycle
 Lt 1  z 1 
1
Yz  1 1  z  N 
z1 1  z 1  z 1 
1 
Xz  N  1  z 1 
1 N=8

2
1 1  z 8 
Yz   .Xz 
25. 8  1  z 1 
Sol: Final value theorem
(n )  (n  1)  (n  2)
(a) h (n ) 
10 z 1

y   Lt 1  z 1 Yz  
1 2
1 z  z z2  z  1
 18 11  zz 
8
H(z) =
10

10z 2 y   Lt 1  z 1
Z1
 1  Xz 
2 finite poles, 2 finite zeros  
(b) Given x(n) = u(n) 1  z 8
1 y   Lt Xz 
X(z)  Z1 8
1  z 1
y() = 0
Y(z) = H(z) X(z) 
1  z 1  z 2 
101  z 1 
y()  Lt 1  z 1 Y(z) 27. Ans: (c)
z 1
Sol: Yz   Hz .Xz 
1  z 1  z 2   1 

 Lt 1  z  1
10
  1  z 1  
A

1
z 1
  
 
1
1 z  1 1  1
1  z  1  z
111 3  3 
y() = 
10 10
z1

y   Lt 1  z 1 Y z  
26. Ans: (a) 3
A 0
Sol: The output of the sampling process is 2
x(nTs) = 2 + 5sin(100××n×Ts) 3
A
1 2
TS 
400
28. Ans: (c)
 1 
x n   2  5 sin 100    n    z  2z 2
 400  Sol: Hz  
2z 2  
 n  
x n   2  5 sin   , 0  
 4  4 Pole = 
2
2 2
N0  m m 
0   1  || < 2, any value of ‘’
4 2

29. 32. Ans: (a)

Sol: 1 1 z
Sol: Hz    
(a). An LTI system is stable if and only if ROC 2 2 z2
includes unit circle. Given stable system. So, ROC includes unit
0.5 < | z | < 2 circle. ROC is z  2
1 1 n
(b). For an LTI system to be causal & stable, all h n   n   2 u  n  1
the poles must lie inside the unit circle. 2 2
z = 2 is the pole lying outside the unit circle.
So it is not possible. 33. Ans: (c)
Sol: Poles z = 2j
(c). | z | > 3 |poles| = 2
| z | < 0.5 ROC = |z| < 2 because system is
stable (ROC includes unit circle).
0.5 < | z | < 2 In this case system is non-causal
2 < | z | < 3 are the four possible ROC’s
34. Ans: (c)

30. Ans: (d) z
Sol: H(z)  is a stable system because
1
 3 j  3  j  z
 z  e  z  e  2
4  4
Sol: Hz     1
4 pole z   is inside the unit circle.
z 2
3 The poles of H(z) should be inside the unit
Numerator order > denominator order circle for a stable system.
4  A is True but R is false.
so, anti-causal system & z  - stable
3
35. Ans: (c)

31. Ans: (d) z 2 1
Sol: H(z) 
Sol: Poles  1  0.5 z1 = 0  z = 0.5 (z  0.5) (z  0.5)
Zeros  1 2z1 = 0  z = 2 (1) The system is stable because poles
z =  0.5 are inside the unit circle.
If all zeros and poles are inside the unit (2) h (0)  Lt H(z)  1
circle [|z| = 1] then it is a minimum phase z 
system. fs
2 
2f 4
So given system is Non minimum phase (3)   
fs fs 2
system if all poles are inside unit circle then
we can say system is causal and stable. So e 2 j  1 
H ( e j )  j j
at    0
given system is stable. (e  0.5)(e  0.5) 2

36. Ans: (c) No. of delays = 6

Sol: A causal LTI system is stable if and only if Direct Form – II
all of poles of H(z) lie inside the unit circle.
So, Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is  
X[n]
false. P0
Z1
37. Ans: (b)
z3  2 z2  z N(z)  
Sol: H(z)   0 P1
1 1 D( z )
z2  z  Z1
4 8
As N(z) is of higher order than D(z), the  
0 0
system is not causal, as (n + 1) is one of
the terms in the output for the input (n). Z1
If the N(z) is of lower order than the
denominator, the system 
(i) may be causal or d3 P3
(ii) may not be causal as it depends upon the
ROC of the given H(z). No. of delay’s = 3
So, Both Statement I and Statement II are
individually true but Statement II is not the 40.
correct explanation of Statement I
Sol: y(n) = x(n –1)  Y(z) = z–1 X(z)
38. Ans: (a)
Sol: Both Statement I and Statement II are H(z) = z–1 = H1(z) H2(z)
individually true and Statement II is the
1  0.6z 1 
correct explanation of Statement I H 2 z   z 1  1 
 1  0 .4 z 
39. Ans: (b)
P0  P1 Z 1  P3 Z 3
Sol: HZ   41. Ans: (a)
1  d 3 Z 3
1
Direct Form – I Sol: Hz   ----- (1)
1  0.7z  0.13z  2
1
  y(n)
x(n) P0 From the given plot
a0
Z1 Z1 Hz   ------- (2)
1  a 1z  a 2 z  2
1
 
P1 0 By comparing (1) & (2)
Z1 Z1
a0 = 1, a1 = 0.7, a2 = –0.13
 
0 0
42.
Z1 Z 1
1
Sol: Hz  
 
1  az 1
P3 d3 h(n) = (a)nu(n)

 46. Ans: (a)

 h (n)   stable
n  
Sol: 1 – k[z–1 + z–2] = 0
=  unstable z2 – zk – k = 0

1

n 0
(a ) n 
1 a
, a 1
z1, 2 =
 k  k 2  4k
2
= , |a|  1
For b, c, d cases system transit from stable For causal & stable poles < 1
to unstable system.
1  5 1  2.236
k = 1  z1,2 = 
43. 2 2
Sol: From signal flow graph
(outside the unit circle)
k
1  z 1
Hz   4 2  12
k 1 k = 2  z1,2 = 1 3
1 z 2
3
= 1 1.732
k
Pole = 1
3 outside the unit circle
|k| < 3 Here k = [–1, 1/2]
47.
44. Ans: (c)
Sol: From signal below graph reduction  0.54  z 1
Sol: H(z) 
1  0.54z 1
2  z 1
Hz  
1  2z 1 1 1 y(n)
x(n) d  
2z  1

z2
z–1
45. Ans: (b)
2e j  1
 
Sol: H e j 
e j  2 b c
|H(ej0)| = 1 From the above block diagram
d  dcz 1
|H(ej/2)| = 1 H(z) =
1  bz 1
|H(ej)| = 1 By comparing
1
d = –0.54, c = – , b = 0.54
So, All pass filter 0.54

Chapter
8
Digital Filter Design
01. 1
Sol: H(z) |z1 1.98
1.98
1  1 
(a) H(s)  1.57 
s2  1.98 
1 1 H(z) 
H(s)   H(z)   aTS 1 1  0.208z 1
sa 1 e z
1 1 05.
Where TS  
Fs 2 Sol:
a=2 (a) H(z)  H(s) S 2  1z 1 
1 z T  1 z 1 
H ( z)  1 1

1 e z z  e 1 1 1
(b) h(t) = e–2t.u(t) T 
Fs 2
n
h(nTs) = e–2nTs u(nTs) = e n .u  H(z)  H(s) S 4 1 z 1 
2 1
 1 z 
1 1 3
    H(z) 
1 2 2
  
2
(c) Y(s)  H(s).X(s)   1  z 1    1  z 1  
s(s  2) s s2 4 1    34  1  
3
 1  z    1  z  
1

y( t )  1  e 2 t .u ( t )
2
 
3 1  z 1  2
H(z) 
1
 n
y(nTS )  1  e  n .u     2
16 1  z 1  12 1  z  2  3 1  z 1    2
2 2
(b) Gain of H(s) at  = 3 is
04. 3
1 1
H( j) 
Sol: H (s)   H(z)  ( j)  3 j  3
2
sa
1
1  e aTS z 3
fs = 200 Hz , fc = 50 Hz H( j) 
(3  2 ) 2  (3) 2
2f c 
c   3 3
fs 2 H( j) 3  
s (3  9)  (6) 2 2
(6)  (6) 2
2
H(s)  H(s) s  3 3 1
s
c
1.57     2.828
1.57 72 6 2 2 2
H(s) 
s  1.57 Given f = 20 Hz
1.57 1.57 2  f 2  20 kHz 
H(z)  1.57 (1) 1
   
1 e z 1  0.208 z 1 fs 80 kHz 2
If we want to match the gains of H(s) at
3(1  e  j ) 2
s = 0 and H(z) at z = 1, the digital transfer H(e j ) 
function is extra multiplied by 16(1  e  j ) 2  12(1  e 2 j )  3(1  e  j ) 2

3(1  j) 2  10 0.1( 40 )  1   10 4  1 
H ( e j )   log   log  
 16(1  j) 2  12(2)  3(1  j) 2  1   10  1 
0.1 (1) 0.1
 10
2
N 

3(2 j)

 6j
16(2 j)  24  3(2 j) 26 j  24
log 3  log 3  

 9999 
 
j 6 6 log  
H (e )  2
  0.169  1.258  log 7948.33
35.38 N 
(26)  (24)
   
2 2
log 3 log 3
log89.15
06. N
Sol: log1.732 
s 1.950
(a) H(s)  N
s  s 12 0.238
j j N  8.19
H( j)   N=9
   j  1 1   2  j 
2
 Tchebyshew filter:
H( j) 
2

1  2  2   10 0.1S  1 
1
cosh  0.1  P 
 |H(j)|  10
  1 
0 0 N
 
 0 cosh 1  S 
Band pass filter  P 
cosh 1 89.15 5.183
N 
07. cosh 1 1.732 1.146
Sol: p = 1 db , fp = 4 kHz N  4.52
s = 40 db , fs = 6 kHz N=5
FS = 24 kHz
Butter worth filter : 08.
 10 0.1S  1  Sol: p = 0.5 db, fp = 1.2 kHz
log  0.1  P  s = 40 db, fs = 2 kHz
 10  1 
(1) order N  FS = 8 kHz
 
log  S  Butter worth filter:
 P  2f p 2  1.2 3
2  f p 2  4  P   
p    Fs 8 10
Fs 24 3 2f p 2  2 
2   f s 2  6  S   
s    FS 8 2
Fs 24 2
 10 0.1S  1 
   log  
tan  S  tan    10
0.1  P
 1 
S  2  4  1  3 N

P    1  
tan  P  tan  log  S 
 2  6 3  P 

   3   10 6  1 
tan P  tan  cosh 1  0.1 
S  2   20   0.509 10  1
 N
P  
tan S  tan 
 cosh 1.202
1
 2  4 15.85
N  25.36
 10 0.1( 40 )  1  0.625
log   N = 26
 10

0.1 (1)
 1 
N
log1.964  11.

3.949 1 j
N Sol: z1  e 3
0.293 2
N  13.47 1 j

N = 14 z 2  z1*  e 3
2

j
Tchebyshew filter: z3  z 1
 2e 3
1
 10 0.1S  1  
 z 
j
cosh 1  0.1  P  z4 * 1
 2e 3
 10  1  1
N
  12. Ans: (a)
cosh 1  S 
 P  Sol: H(z) = [ 1+ 2z–1+2 z–2] G(z)
Liner FIR has symmetry (or) anti symmetry
cosh 1 8911 9.788 So, G(z) = 3 + 2z–1 + z–2
N 
cosh 1 1.964 1.295 H(z) = [1+ 2z–1+2 z–2] [3 + 2z–1 + z–2]
N  7.55 = 3+8z–1+10 z–2+8z–3+3z–4
N=8 13.
Sol: (a) H(z)  1  z 2
09. H (z) z 1  2 Band stop filter type – I
Sol:
p = 1 db, p = 0.3 H ( z ) z  1  2
s = 60 db, s = 0.35
(b) H(z) = 1+ 2z–1 + 2 z–2 + z–3
Butter worth filter: H(z) z 1  6 low pass filter type – II
H ( z ) z  1  0
 10 0.1S  1 
1
cosh  0.1 P 
10  1
order N  (c) H(z) = 1– z–2
  H(z) z 1  0 Band pass filter type – III
cosh 1  S 
 P  H ( z ) z  1  0
 0.35 
tan 
S  2  0.612 (d) H(z) = –1+ 2z–1 – 2 z–2 + z–3
   1.202
P  0.3  0.509 H(z) z 1  0 High pass filter of type-IV
tan 
 2  H(z) z1  6

14.
Sol: (a) h(n) = [ 2, –3, 4, 1, 4, –3, 2 ]
(b) h(n) = [ 2, –3, 4, 1, 1, 4, –3, 2 ]
(c) h(n) = [ 2, –3, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, – 2 ]
(d) h(n) = [ 2, –3, 4, 1, –1, –4, 3, –2 ]
16.
 
4 sin (n  3)
1 4
2 
Sol: h d (n )  e 3 j .e jn d 
(n  3)

4
n hd(n)  2n  H(n) =

( n )  0.54  0.48 cos 
 6  hd(n).(n)
0 0.075 0.08 a = 610–3
1 0.159 0.31 b = 0.049
3 1/4 1 c = 0.173
4 0.225 0.77 d = 0.25
5 0.159 0.31 c = 0.173
6 0.075 0.08 b = 0.049
a = 610–3
6
H(z)   h (n )z 4
n 0
= a[1+z–6]+ b[z–1+z–5]+ c[z–2+ z–4]+ dz–3

Chapter
9 DFT & FFT
01. Given condition is x(n) = x(N 1n)
FS 10  10 3
n = 0  x(0) = x(N1)
Sol: F  
N 1024 n = 1  x(1) = x(N2)
02. From given condition, x(0), x(N1) cancel
1 1 1 1  0  6  each other.
1  j  1 j  1   2  2 j
x(1), x(N2) cancel each other. Finally all
Sol:      
1  1 1  1 2  2  the terms vanishes and becomes zero.
    
1 j  1  j 3   2  2 j 04.
Xk   6,  2  2 j, 2,  2  2 j Sol: x(n) = {6, 5, 4, 3}
03. a. x([n–2])4 = {4, 3, 6, 5}
2
N 1  j nk b. x([n+1])4 = {5, 4, 3, 6}
Sol: i) XK    x n e N
n 0 c. x([–n])4 = {6, 3, 4, 5}
N 1
X0   x n  05.
n 0 Sol: If x(n) is real X(k) = X*(N–k)
Given x(n) = x(N1n) X(5) = X*(3) = 0.125 + j0.0518
n = 0  x(0) =  x(N1) X(6) = X*(2) = 0
n = 1  x(1) =  x(N2)
X(7) = X*(1) = 0.125 + j0.3018
X(0) = x(0) + x(1) +…..+ x(N–3)
+ x(N2) + x(N1) 06. Ans: (a)
From the given condition x(0) and Sol: [ p q r s] = [a b c d] N [a b c d]
x(N1) Cancel each other. In the same way DFT of [p q r s] = [   ]. [     ]
x(1) and x(N2) cancel each other.
DFT of [ p q r s] = [2 2 2 2]
So finally all the terms will cancel and
becomes zero.
07.
ii) x(n) = x(N1n)
Sol: (a) X0   x n   3
5
N 1 2 N
N j . n
X    x n e
n 0
N 2
 2  n 0 (b) Nx(0) = 61 = 6

N 1
(c)   1 n x n   21
5
  x n e jn
n 0 n 0
5 2
(d) N  x (n )   546
N 1
  x n  1
n
n 0
 n 0 
 x 0   x 1  x 2   .....  x N  3  x N  2   x N  1 (e) Nx(3) = 6 (–4) = –24

08. Ans: (a) N 1

Q 0  X0    x n 
Sol: X(k) = X*(N–k) n 0
X(1) = X*(5) = 1 + j1 5
X(4) = X*(2) = 2 – j2   x n   4  3  2  1  10
n 0
1 5 18
x (0)   X(k )  3 5  j 2 n ( 2 )
6 k 0 6 Q1  X 2   x n . e 6
n 0
 j2 
09. 5
  x n  e
n
3
Sol: n 0
(i) According to given signals we can say  j2   j4 
x2 (n) = x1 ( n 4)  x 0  x 1 e 3
 x 2  e 3
 x 3 e  j2 
2
X 2 K   X 1 K  e  j .4K 1 3 1 j 3 
8  4  3  j   2    1
X 2 K   e  jK X 1 K  2 2  2 2 
X 2 K    1 X1 K  3 j3 3 2j 3
K
4   1 1
2 2 2 2
j
(ii) Yk   e
4k
6
5 3
y(n) = x((n–4))6 = {2, 1, 0, 0, 4, 3} Q1   j
2 2
5  j 2 n  4 
10. Q 2  X4   x n  e 6
N 1 2 n 0
1
Sol: x(n) =  X ( k )e
N k 0
j N nk
, n = 0 to N – 1 5
  x n  e
 j 4 n
3
n 0
11.  j4   j8 
f s 20  10 3
Q 2  x 0   x 1 e 3
 x 2  e 3
Sol: (a) f =   20  j 4  ( 3)
N 103
 x 3 e 3
(b) For k = 150, f = 20150 = 3kHz
For k = 800, f = (16 – 20) kHz = –4 kHz 1 j 3  1 j 3 
 4  3  2    x 3.(1)
2 2  2 2 
12. Ans: (a)
3 j 3 (3) 2
Sol: Q(K) – 3 point DFT  4  1  j 3 1
j 2 nK
2 2 2
1 N 1
q n    Q(K )e N
5 3
N K 0   j
2 2
n=0
1 2 Q 0  Q 1  Q 2  5 3 5 3
q 0   QK   10   j  j
3 K 0 3 q 0  2 2 2 2  15  5
Q(0) = X(0), Q(1) = X(2), Q(2) = X(4) 3 3

13. From (1) and (2)

7 A = –5, B = –2
Sol: X(0)   x (n )  A  B  27  20
n 0
A+B = –7 ------(1) 14. Ans: 3

7 Sol: X(k) = k +1 for 0  k  7 → 8pt DFT of
X(4)   (1) n x (n )
n 0 x(n)
X(4)  A  2  3  4  5  6  7  B  0 Using Signal Flow Graph of IDFT based
on inverse radix-2 DIT-FFT
A–B = –3-------(2)
6 16 1/8 36
X(0)=1 x ( 0) 
8
8 20 1/8 4
X(1)=2 x (4) 
0
–1 8
10 –4 W  1
8
1/8  4  4j
X(2)=3 x ( 2) 
–1 2 8
12 –4 W  j
8
1/8  4  4j
X(3)=4 x ( 6) 
–1 –1 8
–4
X(4)=5 –1
–4
X(5)=6 –1
–4
X(6)=7 –1 –1
–4
X(7)=8 –1 –1
3
36  4  4  4 j  4  4 j 24
Value of  x (2n )  x (0)  x (2)  x (4)  x (6) 
n 0 8

8
3
OR
X(k) = k +1 0  k  7
N N
2 1 2 1 2
N 1 j nk 2 j (2n )k 2 j ( 2 n 1) k
X ( k )   x ( n )e N
X ( k )   x ( 2n )e N
  x (2n  1)e N
n 0 n 0 n 0
N N
1 2 2  2 1 2
2 j (2n )k j k j (2n )k
X ( k )   x ( 2n )e N
e N
 x (2n  1)e N
n 0 n 0
Given N = 8
3 2  2
j (2n )k j k 3 j (2n )k
X ( k )   x ( 2n )e 8
e 4
 x(2n  1)e 8
n 0 n 0

3 3
X (0)   x (2n )   x (2n  1)
n 0 n 0
3 3
X ( 4)   x ( 2n )e  j2 n  e  j  x (2n  1)e  j2 n
n 0 n 0
3 3
X (4)   x (2n )  x ( 2n  1)
n 0 n 0
3
16. Ans: (a)
X(0) + X(4) = 2  x (2n )
n 0
Sol: W(k) = X(k).Y(k) = [176, 12+4j, 0, 12-4j]
3
X (0)  X (4) 1  5 6
 x (2n ) 
n 0 2

2

2 w 2 
1 3
  1 .W k  
k 152
 38
N k 0 4
=3
18.
15. Ans: (a) Sol: fm = 100 Hz
Sol: (A) For 8 point DFT , value at fs = 200 Hz
n = 9 means value at n = 1 f  0.5 Hz
we know fs
(a) DFT f =
 2  N
1 N 1 j  Kn
x n    XK e  N  fs 200
N K 0 N= =  400
f 0.5
 2 
1 7 j  K .1
(b) radix – 2FFT
 X K e  N 
 x 1
8 K 0 N = 29 = 512 samples (at N = 400)
200
f = = 0.39 Hz
(B) W(K) = X(K) + X(K + 4) 512
 N
W(K) = X(K) + X  K  
 2 19.
Sol:
w n   x n    1 x n 
n
f1 = 25, f2 = 100, fs = 800Hz
(a) N = 100 samples
f 800
(C) Y(K) = 2 X(K) K = 0, 2, 4, 6 f = s = = 8Hz
N 8
=0 K = 1, 3, 5, 7 25
25Hz corresponding to = 3.125
 Y(K) = X(K) + (1)KX(K) 8
100
 N 100 Hz corresponding to = 12.5
 y(n) = x(n) + x  n   8
 2
Both frequencies are not relating.

(b) N = 128 22.

800 Sol:
f = = 6.25Hz
128 (a) t = 1s
25 N = 1024, total time to perform
25Hz  =4 multiplication using DFT directly
6.25
100 = (1024)2 1s = 1.05 sec
100 Hz  = 16 N 
6.25 (b) by FFT, T =  log 2 N  1s
2 
20. 1024 
=  log 2 1024 1s
Sol: X(K) = [1,–2,1–j,j2,0,---]  2 
(a) X(K) = X*(N–K) = 5.12 msec
X(5) = X*(8–5) = X*(3) = –j2
X(6) = X*(2) = 1+j 23. Ans: 61.44 ms
X(7) = X*(1) = –2 fs
Sol: fs = 10 kHz, N = 1024, f =
N
(b) y(n) = (–1)n x(n)
Y(K) = X(K–4) last four sample will shifted Over all time required for processing the
to beginning N 1024
n entire data = = = 102.4 msec
(c) g(n) = x   f s 10  103
2
Zero interpolation in time domain Complex multiplications = 4 times real
corresponds to replication of the DFT multiplications
spectrum
With a radix - 2 FFT, the number of
21. Ans: 6 complex multiplications for a 1024 point
Sol: Interpolation in time domain equal to
replication in frequency domain. DFT is approximately 512log21024 = 5120.
n
x1 n   x   this means we have to perform 51204 =
3
20480 real multiplications for the DFT and
X1(k) = [12, 2j, 0, –2j, 12, 2j, 0, –2j, 12, 2j, the same number of for IDFT. With 1s
0, –2j] per multiplication, this will take
t = 22048010–6 = 40.96 ms.
X1(8) = 12, X1(11) = –2j The time remaining after DFT and IDFT is
X1 8 12 102.4 – 40.96 = 61.44 ms.
 6
X1 11  2 j


Signals Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Signals Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter

= 0 other wise 06.

07. Energy of the secondary signal

(ii) Ans: (a)

(e) It is extending from 0 to  ------ 1 1 1 ------

(j) multiplication of one periodic & N0 = LCM  N1 = 4

(b) sin x 1 t   x 2 t   sin x 1 t   sinx 2 t  13.

equation then it is dynamic. (j) x(n) = 1  y(n) = n – n0 + 1  y() = 

So, non invertible

1 z 1 z 24. Ans: (a)

23. Ans: (d)

Impulse response h(n) has only two finite

x() h(t-) 1/2

Case (i) t < 0 y(t) = 0 Sol: st    h d  u t  1  u t  3

[From product property]

(b) Ans: (c) 14. Ans: (d)

0 t x(n) =  (n–2) = 1 n=2

except    and || < 1, except  = 0 25. Ans: (a)

x(n) = nu(n) sc(t) = s( t ) * s 2 ( t )

 h c ()d   h1 () d* h 2 ()

08. Ans: (a) 2 

09. Ans: (a) d1  a12  b12  5

(c) f0 = 10 Hz = A0 + An cos(n0t + n)

So, Unit of X(f) is volt-sec (or) volt/Hz

17. Ans: (b) dx t  1 

-3 -1 1 3 Apply duality property

Sol: Output of multiplier

1 (a). y1 t   x t  1  Y1   e  j X

(b). h(t) = u(t)  u(t2)  

Taking inverse fourier transform Sol: e  t  e  f

4  2 n 100 4.605 2.302

38. Ans: (c) 42.

(a). X()+e–j.X() no change in frequency axis 54. Ans: (d)

fm = 2.5kHz, (fs)min = 2fm= 5kHz  Cn = 0 for n = 3, 6, 9 …..

Cn 0 for n = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10……

  61. Ans: (c)

Y() = –2j 0 <  < 2 65. Ans: (c)

16. Ans: (b)

20. Ans: (d) x(t) = 8 cos 2t, 0 = 2

Given that input is a1sin(1t + 1) and 28.

 the output  H3 × input 31. Ans: –2.19

then output is y(n )  e j 0 n .H e j 0   x(n) = 1+4cosn

(a) |H(ej)| = (1+ cos )2 + sin2 () 1 1  j 1  2 j

  n   25. Ans: (d)

n n  g(n) = h(n) * h(n)

24. g(n) ranges from n = 2 to n=2

(c).  Xe d = 2x(0) = 4

FS = 2fm 28. Ans: 2.25 kHz

exists only when |a| < |b2| 1 9

(b)  <  Z.T is exist 2 9

05. Ans: (c)  x (n ) y (n )  0

08. Ans: r = –1/2 10.

18. Ans: (a) 21. Ans: (a)

29. 32. Ans: (a)

34. Ans: (c)

35. Ans: (c)

36. Ans: (c) No. of delays = 6

 46. Ans: (a)

n hd(n)  2n  H(n) =

 2  n 0 (b) Nx(0) = 61 = 6

08. Ans: (a) N 1

13. From (1) and (2)

A+B = –7 ------(1) 14. Ans: 3

(b) N = 128 22.