Optical Design with Zemax

for PhD

Lecture 12: Physical Optics

2016-03-23
Herbert Gross

Winter term 2015 www.iap.uni-jena.de

 2

Preliminary Schedule

No Date Subject Detailed content

1 11.11. Introduction
2 02.12. Basic Zemax handling
3 09.12. Properties of optical systems
4 16.12. Aberrations I
5 06.01. Aberrations II
6 13.01. Optimization I
7 20.01. Optimization II
8 27.01. Advanced handling
9 03.02. Correction I
Zemax interface, menus, file handling, system description, editors, preferences,
updates, system reports, coordinate systems, aperture, field, wavelength, layouts,
raytrace, diameters, stop and pupil, solves, ray fans, paraxial optics
surface types, quick focus, catalogs, vignetting, footprints, system insertion, scaling,
component reversal
aspheres, gradient media, gratings and diffractive surfaces, special types of
surfaces, telecentricity, ray aiming, afocal systems
representations, spot, Seidel, transverse aberration curves, Zernike wave
aberrations
PSF, MTF, ESF
algorithms, merit function, variables, pick up’s
methodology, correction process, special requirements, examples
slider, universal plot, I/O of data, material index fit, multi configuration, macro
language
simple and medium examples

10 10.02. Correction II advanced examples

11 02.03. Illumination simple illumination calculations, non-sequential option

12 23.03. Physical optical modelling Gaussian beams, POP propagation

13 ?? Tolerancing Sensitivities, Tolerancing, Adjustment

Content

 Gaussian beams
 Gauss-Schell beams
 Non-fundamental modes
 Propagation methods
 Numerical issues
 POP in Zemax
 POlarization in Zemax
 Scattering in Zemax
Gaussian Beams, Transverse Beam Profile

 Transverse beam profile is gaussian r

2
2 
 Beam radius w at 13.5% intensity
I (r)  I o e  w

I(r) / I0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.589
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.135
1.5
0.011 r/w
-2 -1 0 1 2
Gaussian Beams

 Expansion of the intensity distribution around the waist I(r,z)

R(z)
w(z)

wo
o
zo
z

hyperbolic asymptotic
caustic curve lines
Geometry of Gaussian Beams

r/w
4 o

2 waist
asymptotic w(z)
far field 1 o
z / zo
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

intensity
-3 13.5 %

-4
Gaussian Beams, Definitions and Parameter

 Paraxial TEM00 fundamental mode 2r 2


  
2
 Transverse intensity is gaussian z  zT
wo2 1    
 Axial isophotes are hyperbolic 2P   zo  
I (r , z )  e  
 zz 
2

 w 1  
2
o
T
 
  zo  
2
 Beam radius at 13.5% intensity  z  zT 
w( z )  w0  1   
 zo 
 Only 2 independent beam parameter of the set:
1. waist radius wo
2. far field divergence angle o
3. Rayleigh range zo
4. Wavelength o
0  0 z0
 Relations wo  z0 0  
 o 
Transform of Gaussian Beams
 Diffraction effects are taken into account
 Geometrical prediction corrected in the waist region
 No singulare focal point: waist with finite width
 Focal shift: waist located towards the system, intra focal shift
 Transform of paraxial beam z'T / f

propagation 6
geometrical
limit zo / f = 0
5
zo / f = 0.1
1 1 1 1 4
  
zT   f
zo / f = 0.2
zT' zo2 3

1 z  f  z  2
zo / f = 0.5

 T T 
zo / f = 1
zo / f = 2
1
zT / f
0

-1

-2

-3

-4
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Transform of Gaussian Beam

 Transfer of a Gaussian beam by a paraxial ABCD system

starting receiving
plane plane

w'

w
 A B z
 
R
 C D
incoming R'
Gaussian beam outgoing
Gaussian beam

paraxial
segment

2
B   B 
2

 A    
 B  
2
B
2  R   w2 
w'  w     A   R' 
 w   R
2
2
 B  D  B 
 A  C    D  
 R  R   w2 
Gaussian Beam Propagation

 Paraxial transform of
a beam

 Intensity I(x,z)
2
 r 
 2 
2P e
I (r , z )   w( z ) 
 w2 ( z )

intensity I
[a.u.]

1
8
0.5 6
4
0 2
0
-2 -2
0 -4
-6
2
-8
x
Gauß-Schell Beam: Definition

 Partial coherent beams: 2

1  r1 r2 
1. intensity profile gaussian   

(r1 r2 , z  0 )  e
2  Lc 
2. Coherence function gaussian

 Extension of gaussian beams with similar description

 Additional parameter: lateral coherence length Lc

1

 Normalized degree of coherence   2  2

 wo 
  1   

  Lc  
2
1 w 
 Beam quality depends on coherence M 2   1   o 
  Lc 

 Approximate model do characterize multimode beams

Gauß-Schell Beams

w / wo
 Due to the additional parameter:
Waist radius and divergence angle are 4

independent
3
 0.25

1. Fixed divergence: 2
 0.50
waist radius decreases with
1
growing coherence  1.0

0 z / zo
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

w / wo

4
 0.25  0.50

2. Fixed waist radius:

2
divergence angle decreases with
 1.0
growing coherence 1

0 z / zo
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Gauß-Schell Beam Transform

 Similiar to gaussian beam propagation

1 1 1 1
  
zT' zT  zo2  f s'/f'
1  z   f  z 
 T T 
 = 0 geometrical
 Smooth transition between: optic

1. coherent gaussian beam 0 <  < 1 Gauss-

Schell beams
=1
 = 1 Gaussian
2. incoherent geometrical beams

optic  = 0 1

1
s/f
Hermite Gaussian Modes

m=5

m=4

m=3

m=2

m=1

m=0

n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

Truncated Gaussian Beams

 Untruncated gaussian beam: theoretical infinite extension

Real world: diameter D = 2a = 3w with 1% energy loss acceptable
 Truncation: diffraction ripple occur, depending on ratio x = a / wo

Log |A|
0
10

-2
10

a/wo = 1
-4
10
a/wo = 2
-6
10 a/wo = 3

-8
10

-10
a/wo = 4
10

10
-12
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Gaussian Beam with Spherical Aberration

 Focussed Gaussian beam with spherical aberration

 Asymmetry intra - extra focal
depending on sign of spherical aberration
Gaussian profile perturbed

c9 = 0

c9 = 0.25 

c9 = -0.25 
Solution Methods of the Maxwell Equations

Maxwell-
equations

direct
diffraction spectral
solutions of
integrals methods
the PDE
exact/ 1st 2nd
numerical approximation approximation

finite element Kirchhoff- asymptotic mode finite

method integral approximation expansion elements

boundary Rayleigh-
Fresnel plane wave finite
element Sommerfeld
approximation spectrum differences
method 1st kind

Rayleigh-
hybrid method Fraunhofer vector
Sommerfeld
BEM + FEM approximation potentials
2nd kind

Debye boundary
approximation edge wave
Wave Optical Coherent Beam Propagation

Method Calculation Properties / Applications

 
i k r r '
Kirchhoff  i  e Small Fresnel numbers,
diffraction integral
E( r )  
 FAP
E( r ' )   dF
r  r' Numerical computation slow
Fourier method of
plane waves 
EI  I ( x' )  Fˆ 1 ei zv Fˆ E ( x)
2
 Large Fresnel numbers
Fast algorithm
Split step beam Wave equation: derivatives approximated Near field
propagation  2E E 2 2  n ( x, y ) 
2
Complex boundary geometries
 2  2ik   Ek   1 E
z z  no
2
 Nonlinear effects
Raytracing Ray line law of refraction System components with a aberrations
   n Materials with index profile
rj  rj 1   j  s j sin i '  sin i
n'
Coherent mode Field expansion into modes Smooth intensity profiles
expansion E ( x) cn n ( x) cn  E ( x) n* ( x)dx Fibers and waveguides
n

Incoherent mode Intensity expansion into coherent modes Partial coherent sources
I ( x) cn n ( x)
2
expansion
n
Sampling of the Diffraction Integral

 Oscillating exponent :
Fourier transform reduces on 2- phase
period 50
 Most critical sampling usually quadratic
phase
at boundary defines number 40
of sampling points
 Steep phase gradients define the
30
sampling
 High order aberrations are a
problem 20

wrapped
10
phase
2

0 x
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
smallest sampling
intervall
Sampling of the Diffraction Integral

 Wave with spherical aberration

 Real part of the electric field for different
values of defocussing Re[ U ] c9 = 3
 Optimal defocussing means minimal a
1

slope of the difference between 0.5  = c9(6x4)

wavefront and reference sphere
0
 In optimal defocussing the sampling
requirements are strongly reduced -0.5

 The important measure is not the -1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r
absolut aberration value, but the b 1

slope
0.5  = c9(6x4-6x2)

-0.5

-1
r
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

c 1

0.5  = c9(6x4-9x2)

-0.5

-1
r
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
 Propagation by Plane / Spherical Waves

 Expansion field in simple-to-propagate waves

 1. Spherical waves 2. Plane waves

Huygens principle spectral representation

 e
 
ik r  r '
 

 

E (r ' )  Fˆxy1 eik z z  Fˆxy E (r )
E (r ' )      E (r ) d 2 r
r  r' x' x'

x x

eikr
r eikz z

E(x) E(x)
z z
Fresnel Propagation with Equivalence Transform

 i
Kirchhoff diffraction integral in Fresnel approximation a   x ' x 2
E ( x' )  C   E ( x) e z
dx
a
 Fourier transform: plan wave expansion
z
 Equivalent form ik i (M 1) 2
 i z vx2  x 
i (1 M ) 2
e M 
 Mz
x'
ˆ 1 ˆ

z 
EO O ( x' )  e F e M
F  E ( x)  e 
M    
 Curvature removed
 Calculation in spherical coordinates

x x' observation
R<0 plane 2

R'<0

z1 focus

z2
starting
plane

observation R2'>0
plane 1
x''
Optimal Conditioning of the Fresnel-Propagator

 Four different cases of propagation in a caustic

 Starting plane / final plane inside/outside the focal region
 Flattening transform only necessary outside focal range

y
R<0

outside waist region: waist

strong curvature plane
R>0
inside waist region:
weak curvature

case 1 : I - I
case 2 : O - I case 3 : I - O
case 42 : O - O
case 41 : O - O
Sampling and Phase Space

u
 Wave front with spherical curvature:
large angle interval to be sampled
 Quasi collimated beam: with
curvature
very small angle interval
plane
 Phase space consideration: x
smaller number of sampling points
necessary

xp Dumax << 1 f xs
Dumax large

radius of
curvatureR
Beam Propagation in Zemax

 Setting of initial beam and

sampling parameters
Beam Propagation in Zemax

 Individual control of parameters

at every surface

 Model of calculation:
1. propagator from surface to
surface
2. estimation of sampling by pilot
gaussian beam
3. mostly Fresnel propagator with
near-far-selection
4. re-sampling possible
5. polarization, finite transmission,...
possible
Beam Propagation in Zemax
 Example:
Focussing of a tophat beam with
one-sided truncation
Polarization in Zemax

 Model:
1. definition of a starting polarization
2. every ray carries a Jones vector of polarization, therefore a spatial variation of polarization
is obtained.
3. at any interface, the field is decomposed into s- and p-component in the local system
4. changes of the polarization component due to Fresnel formulas or coatings:
- amplitude, diattenuation
- phase, retardance

 Spatial variations of the polarization phase accross the pupil are aberrations,
the interference is influenced and Psf, MTF, Strehl,... are changed
Polarization in Zemax

 Starting polarization

 Polarization influences:
1. surfaces, by Fresnel formulas or coatings
' 
2. direct input of Jones matrix surfaces with E  J E

 E 'x   A B   Ex 
     
 E '  C D    E 
 y    y
 Are  i  Aim Bre  i  Bim   Ex 
     
 Cre  i  Cim Dre  i  Dim   E y 
Polarization in Zemax

 Analysis of system polarization:

1. pupil map shows the spatial variant
polarization ellipse

2. The transmission fan shows the variation of

the transmission with the pupil height

3. the transmission table showes the mean

values of every surface
Polarization in Zemax

 Single ray polarization raytrace:

detailed numbers of
- angles
- field components
- transmission
- reflection
at all surfaces
Polarization in Zemax

 Detailed polarization analyses are possible at the individual surfaces by using the coating
menue options
 33

Scattering in Zemax

 Definition of scattering at every surface

in the surface properties of sequential mode
 Possible options:
1. Lambertian scattering indicatrix
2. Gaussian scattering function
3. ABg scattering function
4. BSDF scattering function (table)
5. User defined
 More complex problems only make sense in
the non-sequential mode of Zemax,
here also non-optical surfaces (mechanics) can be included
 Surface and volume scattering possible
 Optional ray-splitting possible
 Relative fraction of scattering light can be specified
 34

Scattering in Zemax

 Definition of scattering at every surface

in the surface properties of non-sequential mode
 Options:
1. Scatter model
2. Surface list for important sampling
3. Bulk scattering parameters
 35

Scattering in Zemax

 Definition of scattering at a surface

in the non-sequential mode
1. selection of scatter model
2. for some models:
to be fixed:
- fraction of scattering
- parameter s
- number of scattered rays for ray splitting
Scattering Functions in Zemax

 Surface scattering:
Projection of the scattered ray on the surface, difference to the specular ray: x

 Lambertian scattering: FBSDF ( x)  A

isotropic 2
x

 Gaussian scattering FBSDF ( x)  A  e s2

A
 ABg model scatter FBSDF ( x) 
B x
g

 BSDF by table

 Volume scattering: Angle scattering description by probability P

 Henyey-Greenstein volume scattering

(biological tissue model) 1 g2
P( ) 

4  1  g 2  2 g cos 
3/ 2

 Rayleigh scattering

P( ) 
3
8 4
1  cos 2
 
 37

Scattering Tables in Zemax

 Data file with scattering functions: ABg-data.dat
 File can be edited
 38

Scattering Input and Viewing in Zemax

 Tools / Scatter / ABg Scatter Data Catalogs

 Specification and definition of scattering
parameters for a new ABg-modell function:
wavelength, angle, A, B, g

 Analysis / Scatter viewers / Scatter Function Viewer

Graphical representation of the scattering function
 39

Scattering with Importance Sampling

 Acceleration of computational speed:

1. scatter to - option, simple
2. Importance sampling with energy normalization
 Importance sampling:
- fixation of a sequence of objects of interest
- only desired directins of rays are considered
- re-scaling of the considered solid angle
- per scattering object a maximum
of 6 target spheres can be
defined
 40

Bulk Scattering

 Definition of bulk scattering at the surface

menue
 Wavelength shift for fluorescence is possible
 Typically angle scattering is assumed
 Some DLL-model functions are supported:
1. Mie
2. Rayleigh
3. Henyey-Greenstein
 41

Scattering Example I

 Simple example: single focussing lens

 Gaussian scattering characteristic at
one surface

 Geometrical imaging of a bar pattern

 Image with / without Scattering
Scattering must be activated in settings

 Blurring increases with growing s-value

 42

Scattering Example II

 Example from samples with non-sequential mode

 Important sampling accelerates the calculation
 43

Scattering Bulk Example

 Volume scattering example

 Stokes shift is possible for fluorescence