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High Voltage Uncertainty

Example
Presented by the High Voltage Testing Techniques
Subcommittee (HVTT)
- of the -
IEEE PES Power Systems Instrumentation
and Measurements Committee
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Approved Measuring System

Calibration Uncertainty
• Uncertainties to be considered
• Discussion of relevant uncertainties
• Combine uncertainties
• Process applied to other measurements
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Approved Measuring System

Uncertainty Contributors
– Type A / Repeatability
– Reference Measurement System Uncertainties
– Linearity
– Short Term Stability
– Long Term Stability
– Proximity Effects
– Ambient Temperature Effects
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Type A / Repeatability
200 kV AC RMS Data as Scale Factor Values

Observations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9978.77 9960.85 9967.98 9970.58 9968.37 9970.91 9976.59 9964.93 9964.21 9976.19
*values as scale factor
1/2
 n 2 
=  ∑ (X 
1
Standard deviation of the uncorrected u (x i ) = ( i)
s X i ,k −X i ) 
 n (n − 1 )
mean as the standard uncertainty associated  k =1 
with the observations
1/2
 1 n 2

 10 (10 − 1 ) ∑
Values from above data entered u (x i ) = s (X i ) =  (309 . 53 ) 

 k =1 

u (x i ) = s (X ) = 1 . 85
Standard uncertainty of Type A (scale factor) i
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Reference Measuring System

Uncertainty
Type B Uncertainty contributor(s)
Manufacturer Type Test
Calibration Report

Reference Measuring System uncertainty 0.18%

with a confidence level of 95%

Scale factor S f = 10000

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Reference Measuring System

Uncertainty (cont)
• Uncertainty must be converted to scale factor units
and reduced to 1 Sigma
U (% )× S f 1
u (br ) = ×
100 kp

U (% )× S f 1
= ×
100 kp

0.18 × 10000 1
= ×
100 2.0

u (br ) = 9
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Linearity
Type B Contribution
1 5 Ri
u B1 = max −1
Voltage Ratio Mean 3 i =1 Rm
400.2 kV 10092 10008
425.2 kV 10007 10008
451.4 kV 9934 10008
1 5 10092.46
474.4 kV
499.3 kV
10004
10004
10008
10008
u B1 = max −1
3 i =1 10008
u B1 = 0.00487
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Dynamic Behavior
Type B Contribution

1 5 Fi
Frequency Ratio u B2 = max −1
60 Hz 9983.79 3 i =1 Fm
50 Hz 9983.72
70 Hz 9983.74
1 3 9983.72
uB 2 = max −1
3 i =1 9983.75

u B 2 = 0.0000023
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Short Term Stability

Type B Contribution

3 min 6 min 9 min 12 min 15 min

Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio
200 kV 9983.79 9983.91 9983.86 9983.82 9983.77

1 9983 . 91 1 F after
uB3 = −1 u B3 = −1
3 9983 . 79 3 F before

u B 3 = 0 . 0000069
• Note: Test performed multiple times and worst case used for Short Term Stability
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Long Term Stability

Type B Contribution

Date Voltage Ratio 1 Fnext

9/27/2010 200.0 kV 10019 u B4 = −1
9/9/2014 200.0 kV 10015
3 F previous

1 10019
uB 4 = −1
3 10015

u B 4 = 0.000231
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Ambient Temperature Effects

Type B Contribution
Temperature Ratio
35°C 9991.65 1 FT
u B5 = −1
11°C 9983.61 3 Fcal
Cal Temp 21°C 9983.79

1 9991.65
uB5 = −1
3 9983.79

u B 5 = 0.000455
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Proximity Effects
Type B Contribution

Ratio
1.5 height 10032.7
1 Fmax
1.0 height 10032.4 u B6 = −1
0.5 height 10024.8 3 Fmin

1 10032.7
uB6 = −1
3 10024.8

u B 6 = 0.000453
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Combination of Type A and Type B

Contributions
N
u F = kuc = 2 u + u + u 2
A
2
B1
2
B2 + ... + u 2
BN = 2 u + ∑u 2
A
2
Bi
i =1

u F = kuc = 2 u A2 + u Br
2
+ u B21 + u B2 2 + u B2 3 + u B2 4 + u B2 5 + u B2 6

u F = ku c = 2 1.85 2 + 9 2 + 0 .00487 2 + 0 .0000023 2 + 0 .0000069 2 + 0.000231 2 + 0.000455 2 + 0.000453 2

u F = kuc = 18.4
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Uncertainty Evaluation
• AC, DC, or Impulse measurement uncertainty
fundamentals are generally the same
• Determine contributor conditions, magnitude,
and parameters
• Evaluate per IEEE Std 4, Annex D and GUM
(as completed during calibration)
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Conclusion
• Informed assumptions and simplifications result
in uncertainty estimation with reasonable effort
• Use guidelines in Standard 4 & GUM
• Spreadsheet calculator (template) eases the
repetitive calculations, so the user only must
input uncertainty values for each measurement
of interest