FOR ACIDIC RADICALS

INDEPENDENT
RADICALS
SOLID SALT+DIL. H2SO4 SOLID SALT+ CONC. H2SO4+ WARM GENTLY IF REQUIRED

(1) colourless odourless gas with effervescence -------- CO32- (1) colourless gas with suffocating smell ----------- Cl -

(2) reddish brown gas --------- NO 2- (2) reddish brown gas turns starch paper yellow ----------- Br -

(3) gas with smell of rotten egg -------- S2- (3) violet vapours turn starch paper blue ----------- I -

(4) gas with smell of burning sulphur ------- SO32- (4) add copper chips, brown gas turns starch iodide paper blue ------ NO 3-

If salt does not react with dilute sulphuric acid then above radicals (5) colourless gas with vinegar smell ----- CH 3COO-
are absent then proceed to conc. sulphuric acid tests
(6) if above indications are not shown, proceed for oxalate anion confirmatory
tests

If all above anions are absent, proceed for independent radicals

CONFIRMATORY TESTS CONFIRMATORY TESTS CONFIRMATORY TESTS

CHLORIDE Cl -

CARBONATE CO32- (1) o.s. + dil. HNO3 + silver nitate ---- white ppt soluble in NH 4OH SULPHATE SO42-

(1) salt + dil. HCL + brisk effervescence ---- turns lime water milky (2) salt + MnO2+ conc. H2SO4 + heat ----- gas with pungent suffocating smell (1) o.s. + dil. HCL + BaCl2
turns starch iodide paper blue ------ White ppt

(3) salt + K2Cr2O7 powder + conc. H2SO4 + heat ---- red vapours evolve. Pass the (2) o.s. + dil. HCL + lead
red vapours through NaOH solution ---- yellow solution is Obtained, add to it
NITRITE NO2 - acetate -------- white ppt
acetic acid and lead acetate solution --- yellow ppt

(1) o.s. + acetic acid + FeSO4 solution ------ dark brown or black
Coloration
BROMIDE Br -

(2) o.s. + diphenylamine ----- deep blue coloration (1) o.s. + dil. HNO3 + boil + cool + silver nitrate solution ----- light yellow ppt
partially soluble in ammonium hydroxide
PHOSPHATE PO43-
(2) salt + MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 --- yellowish brown gas turns starch paper yellow
(1) salt+ conc. HNO3 + boil
SULPHIDE S 2-
+ ammonium molybidate
(3) o.s. + dil. HCL + CS2 + chlorine water + shake ---orange colour in CS2 layer
----- yellow ppt
(1) o.s. + acetic acid + lead acetate solution ----- black ppt
IODIDE I- (2) o.s. + dil. HCL +
(2) o.s. + cadmium carbonate ------- yellow ppt magnesia mixture -----
(1) o.s. + dil. HNO3 + silver nitrate ------ yellow ppt insoluble in NH 4OH
white ppt
(3) o.s.+ sodium nitroprusside solution ------ purple or violet
coloration (2) salt+ MnO2 + conc. H2SO4 ------- violet vapours turns starch paper blue

(3) o.s. + dil. HCL + CS2 + Cl2 water + shake ---- violet colour in CS2 layer

SULPHITE SO32- NITRATE NO3 -

(1) o.s. + barium chloride ------ white ppt (1) o.s. + FeSO4 solution + pour conc. H2SO4 along the sides of test tube ------ a
dark brown ring at the junction of two layers
(2) o.s. + K2Cr2O7 solution + dil. H2SO4 ---- green coloration
ACETATE CH3COO -

(1) salt + oxalic acid + few drops of water---rub in fingers -- vinegar smell

(2) salt + conc. H2SO4 + alcohol + boil + pour in a small plastic beaker full of tap
water ---- fruity smell

(3) o.s. + neutral ferric chloride + distilled water + boil ---reddish brown ppt

OXALATE C2O42-

(1) o.s. + acetic acid + CaCl2 -------- white ppt

(2) salt + dil. H2SO4 + warm + few drops of KMnO4 ---------- pink colour discharges