.

Experiment No. 8
T Sem
of Beer 's law for Normal Absorption.
Objective : Verification

required: Spectrophotometter
wavelength range 340
Apparatus
to 960 nm) sample holders (cuvettes),
different
standard solution (K,Cro,)of
concentrations.

TheorY
Subst ance, the
When a monochromatic light falls upo a

function of the
absorbed is
fract ion of the 1ight
length. So ií 1
substance and the path
Conce1tration of the

is the intensity
incident light and I
1s the intensity of the

transmitted 1ight, then

of the

(1
I = k 1
1n ln

where

1 path iength
characterist ic of the
constant
k proportionality

solute.
nature of ti1e absorbing

did states
known as Lanibert's aw
expression 1.s
The above

transmitted
of the
solute, the intensity
that for ä given
increases
as the path leiigth
Light de:reäses logarit.lhm icallY

arithmetically.

absorl» i n g , 5olute iln 1101

Beer found that 1or

COnCentraticn oi the
olvemt, increasing the
absorbing
*

absorber has the sane teL £ect as ilreasing l l e path leingL

Therefore, k C

k aC
of the absorbing
solut.e and a
concentration

wherec is the

a constant.

rewritten as
be
The Eqn.1 can

a lc
Log ,

as Beer's law.
This expression is known
the intensity
defined a s the ratio of
ansmitt.ance T is
The tr
the incident
to the intensity of
of the transmitted light

light
T

Therefore,
Relationship between
109 a l C
T and C

o ) alc

the s o l u t e is defined as
The Absorbance A of

A log

A a l C
Or

fundamental importance to
above law is of
'The
law is valid
spectrophotometric analysis. However, Beer 's

low concentration of the solute fur ighe

only for

from this law is observed.

Concentrations devialion

Brief Description of the Spectrophotometer

- -

1s a
The speclropliotomeler used in Lhe present experiment
 s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r . . w 1 t h - a w a v e l e n g t h

T
single beam grating
source 1s a straight fiiane
ent
The light
of 340 to 960 nm.

the entrance
passing through
tungsten iodide
lamp. The light
dispersed spectrum
surface. The
slit strikes the grating
through the
slit is made to pass
the exit
passing through
detect.or (sil.icon
falls on the
cell and finally
sample
the
photocell). The wävelength of the light passing through

positlon of. the

siit is determined by the angular
exi.t

cam through lever änd

is coupled to a
grating. The grating

determines the wavelength passing

the rotation of the cam

covered is from 340

through the exit sl1it. The wavelengt.h

950 nm and is displayed on a dial.

The optics of the spectrophotometer is set for the f i r s :

order dispersion of the g r a t ing. AS tlie second order spectium

of the grating would i)variably overlaps With the fi.rst.

order, it is eliminated by the insertion of order cul-off

filter in tiie light path. For any wavelength setiing above

630 n: the Eilter must be inserted in the iight path.

To protect the photocel1 from being ekposed continuously t

the incideni light, a mechanical shur.ler is provided in the

1 ight peth. uly vhen the button PRE$ TO KEAD button! is

pressed, 1.he light reaches the photocell. Measirement Ieading

of transmitlance/absorbance/¢onent ràtion/£ac:Lor

displayed directly as per the selected rode of operat ion.

53
Verification--of-Beer-slaw Operating Instructions
.. Switch oN the instrument. and allow 15 min warm up tl1me
Turi the wavelength knob and set the dial to read 37 n
wavelength.
3. Keep the sensitivity switch to MEDIUM.
. Press the mode swit.ch to
ABS
5. Use 0.05 N Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as

cuvette to
Dlank(Teference). Fill the solution in the giver

LID a1d insert thi.s

dDout
/4 0f its olume. Iift the
.

holder and close the

solution cuvet.te io the cell
reterence

The cuveties shou¢ be inserted in the hoder

LJ.D gentiy.
faces
Such that the opticaily poiisied surface ítransparent) .

the phot.ocel..

6. Press the PRESS TO READ button. The display directly gives

t.he abserbace.

and insert test sclutions

7. Take cut. the reference so3.ution

ifferent Conce1trat.ions ( known amounts Ci potassium

of '.

in 0.05 N KOH solution and each

chromate,K,CrO,, dissolved

time note down t ne absSorbance.

8 Pioi a graph of concentration versus ebsorban:e neasured

with respect. to re Íeren:e solution (0.05 N KOH).

The yr aph should be a straight iine passing nrough the

origin if corrected for reference absorptioni. IL sthould be

Tioted that the law is valid only for low concentration of the

SOlute. For higher voncentration, the 1 ä deviëtES trOl Lil

experimentai observäiious.
-T -
Typical Expoimendal Rulks

A C 627.
BLANK kOH o 0S N

Absevbamce
Sotuhn Contentrahm

(KCh04
54-4

359
B
2S 144
20 mg/&
C
2
mg/
D

56
 VUnic Brensla-
.

Ce'ne coeel

2 2 emce

A bamte

20 30 4-0

Cmcenrahr: (k, Cao mglt

**** ***

Pasbem
m - * * * . i** *.****************=***** *

500

Concen.rahom ( K2CnC4} mg/lt.

54