Ppts of 1 To 4 Units

CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation

CMRCET
IV SEM – ECE (2022)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.Narendra
Syllabus
Amplitude Modulation: Modulation, Need for modulation, FDM, Amplitude
Modulation-Time and Frequency domain, single tone modulation, power
relations, Generation of AM wave with switching modulator, Detection of AM
Waves using Envelope detector, DSB-SC: Time and Frequency domain,
Generation of DSB-SC-Ring Modulator, Coherent detection, Hilbert transform
and properties, SSB-SC: Time and Frequency domain, Generation of SSB-
Frequency and Phase discrimination method, Demodulation of SSB.
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Introduction: Elements of Communication System
Communication: It is the process of conveying or transferring information from

one point to another. (Or)
It is the process of establishing connection or link between two points for information
exchange.
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Introduction: Types of Signals
Signal: It is a single valued function of time.
Signals
One Two Three Four

Dimensional Dimensional Dimensional Dimensional
Signals Signals Signals Signals
Speech, Music Video Volume of

Images
Computer Data Data over
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Introduction: Classification of Communication System
Communication
Based on Nature of Technique

Direction of Information Used in
Communication Signal Transmission
Simplex Analog Baseband

Digital Bandpass
Half Duplex
Full Duplex Baseband: The Electrical equivalent of the original
Information is called baseband.
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Modulation:
Communication: It is the process of superimposition of a signal named Carrier
(a high frequency) Signal on to another signal named (a low frequency) Information
/Message/Baseband (a low frequency) Signal.
Baseband
Bandpass Transmission/Modulation
Transmission
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Need for Modulation:
 Reduction in the Height of the antenna
 Avoids mixing of signals
 Increases the range of communication
 Possibility of Multiplexing
 Improved quality of reception
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Types of Modulation Systems:
Modulation
Continuous Wave/Analog Modulation Pulse/Digital Modulation

Amplitude Modulation PCM
FM
Angle Modulation DPCM
PM
Pulse Analog Modulation DM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation ADM
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
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Amplitude Modulation:
Communication: It is the process of variation of amplitude of carrier signal with
respect to instantaneous amplitude of the information/message signal.
c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
( )= 𝒎 ( 𝒎 )
( )=[ 𝒄 + 𝒎 ( 𝒎 )] ( 𝒄 )
( )= 𝒄[ + ( 𝒎 )] ( 𝒄 )
Modulation Index/Depth of Modulation
( ) = 𝒎/ 𝒄
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Amplitude Modulation Index & Categories:
Modulation Index:
Modulation Index ( )= x100
Under Modulation ( <1):
ax in
=
ax
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Amplitude Modulation Index & Categories:
Critical Modulation ( =1): Over Modulation ( >1):
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Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation:
X( )
x( )
C( )= 𝒄
[ ( + c)+ ( - c)]
c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
S( )= 𝒄
[ ( + c)+ ( - c)]
( )=[ 𝒄 + x( )] ( 𝒄 ) 1
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+ [X( + c)+X( - c)]
Single Tone Modulation:
c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
m( ) = m ( m )
( )= 𝒄 [1+ ( m )] ( 𝒄 )
m
( )= 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )+ [ ( ( c + m)t)+ ( ( c - m)t)
( )= 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )+ 𝑪
[ ( ( c + m)t)+ ( ( c - m)t)
Bandwidth = 2 m
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Power Content in Amplitude Modulation:
( )= 𝒄 ( 𝒄 ) + x( ) ( 𝒄 )
2
Carrier power is the Mean square value of first term = 𝑪
Side band power is the Mean square value of second term = x( ) ( 𝒄 )]2
x( )2
= x2( ) (2 𝒄 )]
Can be eliminated by LPF
2
Sideband power = 𝒎
2
The total power = Pc[1+ ]
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Transmission Current and Efficiency in Amplitude Modulation:
2
The total Transmitted Current = Ic [1+ ]
2
Transmission Efficiency= =
𝒕
A sinusoidal carrier has amplitude of 10V and frequency of 30kHz. It is

amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 3V AND
frequency 1kHz. Modulated voltage is developed across 50Ω
resistance.
i) Write the equation for modulated wave
ii) Plot the modulated wave showing maxima and
minima of the waveform.
iii) Determine the modulation index.
iv) Draw the spectrum of modulated wave.
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Generation of Amplitude Modulation:
Square Law Modulator, Switching Modulator
Diode ON and OFF – A gate pulse train with

fc frequency.
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Switching Modulator
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Switching Modulator
AM wave with =[4/πAc] .
The unwanted terms can be eliminated using a band-pass filter (BPF)
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Detection of Amplitude Modulation:
Square Law Detector, Envelop Detector, Rectifier Detector
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Detection of Amplitude Modulation:
Envelop Detector
The Charging time constant RsC must be very small
- makes the signal to follow input Signal. RsC = RLC >>
Discharging time constant RLC

Larger– May not follow complete cycle
(Diagonal Clipping Distortion).
Smaller – ripples will be more.
<<RLC << RLC <<
Negative peak Clipping distortion –

Overmodulated signal.
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CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation-II

CMRCET

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Other Types of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
DSBFC DSBSC SSBSC VSBSC
Power and Bandwidth Requirements
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Double Side band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation
Message/ A product DSBSC Signal

Baseband Signal Modulator S(t)=m(t)*c(t)
m(t) c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
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Generation of DSBSC Signal:
Ring/Chopper Modulator
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Ring/Chopper Modulator
Operates in two modes : Without modulating signal & With modulating signal
Mode1: c(t) is positive - Diodes D1, D2 forward biased, D3,D4 Reverse biased –
Output of ring modulator will be zero.
c(t) is negative - Diodes D1, D2 reverse biased, D3,D4 forward biased –
Output of ring modulator will be zero.
Mode2: When modulating signal is present - during positive half cycle D1, D2
will be ON and secondary of T1 is directly applied to primary of T2.
Output will be positive.
During negative half cycle of modulating signal - D3, D4 will be ON
producing positive voltage.
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DSBSC Signal S(t)=m(t)*c(t)
c(t)
Coherent Detection of DSBSC Signal:

DSBSC Product Demodulated
LPF
Signal S(t) Modulator Signal m(t)
c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
Local
Oscillator
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Hilbert Transform
Hilbert transform of a signal x(t) is defined as the transform in which phase angle
of all components of the signal is shifted by ±90o.
Hilbert transform of x(t) is represented with ^

x(t), and it is given by
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Properties of Hilbert Transform:
A signal x(t) and its Hilbert transform ^
x(t) have
 The same amplitude spectrum.
 The same autocorrelation function.
 The energy spectral density is same for both x(t) and ^
x(t) .
 x(t) and ^
x(t) are orthogonal.
 The Hilbert transform of ^
x(t) is -x(t)
 If Fourier transform exist, then Hilbert transform also exists for energy and
power signals.
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Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC):
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Generation of SSBSC (Frequency Discrimination Method):
Message Product SSB Modulated

BPF
Signal m(t) Modulator Signal S(t)
c( ) = 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
Susb( ) = 𝒄
[m(t) ( ^
)- m(t) in( )
𝒄 𝒄
Slsb( ) = 𝒄
[m(t) ( ^
)+ m(t) in( )
𝒄 𝒄
If m(t)= ( m ) then
Susb( ) = m 𝒄
[ ( 𝒄+ m)t
and Slsb( ) = m 𝒄
[ ( 𝒄- m)t
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Generation of SSBSC (Phase Discrimination Method):
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Detection of SSBSC (Coherent Detection):
SSBSC Product Demodulated

LPF
Signal S(t) Modulator Signal m(t)
m( ) = S(t) 𝒄 ( 𝒄 )
Local
c( ) = ( )
Oscillator 𝒄 𝒄
 Phase and frequency errors causing a serious problems in the detection of

SSB signals
Calculate the percentage power saving for the SSB signal if the AM
wave is modulated to a depth of 100% and 50%.
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Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC):
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-II: Angle Modulation

CMRCET

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Syllabus
Angle Modulation: Frequency Modulation: Single tone Frequency Modulation,
Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM,
Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave, Generation of FM Waves-Direct and Indirect
FM, Detection of FM Waves: Foster Seeley Discriminator, Phase locked loop,
Comparison of FM and AM. Noise: Types of Noise, Modelling of noise and AWGN,
Comparison of Noise performance in AM, DSBSC, SSB & FM (without derivations),
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis, Super heterodyne Receiver.
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Angle Modulation: Frequency and Phase Modulation
The phase angle (ɵ) of sinusoidal carrier wave is varied with respect to time.
S( ) = 𝒄 [θ(t)]
θ(t)=F [ c, m(t)] =F [ c, m ( m )]
Phase Modulation: θ(t)= ct + ϕ(t) where ϕ(t)= Kpm(t)
Kp = Phase Sensitivity in radian/Volt
Spm( ) = 𝒄 [ ct + kpm(t)]
Frequency Modulation: θ(t)= ct + ϕ(t) where ϕ(t)= Kf

Kf = Frequency Sensitivity in Hz/Volt
Sfm( ) = 𝒄 [ ct + kf ]
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Angle Modulation: Frequency and Phase Modulation
m( ) = m in( m )
c( ) = 𝒄 in( c )
Sfm( ) = 𝒄 [ ct +
kf ]
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Single Tone Angle Modulation:
m(t)= m ( m ) c(t)= c ( c +ϕ)
Sfm( ) = 𝒄 [ ct + kf ]
Sfm( ) = 𝒄 ( i t)
kf m
i (t)= fc + kf m(t) = fc + in( m )
m
Δf
i (t)= fc + f ( m )
m
Frequency Deviation = Δf = kf m
Maximum Frequency of FM wave = fmax = fc+Δf

Δf
Modulation Index = β =
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Generation of FM using PM
Message Signal Phase FM Wave S(t)

m(t) Integrator
Modulator
c(t) = c ( c )
Carrier
Generation of PM using FM
Message Signal Frequency PM Wave S(t)
m(t) Differentiator
Modulator
c(t) = c ( c )
Carrier
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Types of Frequency Modulations
Narrow Band FM: β<1

Frequency Modulation
Wide Band FM: β>1
Narrow Band FM (β<1):

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄
θ(t)= Let g(t)=

ct + Kf g(t)
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄[1 + jkf g(t)] 𝒄
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄 ( c )- 𝒄kf g(t) in( c )
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Generation of Narrow Band Frequency Modulations
Message Signal Balanced FM Wave S(t)

m(t) Integrator ∑
g(t) Modulator
- c in( c )
90o Phase
Carrier
Shifter c(t)
= c ( c )
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Wide Band Frequency Modulations (β>1)
Swbfm(t)= c {J0(β) in( c ) + J1(β) [ in( c + m)t - in( c - m)t]
+ J2(β) [ in( c + 2 m)t - in( c - 2 m)t]
+ J2(β) [ in( c + 3 m)t - in( c - 3 m)t] + … }
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Bandwidth = 2fm[No. of Significant Side bands]

Carson’s Rule:
Bandwidth = 2[Δf + fm(max)]
No. of sidebands depends on the

modulation index of FM.
2
Power Transmitted: Pt = 𝑪
(Constant) LSBs USBs
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Comparison of FM and PM
S.No Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation
1 In Frequency Modulation amplitude and phase remain In Phase Modulation, the frequency and amplitude remain
the same. the same.
2 Frequency Modulation is proportional to modulating Phase Modulation is proportional to modulating voltage.
voltage.
3 Associated with the change in frequency, there is some Associated with the change in phase, there is some
phase change. frequency change.
4 It is possible to receive FM on a PM receiver. It is possible to receive PM on a FM receiver.
5 Noise immunity is poor than AM and PM. Noise immunity is better than AM but worst than PM.
6 Signal to noise ratio is better than in phase modulation. Signal to noise ratio is poor than in frequency modulation.
7 Frequency Modulation is widely used. Phase Modulation is used in mobile system.
8 In FM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the In PM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the
modulating voltage only. modulating voltage as well as modulating frequency.
9 Amplitude of FM wave is constant. Amplitude of PM wave is also constant.
10 In FM, received signal is of high quality. In PM, received signal is of low quality.
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S.No Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modulation
1 Amplitude of FM wave is constant. It is Amplitude of AM wave will change with the
independent of the modulation index. modulating voltage.
2 Hence, transmitted power remains constant. Transmitted power is dependent on the modulation
It is independent of β (Modulation Index of index.
FM).
3 All the transmitted power is useful. Carrier power and one sideband power are useless.
4 FM receivers are immune to noise. AM receivers are not immune to noise.
5 It is possible to decrease noise further by This feature is absent in AM.
increasing deviation.
6 Bandwidth = 2[Δf+fm]. The bandwidth Bandwidth = 2fm . It is not dependent on the
depends on modulation index. modulation index.
7 BW is large. Hence, wide channel is required. BW is much less than FM.
8 Space wave is used for propagation. So, Ground wave and sky wave propagation is used.
radius of transmission is limited to line of Therefore, large area is covered than FM.
sight.
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S.No Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modulation
9 It is possible to operate several transmitters Not possible to operate more channels on same
on same frequency. frequency.
10 FM transmission and reception equipment AM equipments are less complex.
are more complex.
11 The number of sidebands having significant Number of sidebands in AM will be constant and
amplitudes depends on modulation index β. equal to 2.
12 The information is contained in the The information is contained in the amplitude
frequency variation of the carrier. variation of the carrier.
13
14 Applications :Radio, TV broadcasting, police Applications: Radio and TV broadcasting.

wireless, point to point communications
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Generation of FM
FM Generation
Direct Indirect
(Parameter Variation) (Armstrong) Method
Method
Reactance Modulators
Varactor Diode Modulators
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Generation of FM (Reactance Modulator)
 VCO – to change the carrier frequency depending upon the message signal
- A tuned circuit with high quality factor is used
 Variable reactance circuits may be – FETs, BJTs and Varactor Diodes
1
Carrier Frequency ( c) =
√(LC)
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Generation of FM (Reactance Modulator)
1
Carrier Frequency ( c) =
2π√[L1+L2]C(t)
C(t)= C – kcm(t)
1 kc -1/2
fo = and fi(t)= fo {1 – m(t)}
2π√[L1+L2]C C
If ΔCmax due to m(t) is very small compared to C

kc
fi(t)= fo {1 + m(t)} = fo + fo kc m(t)} = fo + kf m(t)}
2C 2C
whare kf = fo kc a frequency sensitivity of the modulator
2C
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Generation of FM (Varactor Diode Modulator)
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Generation of FM (Armstrong Method)
Phase I: Generation of NBFM

Phase II: Use of Frequency
Multipliers and Mixers
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Generation of FM (Armstrong Method)
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄 [ c1 t + kf1 ]
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄 [ c1 t + ϕ1(t)] and ϕ1(t) = kf1
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄[c ( c1 t) (ϕ1(t) - in( c1 t) in(ϕ1(t)]
Since ϕ1(t) is very small [ϕ1(t)]=1 and in[ϕ1(t)] = ϕ1(t)
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄[c ( c1 t) - in( c1 t) ϕ1(t)]
Snbfm( ) = 𝒄c ( c1 t) - 𝒄 kf1 in( c1 t)
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Demodulation of FM
FM Detection
Direct Indirect
Method (PLL) Method
Frequency Discriminators
Zero Crossing Detector
Phase Discriminators
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Detection of FM (Phase Discrimination Method)
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Detection of FM (Phase Discrimination Method)
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Detection of FM (Using PLL)
 Used in presence of Large Noise and Low signal power
 Large distance communications like space links and FM receivers.
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S( ) = 𝒄 in[ ct + ϕ1(t)] ϕ1(t) = kf
b( ) = v [ ct + ϕ2(t)] ϕ2(t) = kv
e( ) = km m 𝒄 in[ϕ1(t) - ϕ2(t)] = km m 𝒄 in[ϕe(t)]
ϕe(t) = [ϕ1(t) - ϕ2(t)] = ϕ1(t) - kv

 Assuming that the Impulse Response of LPF is h(t) then
∞
v(t) = ∞
∞
ϕe(t) = ϕ1(t) - kvkm m 𝒄 ∞ ϕe(t)]
ϕe(t) ϕ1(t) ∞
= - 2πk0 ∞ ϕe(t)]
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v(t) = f
m(t)
𝒗
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Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
 Noise is more in High frequencies
 Needs to improve SNR at these higher frequencies with selective frequency

response circuits.
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Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
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Super Heterodyne Receiver
 Radio Receiver – TRF (Tuned Radio Frequency) Receiver
Super Heterodyne Receiver
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Noise: It is an unwanted signal which tends to interfere with the modulating
signal.
Classification of Noise:
Atmospheric Noise
Natural Noise Solar Noise
Extraterrestrial Noise
Man-made Noise Cosmic Noise
Internal Noise Thermal Noise
Shot Noise
Partition Noise
Flicker (low-frequency) Noise
Transit Time (high-frequency)Noise

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Noise:
 Signal to Noise Ratio : Ratio of Signal power to Noise Power
 Noise Factor : Ratio of SNR of Input to SNR of Output
 Noise Figure : Expression of Noise Factor in decibels
 Figure of Merit: Ratio of SNR of output to SNR of input
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Additive White Gaussian Noise:
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Comparison of Noise in AM & FM:
Parameter DSBFC DSBSC SSBSC Frequency Modulation
Figure of <1 1 1 1.5 (β)2

Merit
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
CMRCET

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Syllabus
Pulse Analog Modulation: Sampling theorem, Types of sampling process,
Types of Pulse Modulation, PAM- Generation and Demodulation, PWM-
Generation and Demodulation, PPM Generation and Demodulation, TDM.
Pulse Digital Modulation: PCM, Generation and Reconstruction, Quantization

Noise, DPCM, DM and Adaptive DM, Noise in PCM and DM
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Sampling Theorem:
A continuous time signal can

be represented in its samples
and can be recovered back
when sampling frequency
fs is greater than or equal to
the twice the highest
frequency component of
message signal.
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Sampling Theorem:
Aliasing Effect:
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect,
which can be removed by
 considering fs >2fm
 By using anti aliasing filters.
Nyquist Rate
It is the minimum sampling rate at which signal can be converted into samples
and can be recovered back without distortion.
Nyquist rate fN = 2fm hz
Nyquist interval = 1/Nf = 1/2fm seconds.
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Sampling Techniques:
There are three types of sampling techniques:
 Direct/Impulse sampling.
 Natural sampling.
 Flat Top sampling.
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Analog pulse modulation techniques:
•Pulse Amplitude Modulation
•Pulse Width Modulation
•Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
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Types of Pulse Modulations
Analog pulse modulation techniques:
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
 Pulse Width Modulation
 Pulse Position Modulation
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Generation
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Spectrum
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Detection
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Pulse Width Modulation - Generation
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Pulse Width Modulation - Generation
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Pulse Width Modulation - Detection
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Pulse Width Modulation
Advantages:
1. Very good noise immunity.
2.Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is not essential
(Which is essential in PPM).
3.It is possible to reconstruct the PWM signal from a noise (which is not
possible in PAM).
Disadvantages of PWM:
1.Due to the variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power contents.
Hence, the transmission must be powerful enough to handle the maximum
width, pulse, though the average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of
this maximum power.
2.In order to avoid any waveform distortion, the bandwidth required for the
PWM communication is large as compared to bandwidth of PAM.
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Advantages:
 Has good noise immunity.
 The transmitted power always remains constant. It does not change as it
used to, in PWM.
Disadvantages:
 Transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses to operate the timing circuits
in the receiver.
 Large bandwidth is required to ensure transmission of undistorted pulses.
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TDM – Time division Multiplexing
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Advantages of TDM:
 Simple circuit design.
 It uses entire channel bandwidth for the transmission of the signal.
 The problem of Intermodulation distortion is not present in TDM.
 Pulse overlapping can sometimes cause crosstalk but it can be reduced by
utilizing guard time. Thus, is not much serious.
Disadvantages of TDM:
 The transmitting and receiving section must be properly synchronized in
order to have proper signal transmission and reception.
 Slow narrowband fading can wipe out all the TDM channels.
Applications: TDM finds its application mainly in a digital communication

system, in cellular radio and in satellite communication system.
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-III: Pulse Digital Modulation
CMRCET

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Syllabus
Pulse Analog Modulation: Sampling theorem, Types of sampling process,
Types of Pulse Modulation, PAM- Generation and Demodulation, PWM-
Generation and Demodulation, PPM Generation and Demodulation, TDM.
Pulse Digital Modulation: PCM, Generation and Reconstruction, Quantization

Noise, DPCM, DM and Adaptive DM, Noise in PCM and DM
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PCM - Basic Elements
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PCM - Basic Elements
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PCM - Quantization
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PCM - Encoder
No. of Bits = n
No. of Levels (L)=2n
Step size Δ = (Vmax–Vmin)/L
Quantization Error (Qe)max= Δ/2
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PCM – Regenerative Repeater
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PCM – Advantages and Drawbacks
Advantages:
 It is robust against noise and interference and Secure data Transmission.
 Uniform transmission quality.
 Efficient SNR and bandwidth trade off.
 Easy to add or drop channels and It offers efficient regeneration .
Disadvantages:
 Overload appears when modulating signal changes between samplings, by
an amount greater than the size of the step.
 Large bandwidth is required for transmission.
 Noise and crosstalk leaves low but rises attenuation.
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DPCM – Differential Pulse Code Modulation
 PCM Encoded information contains redundance for the highly correlated
samples.
 A wise decision to take a predicted sampled value, assumed from its
previous output and summarize them with the quantized values.
 Process is called as Differential PCM, DPCM technique.
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DPCM – Transmitter
Quantization Error
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DPCM – Receiver
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DM (Delta Modulation)
 The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the Nyquist
rate, to achieve better sampling.
 The sampling interval is reduced as compared with DPCM.
 The sample-to-sample amplitude difference is very small, as if the

difference is 1-bit quantization,
 As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be

higher.
 Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also

viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme.
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DM (Delta Modulation) - Transmitter
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DM (Delta Modulation) - Transmitter
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DM (Delta Modulation) - Receiver
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DM (Delta Modulation)
Advantages of DM Over DPCM:
 1-bit quantizer.
 Very easy design of the modulator and the demodulator.
 However, there exists some noise in DM.

 Slope Overload distortion
(when Δ is small)
 Granular noise (when Δ is large)
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ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation)
 A larger step-size- steep slope of modulating signal.
 Smaller step size - small message signal slope.
 The minute details get missed in the quantization process.
 Better to control the adjustment of step-size, according to our
requirement in order to obtain the sampling in a desired fashion.
 This is the concept of Adaptive Delta Modulation.
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ADM (Adaptive Delta Modulation)
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
Unit-IV:
Digital Carrier Modulation Schemes

G.Narendra
Unit-IV: Digital Carrier Modulation Schemes
Syllabus
Optimum Receiver for Binary Digital Modulation Schemes,
Transfer Function of the matched filter, Description of Binary ASK,
FSK, PSK and QPSK Schemes, Bandwidth and Probability of Error
calculations of binary ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK (Coherent
schemes), Comparison of Digital Modulation Schemes.
Introduction to QAM, Signal space representation of binary- ASK,

PSK, FSK, QPSK and QAM.
G.Narendra
Introduction
Digital Modulation - provides more information capacity, high data
security, quicker system availability with great quality
communication.
 ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
 FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
 PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
 M-ary Schemes
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ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
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ASK - Modulator
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ASK – Demodulator (Asynchronous)
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ASK – Demodulator (Synchronous)
G.Narendra
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
G.Narendra
FSK - Modulator
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FSK – Demodulator (Asynchronous)
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FSK – Demodulator (Synchronous)
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PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
 Widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations,
along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
 BPSK – Phases 0° and 180°
 QPSK – Phases 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°
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BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
G.Narendra
BPSK - Modulator
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BPSK - Demodulator
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QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
Bit-2 Bit-1 Phase
0 0 0°
0 1 90°
1 0 180°
1 1 270°
G.Narendra
QPSK - Generation
G.Narendra
QPSK - Detection
G.Narendra

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CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation

IV SEM – ECE (2022)

Communication: It is the process of conveying or transferring information from

One Two Three Four

Speech, Music Video Volume of

Based on Nature of Technique

Simplex Analog Baseband

 Reduction in the Height of the antenna

 Avoids mixing of signals

 Increases the range of communication

 Improved quality of reception

Continuous Wave/Analog Modulation Pulse/Digital Modulation

Under Modulation ( <1):

A sinusoidal carrier has amplitude of 10V and frequency of 30kHz. It is

Diode ON and OFF – A gate pulse train with

AM wave with =[4/πAc] .

The unwanted terms can be eliminated using a band-pass filter (BPF)

Discharging time constant RLC

Negative peak Clipping distortion –

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation-II

IV SEM – ECE (2022)

DSBFC DSBSC SSBSC VSBSC

Power and Bandwidth Requirements

Message/ A product DSBSC Signal

Coherent Detection of DSBSC Signal:

Hilbert transform of x(t) is represented with ^

Message Product SSB Modulated

SSBSC Product Demodulated

 Phase and frequency errors causing a serious problems in the detection of

Unit-II: Angle Modulation

IV SEM – ECE (2022)

Frequency Modulation: θ(t)= ct + ϕ(t) where ϕ(t)= Kf

Maximum Frequency of FM wave = fmax = fc+Δf

Message Signal Phase FM Wave S(t)

Narrow Band FM: β<1

Narrow Band FM (β<1):

θ(t)= Let g(t)=

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄 ( c )- 𝒄kf g(t) in( c )

Message Signal Balanced FM Wave S(t)

Bandwidth = 2fm[No. of Significant Side bands]

No. of sidebands depends on the

14 Applications :Radio, TV broadcasting, police Applications: Radio and TV broadcasting.

Varactor Diode Modulators

If ΔCmax due to m(t) is very small compared to C

Phase I: Generation of NBFM

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄 [ c1 t + ϕ1(t)] and ϕ1(t) = kf1

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄[c ( c1 t) (ϕ1(t) - in( c1 t) in(ϕ1(t)]

Since ϕ1(t) is very small [ϕ1(t)]=1 and in[ϕ1(t)] = ϕ1(t)

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄[c ( c1 t) - in( c1 t) ϕ1(t)]

Snbfm( ) = 𝒄c ( c1 t) - 𝒄 kf1 in( c1 t)

 Large distance communications like space links and FM receivers.

ϕe(t) = [ϕ1(t) - ϕ2(t)] = ϕ1(t) - kv

 Needs to improve SNR at these higher frequencies with selective frequency

Transit Time (high-frequency)Noise

 Noise Factor : Ratio of SNR of Input to SNR of Output

 Noise Figure : Expression of Noise Factor in decibels

 Figure of Merit: Ratio of SNR of output to SNR of input

Figure of <1 1 1 1.5 (β)2

Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation