CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation

CMRCET

IV SEM – ECE (2022)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.Narendra
 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Syllabus

Amplitude Modulation: Modulation, Need for modulation, FDM, Amplitude

Modulation-Time and Frequency domain, single tone modulation, power
relations, Generation of AM wave with switching modulator, Detection of AM
Waves using Envelope detector, DSB-SC: Time and Frequency domain,
Generation of DSB-SC-Ring Modulator, Coherent detection, Hilbert transform
and properties, SSB-SC: Time and Frequency domain, Generation of SSB-
Frequency and Phase discrimination method, Demodulation of SSB.

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Introduction: Elements of Communication System

Communication: It is the process of conveying or transferring information from

one point to another. (Or)
It is the process of establishing connection or link between two points for information
exchange.
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Introduction: Types of Signals
Signal: It is a single valued function of time.
Signals

One Two Three Four

Dimensional Dimensional Dimensional Dimensional
Signals Signals Signals Signals

Speech, Music Video Volume of

Images
Computer Data Data over
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Introduction: Classification of Communication System
Communication

Based on Nature of Technique

Direction of Information Used in
Communication Signal Transmission

Simplex Analog Baseband

Digital Bandpass
Half Duplex
Full Duplex Baseband: The Electrical equivalent of the original
Information is called baseband.
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Modulation:
Communication: It is the process of superimposition of a signal named Carrier
(a high frequency) Signal on to another signal named (a low frequency)
Information /Message/Baseband (a low frequency) Signal.

Baseband
Bandpass Transmission/Modulation
Transmission
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Need for Modulation:

 Reduction in the Height of the antenna

 Avoids mixing of signals

 Increases the range of communication

 Possibility of Multiplexing

 Improved quality of reception

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Types of Modulation Systems:
Modulation

Continuous Wave/Analog Modulation Pulse/Digital Modulation

Amplitude Modulation PCM
FM
Angle Modulation DPCM
PM
Pulse Analog Modulation DM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation ADM
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation:
Communication: It is the process of variation of amplitude of carrier signal with
respect to instantaneous amplitude of the information/message signal.

c(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

𝒎(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕)

𝒔(𝒕) = [𝑨𝒄 + 𝑨𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕)] 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄[𝟏 + 𝝁 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝒕)] 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

Modulation Index/Depth of Modulation
(𝝁) =𝑨𝒎/𝑨𝒄
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Index & Categories:
Modulation Index:
Modulation Index (𝜇)= x100

Under Modulation (𝜇<1):

𝜇=

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Index & Categories:

Critical Modulation (𝜇=1): Over Modulation (𝜇>1):

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation:

X(𝛚)
x(𝒕)

C(𝛚)= [𝛅(𝛚+𝛚c)+ 𝛅(𝛚-𝛚c)]

c(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

S(𝛚)= [𝛅(𝛚+𝛚c)+ 𝛅(𝛚-𝛚c)]

𝒔(𝒕) = [𝑨𝒄 + x(𝒕)] 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) +[X(𝛚+𝛚c)+X(𝛚-𝛚c)]
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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Single Tone Modulation:
c(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

m(𝒕) = 𝑨m 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 [1+ 𝜇 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)] 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) + [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅(𝒇c +𝒇m)t)+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅(𝒇c -𝒇m)t)

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕) + [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅(𝒇c +𝒇m)t)+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅(𝒇c -𝒇m)t)

Bandwidth = 2𝛚m

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Power Content in Amplitude Modulation:
𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝒄𝒕) + x(𝒕)𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝒄𝒕)

Carrier power is the Mean square value of first term =

Side band power is the Mean square value of second term =

=
Can be eliminated by LPF

Sideband power =

The total power = Pc[1+ ]

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Transmission Current and Efficiency in Amplitude Modulation:

The total Transmitted Current = Ic [1+ ]

Transmission Efficiency= = √
A sinusoidal carrier has amplitude of 10V and frequency of 30kHz. It is
amplitude modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 3V AND
frequency 1kHz. Modulated voltage is developed across 50Ω
resistance.
i) Write the equation for modulated wave
ii) Plot the modulated wave showing maxima and
minima of the waveform.
iii) Determine the modulation index.
iv) Draw the spectrum of modulated wave.

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Generation of Amplitude Modulation:
Square Law Modulator, Switching Modulator

Diode ON and OFF – A gate pulse train with

fc frequency.

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Generation of Amplitude Modulation:
Switching Modulator

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Generation of Amplitude Modulation:
Switching Modulator

AM wave with 𝜇=[4/πAc] .

The unwanted terms can be eliminated using a band-pass filter (BPF)

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Detection of Amplitude Modulation:
Square Law Detector, Envelop Detector, Rectifier Detector

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 Unit-I: Amplitude Modulation
Detection of Amplitude Modulation:
Envelop Detector
The Charging time constant RsC must be very small
- makes the signal to follow input Signal. RsC = RLC >>

Discharging time constant RLC

Larger– May not follow complete cycle
(Diagonal Clipping Distortion).
Smaller – ripples will be more.
<<RLC << RLC <<

Negative peak Clipping distortion –

Overmodulated signal.
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