CMR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation

CMRCET

IV SEM – ECE (2023)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Syllabus

Pulse Analog Modulation: Sampling theorem, Types of sampling process,

Types of Pulse Modulation, PAM- Generation and Demodulation, PWM-
Generation and Demodulation, PPM Generation and Demodulation, TDM.

Pulse Digital Modulation: PCM, Generation and Reconstruction, Quantization

Noise, DPCM, DM and Adaptive DM, Noise in PCM and DM

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Theorem:

A continuous time signal can

be represented in its samples
and can be recovered back
when sampling frequency fs is
greater than or equal to the
twice the highest frequency
component of message
signal.

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Theorem:
Aliasing Effect:
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect,
which can be removed by
 considering fs >2fm
 By using anti aliasing filters.
Nyquist Rate
It is the minimum sampling rate at which signal can be converted into samples
and can be recovered back without distortion.
Nyquist rate fN = 2fm hz

Nyquist interval = 1/Nf = 1/2fm seconds.

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Techniques:
There are three types of sampling techniques:
 Direct/Impulse sampling.
 Natural sampling.
 Flat Top sampling.

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Techniques:
There are three types of sampling techniques:
 Direct/Impulse sampling.
 Natural sampling.
 Flat Top sampling.

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Techniques:
There are three types of sampling techniques:
 Direct/Impulse sampling.
 Natural sampling.
 Flat Top sampling.

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Techniques:

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Sampling Techniques:

Analog pulse modulation techniques:

•Pulse Amplitude Modulation
•Pulse Width Modulation
•Pulse Position Modulation

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Types of Pulse Modulations

Analog pulse modulation techniques:

 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
 Pulse Width Modulation
 Pulse Position Modulation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Generation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Spectrum

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Detection

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation - Generation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation - Generation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation - Detection

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation - Detection

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation - Detection

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
Advantages:
1. Very good noise immunity.
2.Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is not essential
(Which is essential in PPM).
3.It is possible to reconstruct the PWM signal from a noise (which is not
possible in PAM).

Disadvantages of PWM:
4.Due to the variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power contents.
Hence, the transmission must be powerful enough to handle the maximum
width, pulse, though the average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of
this maximum power.
5.In order to avoid any waveform distortion, the bandwidth required for the
PWM communication is large as compared to bandwidth of PAM.
G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation-Detection

Advantages:
 Has good noise immunity.
 The transmitted power always remains constant. It does not change as it
used to, in PWM.
Disadvantages:
 Transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses to operate the timing circuits
in the receiver.
 Large bandwidth is required to ensure transmission of undistorted pulses.
G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
TDM – Time division Multiplexing

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
TDM – Time division Multiplexing

G.Narendra
 Unit-III: Pulse Analog Modulation
TDM – Time division Multiplexing
Advantages of TDM:
 Simple circuit design.
 It uses entire channel bandwidth for the transmission of the signal.
 The problem of Intermodulation distortion is not present in TDM.
 Pulse overlapping can sometimes cause crosstalk but it can be reduced by
utilizing guard time. Thus, is not much serious.

Disadvantages of TDM:
 The transmitting and receiving section must be properly synchronized in
order to have proper signal transmission and reception.
 Slow narrowband fading can wipe out all the TDM channels.

Applications: TDM finds its application mainly in a digital communication

system, in cellular radio and in satellite communication system.
G.Narendra