Lesson 3: Strategic Planning Process Models

Your Essential Learning Outcome

After the learning process, you will distinguish the planning models from the planning
process models.

Your Learning Springboard

Planning Models
1. Synoptic Model - it is identical to rational model, and it is the dominant tradition in
planning, it has 4 classical elements such as: goal setting; identification of alternatives;
evaluation of means against ends; and implementation of decisions.

2. Incremental Model - it suggests that planning is constrained more by available means

rather than by the definition of goals. Plans changed at any level due to the small
adjustments made.
3. Transactive Model - emphasizes interaction and interpersonal dialogues and the process
of mutual learning in planning.

4. Advocacy Model - this underscores the confrontational nature or characteristics of

decision making.
 5. Radical Model - its a more progressive approach to planning; it also emphasizes the
importance of personal growth, cooperative spirit, and freedom from manipulation from
anonymous forces.
● First version of radical model - spontaneous activism is guided by self-reliance
and mutual aid
● Second version of radical model - focuses on situational characteristics of
nations or systems that inhibit the equitable distributions of resources/ goods and
services.

Planning Process Models - series of steps or phases of procedures and activities undertaken
or followed in doing a specific activity .
1. Socio-economic planning models -
● Goal-setting
● Situational information
● policy/strategy formulation
● plans/programs/projects
● Implementation
● Evaluation
2. Institutional profile -the profile of the institution requires a discussion of its:
● Inception
● History
● Evolution
● Programs
● Services
● resources
Essentially, it focuses on:
● Academic programs
● Services
● Manpower
● Financial resources
● Physical resources
● General administration
Academic programs should look into:
● Enrolment
● Graduates
● Course offerings
● Curriculum development
● Faculty development
● Program integration and accreditation
● Research and extension
3. SWOT Analysis - The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis is a
critical study and evaluation of the internal and external factors or variables of both the
environment and the institution as they impact upon the institutional vision (Goodstein, et
al., 1993)
Your Learning Process
After reading the lesson on the springboard, answer the question:
1. Among the planning models presented, which would be best to use for the education
sector and why?

Answer:

Based on my perspective, I believe that the Radical Model of planning would be

the best planning model in the field of Education nowadays. This is because it’s a more
progressive approach to planning which means that it can go beyond addressing usual
Educational problems. This as well means that the Radical Model of planning is the
perfect planning model as Schools in this time undergo rapid changes in almost every
aspect of Educational functions and processes. Moreover, the Radical Model of planning
also emphasizes the importance of personal growth of stakeholders including the
teachers as part of the planning team. In addition, this planning model will more likely
foster cooperation among educational stakeholders that will help them make objective
decisions.

Your Learning Outcome Activity

Consider the given data, then complete the table by identifying at least 2 for each
(strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats)

Elementary school 2018-2019 2019-2020 2020-2021

Completion rate 99.25 93.45 71.84

School leaver rate 0.12 0.93 5.25

Strengths Proposed measures Weaknesses Proposed solutions

to sustain strengths for addressing
weaknesses

 The School  Schools must  Students’ lack  Engage

fosters remain of motivation Students to
resilience in resilient in differentiated
addressing addressing
instructional
student- student-
related related activities and
problems problems by flexible
establishing assessments.
specific goals
for student
completion
 The School
 The School  Continue  Student’s low
provides School PPAs performance must look at
 support to that provide the low
students various performer’s
through support family
different system to background,
PPAs students
educational
background
and attitudes
toward School

Opportunities Possible strategies Threats Proposed

for accessing mitigation
opportunities measures

 Supportive  Create a  Conflict with  Set the most

Internal and mutually equally- convenient/ac
External beneficial important cessible
Stakeholders relationship activities schedule that
among outside the can be met by
stakeholders, School all
build on stakeholders
existing
relationships
or foster new
ones if
needed

 Effective and  Discuss with  Lack/  Conduct

efficient the School Insufficient Income
School administration funds to Generating
leadership the problem facilitate the Projects
and possible conduct of the (IGPs)/Outso
solutions PPAs urce

Resources
Miclat, Jr. Eusebio F., Strategic PLanning in Education: Making Change Happen.