2/24/2021

Faktor internal dan eksternal

fotosintesis

Diah Rachmawati
Lab. Fisiologi Tumbuhan
Fakultas Biologi UGM

Why is Photosynthesis important?

• Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic

materials (carbon dioxide and water).
• It begins all food chains. Thus all life is supported by
this process.
• It also makes oxygen gas

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Faktor Internal
• Kadar pigmen fotosintesis
• Tahanan daun
• Kebutuhan fotosintat
• Pengendalian genetik
• Umur daun

Chloroplast : site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts contain several pigments:

Chlorophyll a , Chlorophyll b,
Carotenoids, Carotenoids

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Tahanan daun

Why are the stomata located on the underside of leaves?

Kebutuhan fotosintat

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Pengendalian genetik

Umur daun
Leaves have a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible

30

25

20
Luas Daun

Fase tetap
15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Umur Daun

Fase lambat Fase dipercepat

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What external factors affect the rate of Photosynthesis?

• CO2 concentration • Moisture (H2O) concentration
• Light intensity • Temperature

1. Light intensity

• As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis initially

increases, and thereafter, levels off to a plateau.

• Higher light intensity initially causes more electrons in the

chlorophyll molecules to become excited (gain energy).
• As more and more electrons are excited,
the light reactions occur more rapidly.

• At a certain light intensity, however, all

the available electrons are excited and a
further increase in light intensity will
not increase the rate of photosynthesis.
Modern Biology (Holt)

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Light
Light intensity
Phtosynthesis begins at low intensities of light and increases till it is maximum at
the brightest time of the day. The amount of light required varies for different
plants.
Photosynthesis uses maximum up to 1.5 % light in the process and so light is
generally not a limiting factor at high intensity. However, the light becomes a
limiting factor in low intensity because no matter how much water or CO2 is
present, without light photosynthesis cannot occur.
At high intensities, the temperature of the plant increases which leads to
increased transpiration in the plant. This leads to the closing of the stomata which
leads to a reduced CO2 intake. Thus, leading to a reduction and finally stoppage of
photosynthesis. Therefore, excessive light inhibits photosynthesis.

Tumbuhan C3 Tumbuhan C4
40 70
35 60
Net Asimilation Rate
Net Asimilation Rate

30 50
(mg/cm2/day)
(mg/cm2/day)

25
40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 5000 10000 15000

Light Intencity (fc) Light Intencity (fc)

Net assimilation rate – the balance of carbon gain in photosynthesis and carbon use
in whole plant respiration

Tumbuhan C-4 tidak pernah mengalami saturasi intensitas cahaya, sedangkan

pada tumbuhan C-3, terjadi saturasi cahaya (jenuh). Kenaikan intensitas cahaya
diatas titik kejenuhan tak lagi menaikkan laju fotosintesis. Mengapa?

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Light
Quality: Experiments conducted by Engelmann prove that the
chlorophyll most effectively absorbs red and blue wavelengths from
the entire spectrum of light. Thus, maximum photosynthesis occurs
when the plant is exposed to the light of these wavelengths.

Only the photosynthetically active part ofthe spectrum (PAR; 400—

700 nm) directly drives photosynthesis

Duration: The longer the plant is exposed to light, the longer the
process of photosynthesis will continue. As long as the temperature
of the plant remains balanced, photosynthesis will occur.

2. Carbon dioxide
Like increasing light intensity, increasing levels of carbon dioxide
around the plant stimulates photosynthesis until it reaches a
plateau. This graph would resemble that of light intensity.

Modern Biology (Holt)

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CO2 lingkungan

Kadar CO2

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3) Temperature
a) Raising the temperature accelerates various
chemical reactions of photosynthesis. As a result,
the rate of photosynthesis increases, over a certain
range.

Modern Biology (Holt)

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• b) The rate of photosynthesis generally peaks at a

certain temperature, as seen in the graph.

• c) Above this temperature, the rate decreases.

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

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Temperatur :
Berkaitan dengan aktivitas enzim fotosintesis

Cytochrome Rubisco

Temperatur : aktivitas enzim fotosintesis

Kurva laju fotosintesis dan respirasi dengan kenaikan temperatur

(Plant Physiology - R.G.S. Bidwell. 1978)

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4) Water

• A lack of water will also slow the rate of

photosynthesis. Stomata can close from
water loss.
• Plants such as the cactus have adaptations
to prevent water loss in dry, desert
climates.

Ketersediaan Air (stress air)

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Oksigen
Kadar Oksigen dan CO2 berkaitan dengan aktivitas
enzim Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
oxygenase)
- Rubisco + CO2 → Siklus Calvin (Fotosintesis)
- Rubisco + O2 → Fotorespirasi

Nutrisi : unsur hara

Unsur hara esensial : makronutrien dan mikronutrien
yang diperlukan untuk mendukung berlangsungnya
fotosintesis misalnya :
N, Mg dan Fe → pembentukan Klorofil
K → mengendalikan stomata

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What is the rate of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction and so has a rate.
Like many reactions, photosynthesis requires enzymes.
Is the rate of photosynthesis always the same?
Which factors do you think affect the rate of photosynthesis?

light carbon dioxide temperature

How do these factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

What is a limiting factor?

What is the ideal combination of factors for the maximum
rate of photosynthesis?

 enough light

 enough carbon dioxide

 ideal temperature (not too hot or cold).

How does restricting one of these facts affect the rate?

If one of the factors is restricted, the rate of photosynthesis will
be below the maximum possible rate.
The restricted factor controls how quickly photosynthesis occurs
and so limits the rate. It is called the limiting factor.

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