PLANTS AND

ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
 its about ..

An understanding of the ways individual plants

and their physiology are impacted by different
factors of the environment is an essential
component in the design and management of
cropping system

The ecological study of individual plant response

to the diverse factors of environment (autecology
or physiological ecology) is a foundation of
agroecological understanding
 THE PLANT

1. Photosynthesis
2. Carbon Partitioning
3. Transpiration
 1. Photosynthesis

“Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy

stored in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules”

this process is IMPORTANT for

plant growth and survival
Remember what plants need…

 Photosynthesis
 light reactions
 light  sun
 H2O  ground
 Calvin cycle
 CO2  air
• Fotosintesis
• Proses dimana organisme
yang memiliki kloroplas
mengubah energi cahaya
matahari menjadi energi
kimia

• Melibatkan 2 lintasan
metabolik

• Reaksi terang: mengubah

energi matahari menjadi
energi seluler

• Siklus Calvin: reduksi CO2

menjadi CH2O
Simple equation :

6CO2 + 12H20 + light energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
 Light energy

ECOSYSTEM
Energi mengalir
Photosynthesis
ke dalam suatu
ekosistem
in chloroplasts
Organic
CO2 + H2O + O2
molecules
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
sebagai cahaya
matahari dan
ATP
meninggalkannya
powers most cellular work dalam bentuk
Heat
energy
panas
Types of Photosynthesis
• C3 photosynthesis
– Most plants

• C4 photosynthesis
– A variety of plants, especially our summer
annuals and many of our grasses

• CAM photosynthesis
– Cacti, agaves, bromeliads, and others
C3 plants
 The first stable compound formed in dark
reactions (Calvin cycle) is 3-carbon compound
 A problem with C3, photosynthesis is always
accompanied by photorespiration which
consumes and releases CO2 in the presence of
light
 it wastes carbon fixed by photosynthesis - up to
50% of carbon fixed in photosynthesis may be
used in photorespiration
 C4 plants
A better way to capture CO2
• 1st step before Calvin cycle,
fix carbon with enzyme
PEP carboxylase
 store as 4C compound
• adaptation to hot, dry climates
 have to close stomates a lot
 different leaf anatomy
• sugar cane, corn,
other grasses…
 sugar cane

corn
 Photorespiration is nearly absent
in C4 plants - so greatly increases
their efficiency - this is because a
high CO2: low O2 concentration
limits photorespiration
 Thus net photosynthetic rates are
higher for C4 plants (corn,
sorghum, sugarcane) than in C3
relatives (wheat, rice, rye, oats)
CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants
 separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by time
 close stomates during day
 open stomates during night
 at night, open stomates & fix
carbon in “storage” compounds
 organic acids: malic acid, isocitric acid
 in day, close stomates & release CO2 from “storage”
compounds to Calvin cycle
 increases concentration of CO2 in cells
 succulents, pineapple, cactuses, agaves,
bromeliads
CAM plants
 2. Carbon Partitioning

how plant distributes the carbon compounds

derived from photosynthesis and allocates them
to different physiological processes and plant
parts
 3. Transpiration

the continual flow of water from the soil, into

the roots, up the stem to the leaves, and out of the
leaves through the stomata

Water moving between soil and plants flows

down a water potential gradient
Water movement between
plants and soils
T
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 Interaction Plant -Environment

 A Plant’s Place in the Environment

- Each species occupies a particular
place in the ecosystem, known as the
habitat
- within its habitat, the species carries out
a particular ecological role or function,
known as the ecological niche of that
species
 Interaction Plant -Environment
 Responses to Factors of the Environment
Setiap fase perkembangan tanaman melibatkan respon
perubahan secara fisiologis. Sebagian besar respon
tanaman berkaitan langsung dengan kondisi
lingkungan

- Triggered Responses
- Dependent Responses
- Independent Responses
 Triggered Responses
respon tanaman yang dipacu oleh adanya eksternal stimulus
tertentu
 Dependent Responses
respon tanaman yang tergantung pada keberadaan kondisi
lingkungan eksternal tertentu secara terus menerus
 Independent Responses
respon tanaman yang ditentukan oleh kondisi fisiologis
tanaman; mis: tanaman jagung akan berbunga karena fase tertentu dari
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sudah tercapai.
 Interaction Plant -Environment

 Limits and Tolerances

Each environmental factor has both minimum
and maximum levels, tolerance limits, beyond
which a particular species cannot survive
 Tugas
1. Buat tulisan tentang
- fotosintesis
- partisi karbon (asimilat)
- transpirasi