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Activities
I. Questions for Review:

1. The oxygen evolved from photosynthesis comes from

A. water C. carbon dioxide
B. ferredoxin D. chlorophyll molecule

2. The first CO2 acceptor in the C3 Pathway is

A. GAP C. RuBP
B. PGA D. malate

3. The light-independent phase of photosynthesis occurs in the

A. granum C. thylakoid
B. stroma D. outer chloroplast membrane

4. Stacks of disc-shaped membrane structures inside the chloroplast where light reaction
occurs.
A. granum C. lamellae
B. stroma D. thylakoid

5. The potential energy of organic molecules is most readily available to cells in the form of
A.ribonucleic acid. C. water.
B. ATP. D. minerals.

6. Which process is best illustrated by the diagram?

A. cellular respiration C. photosynthesis

B. digestion D. fermentation

7. Which statement regarding cellular respiration is correct?

Fundamentals of Biology
A. Cellular respiration in plants occurs only during the day.
B. All living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration.
C. Fungi and bacteria carry out aerobic cellular respiration only.
D. Only plants and animals use glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration.

8. C6H12O6 lactic acid + energy is an equation for

A.fermentation.
B. photosynthesis.
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C. cellular respiration.
D. ATP breakdown.
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9. As protons flow through the ________, energy is released and exploited to combine ADP
and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.
A. electron transport chain
B. outer mitochondrial membrane
C. cytochrome oxidase
D. ATP synthase

10. Most ATP in eukaryotic cells produced in the:

A. mitochondria C. cytoplasm
B. nucleus D. rough endoplasmic reticulum

II. 1. Describe how energy flows in living things. Use the figure in your outline to help you and
make sure you describe each step completely. Start by describing how the sun’s energy is
used and transformed.

Energy is very important because it is the ability to do work. It is a required for

anything to occur, and without it there would be no 'causality' for things to change from one
moment to the next.
The figure shows how the energy flow through living organisms:

 First it starts with sunlight and photosynthesis that received by the producer which is
the plants. Then travels through the food chain in bite sized chunks.
 Primary consumers is the snail which is herbivore will eat the grass or plants as a fuel of
life.
 Secondary consumers is the hawk which is carnivores will eat the snail.
 The final consumer is the wolf which is carnivore will eat the hawk.
 And last are the decomposers which is the bacteria where organisms break down dead
Fundamentals of Biology
plants or animals into the substances that plants need for growth.

2. Photosynthesis involves two stages the Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle. Describe each
stage by stating the inputs that go into and the outputs that are produced in each stage.
Also, state where in the chloroplast each stage takes place.

The light reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of
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photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. In
plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called
chloroplasts. While, the Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon
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dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. And the reactions of
the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).
Furthermore, outputs of the light reactions are oxygen, which is released to the
atmosphere, and ATP and NADPH, which go into the Calvin cycle. And the outputs of the
Calvin cycle are ADP, P, and NADP+, which go into the light reactions, and sugar, which is
used by the plant.

3. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose while on
the other hand, cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon
dioxide. They are related on each other because they are important parts of the carbon cycle
which its pathways through carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration
releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the
atmosphere. And the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during photosynthesis and
cellular respiration worldwide helps to keep atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide at stable
levels that is why they are related to each other.

4. What is the source of energy in virtually all biological systems? Explain.

The Sun is the major source of energy in virtually all biological systems. All of the
producers such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use the energy from sunlight to make
organic matter from carbon dioxide and water. It also establishes the beginning of energy flow
through almost all food webs. Furthermore, it radiates light and heat, or solar energy, which
makes it possible for life to exist on Earth. It is a major source of energy especially in plants that
needs sunlight to grow. Animals, including humans, need plants for food and the oxygen they
produce. Thus, without heat from the sun, Earth would freeze.

5. Discuss how human activities like deforestation and illegal logging affect the cellular energy
transformation process.

The human activities like deforestation and illegal logging really affect the cellular
energy transformation process. First, it gamble the stability of climate and local weather,
threaten the existence of other species, and undermine the valuable services provided by
biological diversity. Also the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration could lead to Fundamentals of Biology
improper functions of each role. And because trees and plants is an important process in
photosynthesis and animals that produce carbon dioxide, they will be affected. Thus, all of the
illegal human activities may affect the cellular energy transformation process and all of the
living organisms. So, at the end destroying the tropical forests, risk our own quality of life so we
must take care and do not abuse it.
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