Chi

l
dMal
nut
ri
ti
onSt
atusi
nOdi
sha

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Chil
drenoftodayar et omorrow'sci t
izens,thusi tisextremelyimpor tantt
oensur e
goodhealthforchil
dren.Chil
dheal t
hpl aysav ital
roleindevelopmentofaanynat i
on.
Chil
drenaret heasset sfortomor row'spr oducti
v i
ty.Thegrowt hofanysoci etyor
stat
ei s depending on the av ai
labili
ty ofheal th human r esource.As chi ldr
en
repr
esentthef ut
uregener at
ion,thusmakest hem healthyisofcr ucialimport
ance.
Thusthewor l
di scurrent
lyworkingt owardsachi evinggoodheal thandwel lbeingof
thechil
drenby2030( ).

Indev elopi ngcount ri

es, ther ehav ehugedi ff
er encesi nchi ldst atusbet weenpoor est
andr ichesthousehol d.Thesedi fferenceswer emai nl yduet oeconomyi nequal i
ty,
educat i
on st atus,r ural-urban di fferences and heal th car ef acil
ity
.I n dev elopi ng
count ryl ikeI ndi a,t hist y pepr obl em ar ecommon..Keepi ng an ey eon f uture
gener ation,t herear esev eralnut ri
tionpr ogr amsi nI ndia.Forexampl e,I ntegr ated
childdev elopmentser vi
ces( I
CDS) ,whi chpr ov idessuppl ementr ati
onupt o6y ear
oldchi l
dr ent oi mpr ov enut rit
ionst at usi sr uni nUr bansl um ar ea;howev er,t he
prev alenceofundernut ritioni near lychi ldhoodr emai nshi gh.Hi stori
cally,Odi sha
hasbeenoneoft hebackwar dst at esofI ndia.I thasbeencr i
tici
zedr egardingchi l
d
mal nut r
itioni soneoft hel eadingcausesofchi ldhoodmor bidit
yandmor t
al i
ty.Its
backwar dnessmi ghtbewi tnessedf r om t hef actt hataccor dingt oUNDPr epor tin
2007- 08 t he st ater anked 22nd among 23 I ndi an st ates r egarding human
dev elopmenti ndexv alue.Aspert hel at estav ail
abl edat afr om NFHSi n2015- 16, the
under -fi
v e mor talit
yr ate( U5MR)f orOdi shawas48per1000l i
vebi r
thsdownf rom
78per1000i n2005- 06,stillmuchhi ghert hant henat i
onall ev elwher e37per1000
l
ivebi rth.( I
nternat ionalInst i
tutef orpopul ationsci encemacr o, 2015-16).TheDecl i
ne
ratei nmal nutri
tionst atusamongt hechi ldrenunderageoff i
v ewer emuchsmal l
er
i
nl astt wor oundsNFHSsuv ey.Ther esul tsuggest edt hati n2019- 21,31%ofchi ldren
wer est unt ed,compar edt o34%i n2015- 16. Simi l
ar lyin2015- 16, 35%ofchi l
drenwer e
under wei ghtcompar ed t o 30% i n 2019- 21. I
n 2019- 21,18. 1% wer e wast ing i n
compar edt o21% i n2015- 16( I
IPSmacr o2021,and2015- 16) .Thehi gherl evelof
childmal -nutri
tionamongchi l
drenunderageoff ivei sof tencausedbyi mpr operor
i
nsuf f
icientf oodi ntake,r epeat edepi sodesofi nf ect i
onsandi nadequat ecar edur ing
sickness.I naddi t i
on, undernut r
iti
onaf fect sanat omi calgr owt h, i
mpai rsthei mmune
syst em andi ncreaset her iskofi mpr operdev elopmentofbodypar tsoror gans.The
otherconsequencesoft hei mpr operf oodi nt akei mpactonchi ldwast ingwher echi l
d
i
swei ghtl ossaccor dingt ohi shei ght ,si mi larl
yst unt i
ngwher echi l
drenhasshor t
heightaccor dingt oageandal sounder wei ghtast hechi ldacqui ri
ngl esswei ght
accor dingt ohisage.

STRUCTUREOFLI
TERATUREREVI
EW:
 ChalsaniandRutstei
n( 2012),
studyonHouseholdwealthandchi l
dhealt
h
evol
veddur
ingat i
meofsi gnifi
canteconomi cchangeinIndiai
nthreer oundsof
NFHSdata and t heysuggestedt hatrel
ati
onshi
pbetweenhouseholdweal thand
under5mortal
it
yweaken butt hi
sr esul
twasex er
cisecont
rol
l
edbyi nfantmor t
ali
ty
rat
e.

UsmaniandAhmad( 2017),studi
edon“Healt
hstat
usofchildreninIndi
a”.
Theyobser
vedt hatthemalnouri
shedchildreni
sveryhi
ghinthiscountr
y.InIndi
a
under5mortal
it
yr at
eandi
nfantmor t
ali
tyrat
esare49and42respect
ivel
yduetothe
causeofmalnut
rit
ion.

Ngomaetal .
,(
2018) ,
theyconducted ast udyon“ Leverage againstchil
dren!
Insi
ghtofunder weight,stunti
ngandwast i
ngi
nZambi a”
.Theysuggest edthatt he
wayt ochild’
sst omachi sthroughthemi ndofmot her.Quali
tyoff oodtaken,choices
andquant i
tyar ethediscreti
onofthemot herorcaregiver
.Improv i
ngtheeducational
status ofpar ents especial
lyofmot hers,on nut r
it
ion,sanitati
on,and common
diseasepr ev
ent i
onst r
ategiescanber educet hemal nut
rit
ionr el
atedthemor talit
y
andmor bi
dit
y.

Hueyetal,(2019)conductedacr osssect i
onalst udy.onpr eval
enceand
correl
atesofundernutri
ti
oninyoungchi l
drenliv
inginur bansl umsinMumbai ,India.
Byusingt hedatawi
ththehelpofcorrel
ation,Regressionandchi -squaremethodand
theyfoundt heprev
alenceofSt unt
ing,Under weight,WastingandAnaemi aamong
thechil
drenunderagef i
vewere31.2%, 25.1%,9.
0%and76%r especti
vely
.Inaddit
ion
theprevalenceofmalnutr
it
ionand t
hef emi ni
neratioishigheramongt hemascul i
ne
group.

Si
ngetal .
,(2019)conductedast udyonSoci o-economici
nequali
tyi n
mal
nutr
it
ionamongi nIndia,wit
hthehelpofNFHSdat a.Theyreport
edthatchi
l
dr en
i
nstunt
edandunder weightwere38%&35%r especti
velyi
nIndia.Andal
soobserv ed
t
herewastheinverserelat
ionshi
pbetweenthechi l
dhoodst unti
ngandunderweight
wi
theconomicdevelopment.

Dasetal
.,
(2020)on“ St
atusofchi
l
dhealthinIndia:Astatel
ev elanaly
sis,
th
wit
ht hehelpofNFHS3r d&4 dat a.Theyf
oundthatther
ehasconsi derableininfant
mortali
tyrate,
underf
ivemortali
tyrat
eandmalnouri
shedchi l
drenovertimebecause
ofGov ernmentvacci
nationprogramme,womenl iter
all
yr ate,vi
taminsuppl ement
pr
ogramme.

Resear
chgap
From theexi
sti
nglit
erat
uremostofresear
cherhadpr i
mar
il
yfocusedoninf
ant
andchi l
dmor t
ali
tylev
els.Someofthem concentr
atedonspecifi
cimmunizat
ion
program forchi
ldhealt
h.Mostoft
hestudygiveimportantt
ogendergapdi
sti
nct
ion
because t heyf ai
lto access t he improved heal thinfrastructur
e and nutr
it
ional
support.Butt heydidn’tfocusmuchont heor derpi votalaspectofchi l
dhealth.A
detai
ledcr it
icalev aluati
onof chi l
dheal t
hst atusconsi deri
ngt hefamilyhealth
acrossdistrictinOdishahasnotbeenappr opri
at el
y.Abr oaddi stri
ctl
evelanal
ysisis
i
mpor tantencompassi ngal lthebasicdimensionofchi ldheal thandsocioeconomi c
conditi
onoft hemot her.So,t hepresentworkt ri
est oaddr esssomeabov e gapsi n
theexisti
ngl i
terat
urei naor ganisedmanner .Mor eover,theconceptofchi ldhealth
can bet aken asamul t
if
ariousconcept .Ther efor
e,i nt hispaperanal ysechi l
d
malnutri
ti
onst atusmai nl
yst unti
ng,wastingandunder wei ght.Inaddit
iontoexami ne
thesocio-economi cinequal i
tyofchildhealt
hacr ossthedi stri
ctleveli
nodisha.
Obj
ect
ives
1.Toexami
net
het
rendandpat
ter
ninchi
l
dmal
nut
ri
ti
oni
nOdi
sha.

2.Toi
dent
if
ySoci
oEconomi
canddemogr
aphi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csi
mpactonchi
l
d
mal
nut
ri
ti
oni
nOdisha.

3.Toanal
yset
hegeogr
aphi
cal
var
iat
ionoft
hechi
l
dmal
nut
ri
ti
oni
nOdi
sha.

Dat
abaseandMet
hodol
ogy

Dat
a

The pr esentst
udymainl
ybased onthesecondar
ydat a.Datahasbeen
col
lect
edf r
om theNati
onalf
amil
yandHeal
thSur
veyi
.e,
NFHS-4(
2015-16)andNFHS:
-5(
2019-21).

Thepr esentstudydatahavebeenused t wo roundsofNFHS dat

awhi chwas
conducted2015-16and2019-
21byt heMinist
ryofHealt
handFamil
ywelf
areGov
.of
Indi
ainInter
nat
ionalI
nst
it
uteforPopuyl
art
ionSciences,
Mumbai.

Met
hodol
ogy
:-

The met hodol

ogy used forthe data anal
ysi
sis si
mple.Allthe r
equi
red
stat
isti
caltoolhavebeenusedf ort
heef f
ecti
ve anal
ysi
softhedat
a..
Thedetai
lsof
themet hodologyint
hestudyareasfol
lows:-

A)Crosst abul
ati
on:-cr
osst
abi
sat y
peoftabl
einamat r
ixf
ormatt
hatdi
spl
acethe
(mul
tivar
iate)f
requencyoft
hev
ari
abl
es.Ar
rangementofdat
aaccor
dingt
oatt
ri
bute
i
ncells.

Chi
-squar
etesti
sappl
yont
hisdat
a.

B)Bivar
iat
e analy
sis:
-anal
ysi
softwov ar
iabl
est
odetermi
ne r
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
them.Corr
elat
ionandr
egressi
onmethodusedint
hisdat
a.

Mswor
dhasbeenusedf
orpr
epar
ati
onofchar
t,gr
aphandt
abl
e.

I
npr
esentst
udybi
var
iat
eanal
yseswascar
ri
edout
.Inbi
var
iat
eanal
ysi
scr
osst
abul
ati
on,
percent
ageandf
requencyhavebeenusedforidenti
fytherel
ati
onshi
pbet
eenchil
dheal
th
statuswit
hsoci
o-economi
cdemogr aphi
cv ar
iabl
es.Alltheanalysi
scar
ri
ed outbyMS
windowssoft
war
elikeMsexcelandMsWor dwithver
sion2019.
 Resul
tsTabl
e:-
1dist
ri
ctwiset
heprevalenceofchi
l
dmal
nut
ri
ti
onamongt
hechi
l
dren
(0-
5)yeari
nOdisha(2015-
16)
&(2019-21)

SL DI
STRI
CT NFHS-
4(2015-
16) NFHS-
5(2019-
21)
NO

WAZ(
) LAZ(
) WLZ(
) WAZ LAZ WLZ

1 Anugul 35.
5 31.
8 21.
6 30.
5 28.
1 25.
1

2 Bal
angi
r 44.
7 44.
4 26.
1 37.
6 32.
7 25.
5

3 Bal
asor
e 33.
7 33.
2 18.
0 22.
6 24.
4 14.
9

4 Bar
gar
h 39.
0 39.
1 24.
.2 30.
0 38.
9 17.
9

5 Boudh 43.
5 42.
2 22.
5 38.
6 37.
0 20.
1

6 Bhadr
ak 28.
2 34.
9 15.
3 28.
9 32.
3 15.
8

7 Cut
tack 17.
1 15.
3 9.
1 18.
9 20.
4 14.
2

8 Debagar
h 37.
5 33.
4 19.
9 34.
3 28.
4 27.
3

9 Dhenkanal 29.
2 26.
1 19.
0 30.
0 33.
3 22.
7

10 Gaj
apat
i 32.
1 32.
5 18.
4 34.
3 43.
4 16.
1

11 Ganj
am 21.
3 28.
9 16.
4 18.
9 23.
9 10.
2

12 Jagat
singpur 16.
5 19.
5 12.
6 11.
0 13.
2 10.
7

13 Jaj
pur 30.
0 30.
3 16.
5 21.
8 25.
5 15.
9

14 Jhar
suguda 36.
5 34.
9 24.
8 26.
9 27.
1 16.
9

15 Kal
ahandi 39.
7 36.
6 24.
8 33.
6 33.
0 17.
2

16 Kandhmal 43.
1 38.
3 23.
1 35.
2 34.
1 23.
3

17 Kendr
apar
a 24.
1 26.
9 12.
3 17.
9 28.
6 7.
9

18 Keonj
har 44.
3 44.
5 19.
0 37.
0 36.
2 23.
8

19 Khur
da 20.
3 24.
7 13.
8 16.
9 17.
1 13.
2

20 Kor
aput 44.
4 40.
3 28.
5 33.
5 43.
1 15.
9
21 Mal
kanagi
r 51.
8 45.
7 32.
5 41.
6 44.
3 19.
3

22 May
urbhanj 43.
8 43.
5 17.
2 45.
9 36.
7 28.
5

23 Nabar
angpur 51.
0 45.
8 36.
0 46.
6 44.
1 25.
2

24 Nay
agar
h 25.
4 28.
0 17.
5 20.
2 20.
0 10.
5

25 Nuapada 40.
0 37.
6 26.
4 38.
0 43.
1 18.
1

26 Pur
i 17.
1 16.
1 12.
1 11.
3 13.
8 8.
9

27 Ray
gada 42.
4 43.
5 23.
1 39.
8 43.
5 16.
1

28 Sambal
pur 45.
3 40.
2 28.
6 36.
3 40.
7 25.
5

29 Subar
npur 43.
0 47.
5 22.
3 34.
5 29.
6 26.
0

Sundar
gar
h 44.
2 37.
2 31.
4 34.
7 32.
9 21.
1

30
Fi
g:-1Di
str
ictwi
set
hepr
eval
enceofchi
l
dmal
nut
ri
ti
onamongt
hechi
l
dren(
0-5)
year
i
nOdisha.

TABLE:
-2Pr
eval
enceofdi
ff
erentbackgr
oundchar
act
eri
sti
csi
n2015-
16&2019-
21
Age
i
n(mont
h
) 2015-
16 2019-21
under
weigh under
weigh
st
unt
ing wast
ing t stunt
ing wast
ing t
9-11' 23.
3 28.3 29.
3 27 20.
2 22.
4
12-17' 35.
5 22 32.
9 33..
5 20.
3 28.
6
18-23 41.
5 20.8 34.
8 41 18.
6 32.
2
24-35 36.
1 18.9 34.
7 34.
8 16.
7 30
36-47 37.
3 16.8 36.
6 30 15.
4 33.
4
48-59 34.
3 16.8 37.
5 28.
7 14.
7 29.
3
 TABLE:
-3 TRENDSI
NCHI
LDRENSNUTRI
TIONALSTATUS(
1998-
2021)

Chi
l
dMal
nut
ri
ti
on NFHS- I
I NFHS- I
II NFHS-IV NFHS-V
(
1998-
99) (
2005-
06)
(
2015-16) (
2015-
21)

St
unt
ing 49 44 34 31

Wast
ing 30 24 20 18

Under
wei
ght 50 40 34 30
 Concl
usi
on

Ref
erences