ENGLI

SHBOOKLET
SENI
ORHI
GHSCHOOL
SUCCESSI
NENGLI
SHEXAMS

COMPOSI
TION/
SUMMARY/COMPREHENSI
ON/
CLOZE

VOLUMETWO(
2)

PHOTOCOPYI
NGORANYFORM OFREDUPLI
CATI
ONOFTHI
S MATERI
ALI
SPROHI
TED.

Excl
usi
vel
ypr
epar
edby
:Mr
.Ndal
i
ibaS.
Languagest
eacher
,
KawambwaTechnicalSecondar
ySchool
(
LUAPULAPROVI
NCE)

Cont
act:0977508643/0950884309/0964504193
Emai
l:stephenndal
i
iba@gmai l
.com

Secondedi
ti
on(
2018)

1|
Page
PREAMBLE
Thiscompilat
ionisaimedatt ackl
i
ngt het wotypesofcomposi t
ionwr i
ti
ng,ie.Fr
eest yl
eand
si
tuati
onalcomposit
ionandtosomeext entcomprehensi
onsummar yandclozewrit
ing.
Remembert hatseni
orhighschoolEnglishexam comesi ntwopar tsnamelypaperoneandt wo
i
nwhi chcasepaperonecontainsallcomposi ti
onssubdiv
idedint
ot wosections1and2.
Secti
on1cont ai
nsfr
eest y
lecomposi t
ionsandsect i
on2cont ai
nssituat
ionalcompositi
ons.

SECTIONONE( 20mar ks)

Freest
ylecompositi
ons
These are assort
ed often si
x compositi
on t
opics r
anging f
rom narr
ati
ves,descri
pti
ves,
argumentati
vesordiscur
siv
es,lett
erwr
it
ingetci
nwhi chcaseacandi
dateisrequi
redtoselect
onlyONEt opiche/sheunder standswellandthenwrit
eawel l-
par
agraphedandstructured
essayofmai nl
y250-
350wor ds.

SECTI
ONTWO( 20mar ks)
Sit
uationalcomposi t
ion
Thisisof tenrequiri
ngacandi datetowr iteacomposi ti
onbasedonasi tuati
ongivenunder
ei
theraRepor t,Speech,Arti
cle,Profi
le,Refer
ence,orevenanyFormall
ett
er-
wr i
ti
ng.
Normal l
ysomegui depointsaregi v
eni nli
newi t
hthequest i
onandyourr
oleinthiscasewi
llbe
to organize t
hem i nt
o sensible and l ogicalmeaningfulsent
ences well
-kni
tted t
oform
paragraphswhichi nturnform aninteresti
ngcomposi t
ion.

NARRATI VECOMPOSI TION

• Anar r
ativ
ecomposi ti
ont ellsast or ywhichmaybet rue(r
eal)orimagined(unreal
).
• Thismaybet ol
dinfi
rstper sonpoi ntofv iew(Iorwe)inwhichcaset hewr i
terwrit
esast or
y
abouthimsel forthi
rdper sonpoi ntofv i
ew(he,she,they)wheret hewr i
terwr i
tesabout
someoneel se.
• Narrat
ivesof t
enfoll
owt heor derinwhi chev entshappened,howev er
, att
imes
fl
ashbacksmaybeused.
• Thoughnar r
ati
vesareof tenwr i
tteninpastt ense,thenarratormayatt i
mesusedi r
ect
speechni cel
ypunctuatedwi thinv ert
edcommast obr i
ngthenar r
ationintoal i
vescene.
Ther eaderi nthiscasef eelsast houghhewer et herewhent heact iondescribed
happened.
• Everystoryshouldhavet hepl ot(plan),character
s,sett
ing(t
imeandpl aceofoccurrence),
cl
imax(peakofst ory)andr esolution(conclusionofstory)

MAI
NCOMPONENTSOFANARRATI
VE

I
. Ti
tl
e-thisistheheadi ngortopicofast or ywrit
tenbr iefl
yandpr ecisel
ye.
g.
TheDayIwasGr eatlyDisappointedbyMyBestFr i
end
AI
. Intr
oduct i
on-cont ainst
hemai npur poseoft hewhol enarrat
ion.
-
thisneedsnott obet oolengt hyinordert ogivethe
readeranappet it
et oreadmor e.
BI. Body-
cont ainsallthepointsofthenar rati
on
-trytoparagr aphyourcomposi ti
onappr opriately.Remember
t hatapar agraphiscreatedwhenat opi
csent encei sstated
f oll
owedbysuppor ti
ngdet ail
sori deasinal ogicalandr ather
pr ofessi
onal way
.
.
BI
. Resolut i
on-t
hishappenst obet heconcl usionofthe

2|
Page
 essay
.-i
nyourconcl
usionyoucaneit
her:
(
i)rest
atet
hetopicsentencei
notherways

3|
Page
 (
ii
)useaquot
ati
onoraskaquest
iont
oconcl
udeanessay
(
ii
i)wr
it
easummaryofthemai
npoint
s

SAMPLE
AJOKEIWI
LLNEVERFORGETI
NMYLI
FE

Ital
lstar
tedasajoke.Ihadjustwalkedpastthegatewhenmyfri
endofmineapproached
andaskedmet oconfirm whethertherumourt hatIhadbeenseendrinkingbeerthe
previ
ousdaywastrue.Hewasf ondofcrackingjokeswi
thme,soItookal
lthathesai
das
such.

Thedayst ar
tedasusual.Ourcl
assteachercameandconduct edregi
str
ati
on.Thenour
Mat hteachercameandwest ar
tedourlesson.Howev er,i
nt hemiddl
eoft helesson,I
recei
vedanot eorder
ingmetoseetheHeadt eacherr
ightaway.Iwonder
edwhyhewant ed
toseemesoear l
y.

AsIopenedt hedoorandsteppedi nt
otheHeadt eacher’
soffi
ce,Iwasgr eetedbysi x
seri
ousl ookingf
aces.Iwasaskedtostandinthecorner.Theatmospherewast ense.After
ami nuteort wo,
Whichseemedlikethewholecentur
y,theheadteachersai
dsinceIal r
eady
knew whyIhadbeencal ledt
herewasnoneedf orhimt ointr
oducetheissue.Hemer ely
wantedmet ot
ellhi
m whyIhaddonei t.‘Donewhat ?’Iasked.Itoldhimt hatIwas
compl et
elyignor
antofthewhol
eissue.

Itwasthenthathet ol
dmet hatIhadbeenseenbyapupi l,dri
nki
ngbeeratoneofthebottl
e
stor
esinchiwempal a.Hesaidhewasv erydisappoi
ntedwithmet osaythel
east
.Howcoul d
theheadboydosuchat hi
n?Iopenedmymout hbutcoul dnotbeall
owedtospeak.The
headteacherwentonandt oldmet hatf
rom thenonwar dsIhadceasedtobetheheadboy .I
wouldbegi vent enst r
okesoft hecaneinf rontofallt
hepupi l
saft
erwhichIwouldsweep
theallthecl assrooms,passagesandt oi
lets.Iwasaskedt ochoosebetweent hatand
suspensionpendi ngexpulsi
on.Ihadnochoi ce.

Dazedwi thconf usion,Ilefttheofficeandst art

edsweepi ng.Thewhol eschoolcameoutt o
wat ch.Atbreakt hewhol eschoolgat heredt
owi tnessmyf l
oggi
ng.Theheadt eachercl
imbed
thest epsandaskedmepol it
elytostandnextt ohim.Headdr essedtheschoolf ur
iousl
ytel
li
ng
them t obecarefulwi ththei
rjokes.Hesai dajokehadl andedoneofhi spupil
s,theheadboy, i
n
st
trouble.Itwast hent hatIrealizedthatitwas1 Apr ilandtheheadt eacherhadbeenf ooled.
Theheadt eacher ’
sapologieswer eswal l
owedbyl aughterf
rom pupil
s.I,
too,laughed.Thi
sthen
i
st hej okeIwil
lnev erforgetinmyl i
fe.

PROVERBSI NNARRATI VES

• Undernarrat
ives,youmayal sober equir
edtowr i
test or
iesbasedonpr overbs.
• Inthi
scasey ourrolewillnotbetostartexpl
aini
ngt hemeani ngoftheprov erbbutt
o
creat
east or
yt hatwilli
nthelongrunsuitorqualif
yt heproverbi
alt
itl
e.
• Iti
sverycardinalthatunderthiski
ndofnar r
ati
on,thewr it
erhasful
l understandi
ngof
theprover
bat temptedtoav oiddangli
ngnarrati
on.

ESSAYSAMPLE

WHERETHEREI SAWI LLTHEREI

SAWAY
‘
Wherether
eisawil
lther
eisaway’
.Thi
swast het
houghtthatsuddenl
ycamet
omy
mindwhenmyparent
sdemorali
zedmyopini
onsofjoi
ningtheZambiaCombi
nedCadet

4|
Page
 For
ce(
ZCCF)

Ingr
adetwelv
eatKawambwaBoysTechnicalHi
ghSchool
Ihadalotofambi
ti
ons
amongwhichwastobecomeasol
dier
.Igotfasci
nat
edmoreespeci
all
ywhenwat
chi
ng
moviesontel
evi
si
on.A

5|
Page
 morefascinat
ingandi nspir
ingmov i
ewas‘TourofDuty’
.Runni
nginthebushwit
hri
fl
es
andpreventi
ngabombf rom det
onatingf
il
ledmewithenvyespeci
all
ytoseeawoman
armedwithagun, dressedinacombatandr unni
ngl
ikeaman.Andthisusual
l
ycamein
mydream.Fort hesereasonsIdecidedtoj
ointheZCCFofourschool
.

Afterwat chingamov i
eononeSat urday,Itoldmypar ent swhatmyambi ti
onwas..My
fatherreactedv erysharplyandt hreatenedtogoandki ckourl i
eutenantwhohet hought
encouragedmet ojointheZCCF.“ Unlessy oudonotbel ongt omyf amily,youcango
aheadwi thy ourfoolishandhopel essambi ti
on, ”r
oaredmyf ather.
Demor ali
zedandhel pl
essIwentt osl eepwi thouteat i
ngany t
hingthatnightasallthe
foodIat t
empt edt oeatt ast
edl i
kechi l
liorwor sesti
lll
ikepoi son.Thef ol
lowingmorningI
managedt ogai nabi tofconf idenceandmoment um t hatIev endaredt otal
ktomy
mot herwhom It houghtwoul dbeabet terobjectthatwoul dhelpmeconv i
ncemyf ather
,
butshet oowassowi ldaboutt hei deathatsheev enthr eatenedt ogivemeoneofher
usualandsuccessf ulpuncht hatnoonecoul dnotr esistitsgr avi
tybutinstant
lytouch
thesoilwi t
hst arsfl
ashingallov ert heface.

“Perhapsmyparentsareri
ght,
”at houghtthatsuddenl
yr oamedinmymi nd,especi
all
y
thatevenourLiter
atur
eteacherseemedt obeagai nstitasheoncest oppedusf r
om
attendi
nghi
slessonwhenwecamel atefr
om themeet i
ngwi t
hourl
ieut
enant.

Havingignoredmypar ents’adviceandt hreats,Icompletel

yj oi
nedtheZCCFwi t
hout
thei
rknowl edge.NosoonerhadIdonet histhanIwaspr omot edtoser geant.Aft
er
compl et
ingschoolIwentformi l
i
tarytrai
ninginAngola,andt omysurpri
seIwasoneof
theluckyfewsoldier
swhower epr i
vil
egedt ogot oRussiaforfurt
hermil
i
t ar
yt r
aini
ngfor
oneandhal fyear
s.From t
here,Iwaspr omotedandgi ventherankofli
eutenant.

Ont hedayofar r
ivalfr
om Russia,wewer ewel comedbyt hePresi
dent ,theVicePr esi
dent
andsomemember sofmyf ami l
y.Iwasgi venav erybighousei nKabwe’ sChi ndwin
Bar r
acksandf urt
herslappedwithapower fulv
ehicletoenabl
emecar r
youtmydut iesmor e
effecti
vel
yandef fi
cientl
y.Twoy earslat
erIbecameadef encemi ni
ster,andlaterduringthe
cabinetreshuffl
e,Iwasappoi nt
edt heVicePresidentofthecountr
y.Mypar entswer every
happyespeci al
lymyf atherwhopraisedmev erymuchwi thalotofblessings.I
ndeed, where
thereisawi l
lther
ei saway .

NOTALLTHATGLI TTERSI
SGOLD
th
Sept
ember18 1998willal
waysbeasigni
fi
cantdat
einmyl
i
fe.Il
ear
ntal
essonwhi
ch
hasal
ter
edthecour
seofmylif
e.

Iwasi nmyf i
nalyearandwasbusypr epar
ingf orthecerti
fi
cateexams.Li keanyother
boy,myheadwasf ul
lofwil
dideasofgoodt i
mest ocome.Iwasl ookingforwardtothe
ti
mewhenIwoul dcomplet
emyst udi
esattheUni versi
tyofZambia,getawel lpay
ingj
ob,
have a beauti
fulcar,a bi
g house and probablyt he mostbeaut i
fulbuthumbl est
Constanceformywi f
e.Const
ancewasmycl assmat easwel lasasweet heart
.

Ihadal waysbeenfascinat
edbybeauti
fulwomen, especi
all
yt hemov i
estar-
type,
whose
charm Icouldnotresi
st.Soonaft
ershehadwont hebeaut ycontest
,Constancebecame
thecent reofmyl if
e.WhenIwasawake,It houghtabouther .WhenIwasasl eep,I
dreamtabouther .Al lIwantedwast oconquerher -t
opossessher .Andt hatIdid.
Const ancebecamemygi r
l.Shewasat rueangel,whoseey eswerepureandwhi t
eas
mi l
k,andwast hepoweraroundwhom allmyactiviti
esrevolv
ed.Shewasmi neandmi ne
alone.

6|
Page
7|
Page
 Thatmonthmyr esul
tswereverybadasIhadlov
edherandhat edany
thingthatlooked
l
ikeabook.Buttomyconsolati
onIhadthi
sbeauti
fulobj
ectcal
l
edConstance,themet al
thatgl
i
tter
sdayandnight
.

Afewday slater
,rumoursaboutConstancefli
rt
ingwit
hotherboysst
art
edreachi
ngmy
ear
s,butsuchIbr ushedasi
de.Const ancewast oobeauti
fulandtoopr
oudt ogi
ve
her
selft
oot herboys.EvenwhenIf oundal ett
er,f
rom aboy,i
nherbag,t
hatwasnot
evi
denceenough.
t
h
Around17:45hour s,18 Sept ember1998,Iwasengr ossedinmyt houghtsabouther
whensuddenl yahandt ouchedmyshoul der.Theowneroft hehandwhi speredt ome,
“Bakalamba,don’twastet i
me,f oll
ow me.Ihav eseeny oursocal l
edConst ancei nthis
nearbythi
cketlockedupi nthear msofsomemanIhav enotreal
lyrecognized.”“Arey ou
sure?”Whisperi
nglyandhast i
lyIaskedhi m.Wei mmedi atel
yroundedabendand, surely
,
there she was!MyConst ance nicelyand compl etelywr apped int he poorschool
watchman’sembr ace!Iwasast ounded.Iwasshower edwi t
hicy-coldwaterallov ermy
bodysucht hatIcoul dnotev enmakeanysi nglespeechormot ionasi frootedt ot he
spot.Shewast hef i
rsttospeak.“ Iam t oobeautif
ultobeownedbyone,l etalonev ery
poorchap.”Sheneededmoneyt omai ntainherbeauty
.

“
Howcoul dsuchabeauti
fulgi
rlsi
nksolow?Doesbeaut
ymeananythi
ng?Ithoughtt
o
myself
.Ilear
ntmylesson.‘Tr
uly
,notal
lthatgl
i
tter
sisgol
d,’at
houghtt
hatsuddenl
y
f
lashedinmymind.

DIFFERENTNARRATI VETOPI CS
1.Wr iteast oryent it
led: MyMemor abl eJourney
2.Wr iteast orywi tht hef oll
owi ngt it
le:TheBi ggestMisunder st
anding
3.TheTr i
pofmyDr eams
4.TheDayIDeci dedt oChangemyLi fe
5.Wr iteast oryent it
led: Day sar eNumber ed
6.Nar rateast or yendi ng, “
……………. I
fIhadnotpai dafine, Iwouldhav ebeenjail
ed.
”
7.Wr iteast oryent it
led: TheDayIwasRobbed
8.Wr iteast oryent it
led: Birdsofaf eat herfl
ockt oget
her
9.Wr iteast oryst art
ing: “Whenmypar entsdiedinar oadacci dent
,Ithoughtthebest
thi
ngwast okillmy self……………”
10.Writeast orywhi chendswi thoneoft hefoll
owingst atement s:
a.IfIhadknown, Iwoul dnothav el efthome.OR
b.IfIhadheededmypar ent s’adv i
ce, Iwouldnothav ef oundmy selfi
nsucha
situat i
on.
11.Wr it
eanI magi naryort r
uest orywi thoneoft hetit
les:
a.ADi sast rousEndi ng OR
b.Nev erGi veUp
12.Wr it
east or yendi ng‘……………. .
thatt henwast hehappi estmomentI
hav eev erhadi nmyl ife.’
13.Wr i
teast or ywithoneoft heset i
tles:
a.Itisusel esscry ingov erspi ltmi lk OR
b.Goodt hingscomet othosewhowai t
14.Wr i
teast or ywithoneoft het itl
es:
a.Bet terlat ethannev er OR
b.Donotj udgeabookbyi tscov er
15.Wr it
east orywi t
honeoft het it
les:
a.Ev erycl oudhasasi l
verlining OR
8|
Page
 b.Ther
eisnosmokewi
thoutf
ir
e

9|
Page
 COMMONENGLI SHPROVERBS
1.For tunef av
our sf ools-Thosewhohav eoppor tunit
iesi nl i
fedonotuset hem wi sely.
2.Letsl eepi ngdogsl i
e-Nev erprovokeany oneory ouwi llregrety ouract ionswhent hey
retaliate.
3.Ther eisnosmokewi thoutsmoke- Ev eryr umourmaycont ainsomet ruth.
4.Wal lshav eear s-Whenshar i
ngasecr et,bewar eofeav esdr opper s
5.Wher et hereisawi ll
,ther eisaway -
Wi thast r
ongdet ermi nationandsacr ifice,onemay
achi eveone’ slifelongdr eam.
6.Bet terthedev ily ouknowt hant hedev ilyoudon’ t-
Aknownbadper sonorsi tuat i
oncan
bedeal twi thsuccessf ul lyunli
kedeal ingwi thanunknownone.
7.Don’ tjudgeabookbyi tscov er-
Bewar eofappear ances, f
ort heycanbedecept ive.
8.Af riendi nneedi saf ri
endi ndeed-Anal lweatherf r
iendwi llr
emai nl oyal t
oy ou,
especi allyiny ourt r
yingmoment s.
9.Ev erydoghashi sday -
Ther earemoment sofhappi nessf orev ent hesaddestand
poor estper son.
10.
Likef ather ,li
keson- Chi l
dr entendt owal ki ntheirparent s’foot prints.
11.
Spar et her odandspoi lthechi l
d-Ifyoudon’ tpracti
ceear l
ycor rectivemeasur es, your
childwi ll gr
owi nt oanev iladult
.
12.
Twoheadsar ebet t
ert hanone- Indeci sionmaki ngpr ocess, bet terconsul tot hers.
13.
Wheni nRome, doasRomansdo- Adapty ourselftovar i
oussoci eti
es’ cust omssoy ou
don’ tof fendany one.
14.
Bar kingdogssel dom bi te-Thosei nt hehabi tofmaki ngv erbal threat shar dlyt r
ansl ate
them i ntoact ions.
15.
Don’ twashy ourdi r
tylineni npubl ic-
Di scussconf i
dent ialfami lymat ters
withint heconf i
nesoft hef amilyonl y; notwi thoutsider s.

16.
Abi rdinthehandiswort
ht wointhebush-Besatisfi
edandmakegooduseofwhat ever
li
ttl
ey oupossess.
17.
Nev ercrossthebr
idgebeforeyoucomet othem-Wor rynotaboutfut
urepr
obl
ems,for
youwi l
lknowhowt ot
ackl
et hem whenti
mecomes.
18.
Hewhosowst hewindwil
lreapthewhir
lwind-Don’tl
ookfortroubl
eorworset
roubl
ewill
visi
ty ou.

DESCRI PTI VECOMPOSI TIONS

• Thi scomposi ti
oni swr ittentodescribeaper son,placeort hi
ng
• Todescr ibesomeoneorsomet hingi stopai ntapi ct
ureoft hatpersonorthingwith
adj ect
ivessot hatonecaneasi l
yv isuali
zet hem inone’smi ndori denti
fyt
hem when
onecomesacr osst hem.
• Ev erywor dusedi nadescr ipt
ionshoul dthereforebedepi ct
edi namul t-
color
ed,
compr ehensi veandcapt iv
ati
ngmannert hrought heuseofadj ecti
vesandadv er
bs.
eg.Sheboughtaski r
t(Sheboughtabl ackleatherskir
t.)
• Int hesi mi l
arv ei
n,t hewr i
terofadescr ipt
ionoughtt oi ncl
udet hef i
vesensesina
successf uldescr i
ption. eg.thetasteoff oodtakenatapl ace(taste)
,thesmellofthe
placeorani mal(smel l),theroughnessorsof tnessofat hing(touch)andappearanceof
apl aceort hing(si
ght )

DESCRI
PTIONOFAPLACE
• Begi
ndescri
bingthef
oregr
ound(
whatoneseesf
ir
sti
nev
ery

10|
Page
 di
rect
ion)

11|
Page
 • Pr
oceedtot
hemiddlegr
ound(whatoneseesnextinev
erydi
recti
on)
• Fi
nal
lyt
hebackgr
ounddetai
l
s(whatoneseesl asti
never
ydirect
ion)

COMPONENTSOFAPLACEDESRI PTION
I
. Tit
le-thenameoft hepl acebeingdescribed
AI
. Int
ro-shouldi ncl
udet henameofpl ace,geogr aphicall
ocati
on,
backgrounghi storyandact iv
iti
esofpl ace.
BI
. Body -
describet heforegr ound(whatyouseef irst
,middlegr
ound(whaty ousee
second),
background( whaty ouseel ast)
,seasonal acti
v i
ti
esandout l
ookofplace.
I
V. Concl.-
ment ion unf orgettabl
e aspects ofpl ace and express y
ourown v iew on
whetherornoty ouwoul dnotmi ndrevi
siti
ngi t.

SampleofPlaceDescripti
on
MYBI RTHPLACE
Mostpeopl edearl
ycherishthei
rbi
rthplacebecauseitr
emindsthem oftheirl
ostchil
dhood,
thehappiestdaysoftheirli
vesorsosaymany .Someev enmakeitapoi nttovi
sitnotonly
thebuil
dingsbutalsoasi teofpil
grimage.Asf orme,itwasnotunt i
llastweekt hatIdi
d
enjoyt
hisspecialpr
ivi
legewhenIvisit
edmybi rt
hplacevi
ll
age.

Tobeexact,Iwasbornin1981inmymot her’
svil
l
agecal ledspr
ingbok.Thisvi
ll
ageissit
uat
ed
i
nt hewesternpar
tofSouthAfri
ca.Butduetoracialtensionsi
nt hecountryatthatt
ime,my
Swedishfat
herandbl
ackSouthAfri
canmotheremigrat
edt oZambiawher eIwasbroughtupfor
thepast30year
s.

Actual
lywhenthenewsofvisi
ti
ngmymother
’sv
il
lager
eachedmyat
tent
ion,Iwasmor
e
thanexci
tedasIhadal
way
slongedt
ogot
here.

I
ntheearlyhoursoft
hatday,myfamilyandIhadt
rav
eledtoCapetownbyair
,andoncethe
pl
ane touched down at08:
00 hours,we were dr
iven f
rom ther
e nor
thwards t
oward
Spr
ingbokacrossnar
rowgrav
eledroads.

Aswenear edthevil
l
ageatabout10:00hours,Icoul
dseeabankofhil
l
scover
edwit
hal
l
sort
sofblossomingheavenlyf
lower
s.Aft
err
eachingthet
opofthehi
l
l,wecameacr
ossa
fewchi
l
drenwhower etendingt
heirf
amil
ycows.

Thescener
ywasj ustmagical
,fabul
ousandenchanti
ngasifwewereinLondon.Theplace
waspeacefulexceptf
ortheoccasionalshouti
ngofchi
ldr
en.Asli
ghtbr
eezewasbl owing
ourwayandpl antswereswer vinginalldi
recti
onswhil
eemit
ti
ngsomeunusualsweet
fr
agr
ances.

Movi
ngpastt heheadman’shutwhichappear
edfarmuchbet terthananyotherinthe
l
ocat
ion,t
hef amil
yeventual
lyst
oppedinfr
ontofasmal
ldi
lapidatedconi
calandfrai
lhut
.
I
tscyl
indr
ical
roofwas
gr
andmother’
s house wher
e we wer e whol
ehear
tedl
y
wel
comed………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12|
Page
………….
.

13|
Page
Alli
nal lmynati
vepri
sti
nevi
llagelooksmoremagi
cal,morer
av i
shi
ngandmoreent
hral
li
ng
thanthearti
fi
ci
alcharm ofthecity.Gi
venanot
heropport
uni
ty,Iwil
lnev
erbor
emy sel
fof
revi
sit
ingmynativev
il
lageonay earl
ybasi
s.

DESCRI PTIONOFAPERSON
ITit
le-nameofper sonort ypeofper sontobedescr ibed.
III
ntrod-name, sex,age, nat i
onali
ty,durat
ionofacquai ntance,prof
ession
andifknownr eligiousorpol i
ti
calaff
ili
ati
on.
BIBody -
physicalfeatur es,at
tir
e,anypeculiari
ty(bald,hair
y….)ordef or
mi ty
(scar,hump, lame, cri
ppledetc.
)orment alr
et ar
dati
on, academic
andpr ofessional
quali
ficat
ionsandexper i
ence,generalconduct .
IVConcl .
-expressper sonal wishorgi vereadersdetailsbywhi chto
i
dent i
fydescr i
bedper sonthroughmanner ism oret i
quett
e.

Sampl
eofaPersonDescr
ipt
ion
Wr
it
eadescri
pti
onofavi
sit
oryouhatedmost
.

THEVISI
TORIHATEDMOST
I
tisgoodbehav i
ourofawel l
-cul
tur
edper
sont
ohav easenseofwelcomi
ngandrecei
vi
ng
v
isi
torsofallsort
s,butthi
sonecanmakear easonabl
ygoodhear
tedpersondar
enotto
r
eceiv
ev i
sit
orsinthei
rhome.

Hewastall
,sl
i
m anddar
kincompl
exi
onandofagebet ween45and50y ear
s.Hewor ea
sadl
ookandalway
ssmokedhi
spi
pe-
hisf
il
tht
obacco.Foraweek,
Ihadsharedaroom wit
h
him.

Thedayhecame,hehadcar riedasackwhi chcont ai

nedhi sbelongings.Hehadwor na
tatt
eredshirtwhoseor iginalcolornoexpertwoul dt
ell
.Hisoneandonl ypai roftrousershad
numer ouspat chesofal ldescri
pt i
onsbothinf rontandatt heback.Acl oserexami nat
ionof
hisbodyandcl othesrev eal
edt hathecarri
edi nsectsofallsorts:li
ce,bedbugs- namet hem.
Theput ri
dst enchexhumedbyhi sbodyat t
ract edhundredsofwel l
-nutrit
ionedhousef li
es
aroundhi m.Thenai l
sonhi scr ookedf i
ngers,whi chIpr esumewer eapower f
ulweapon
usedt ocrushl i
ceandbedbugs, weref
il
ledwitht heblackestsoothev er.Howcoul dIsharea
mealwi thsuchaper son?Hedi dnotwashhi shandsbutmer elydi
ppedt hem inwat erso
thatwhateverhet ouchedaf terwards-f
oodorany thi
ngwoul dinstantl
ytur nblack.

Atmealtimeshewoul dstuffhismouthwithfoodandashet riedt ochew, someofitwould

dropont het abl
e,withhi smout hfoamingonbot hends.Hewoul dt henf or
cethehalf
chewedf ooddownhi st hr
oat-
hi sey
espoppingoutlikeapairofr ocketsfrom hishead.He
wouldthen, noisi
l
ygul pdownacupofwat ertoenhancet hespeedofsomesor toftr
apped
l
umpoff ooddownt heesophagus,andspendt henextfi
veminut esbelchingnoisi
ly
,witha
blankl
ooki nhi sface.Atnight,hesnoredli
keapi gabouttohav eitsmiddaymeal .Hewas
themostdi sgusti
ngper sonIev ermet.

Thiswast hemanIshoul dhav egladlyreceivedandcalled‘

uncl
e’.Hewast hesameper son,
who, si
xy ear
sagogr abbedal lourbelongingsaf t
erthedeathofmyf ather .Hehadi nstantly
becomer i
ch,butnow,f ort
unehadt urnedi t
sbackonhi m.Motherhadl ongt aughtmet he
i
mpor tanceoff orgi
ving.How coul dIf orgivesuchaman?ForonceIdi f
fer
edwi thmy
mother .Hehadalreadyov erstayed.Rightf r
om thefir
stdayofhi sunwel comev isitIhated
hi
m.Isoonmadeupmymi ndandchasedhi m.Thi
st henhasbeent heki ndofv isit
orwho
i
mpl antedmybadat ti
tudet oanysor tofv i
si
torinmyhome,andIowenor egretsin
14|
Page
t
hwar
ti
ngsi
mil
arki
ndsofv
isi
tor
sinmyl
i
fe.

15|
Page
 ARGUMENTATI VEESSAYS
• Thisi
sakindofcomposit
ionwhichrequi
resy outoarguefororagai
nstapar
ti
cul
ar
topi
c.
• Youraiminwri
ti
ngargumentati
vesi
stobr i
ngoutawel l-
reasonedar
gument.
• Youmustusepersuasi
velanguageasyoupr esenty
ourideastogetpeopl
ethi
nk
yourl
ines.

MAI NCOMPONENTSOFANARGUMENTATI VE
I
. Tit
le-thet opicormot ionunderdi scussionegTeacher sandnot
Pupi l
sar etobeBl amedf orExami nationMal practi
ce
AI
. I nt
rod- youcanbegi nbydef iningkeywor dsf rom mot ioni
fnecessar yor
askaquest iononmot ion.Gi veownposi ti
ont owardst opic
whet herFORorAGAI NSTi t
.eg.Iagr eewi th…………… orI
total
lydi sagr ee…. .
BI
. Body -bringoutal lthepoi ntsi nsuppor tofy ourst anceont hemot i
on.
-donotshi ftcampsi ny ourar gumentbuti nst eadmaintain
yoursi det hroughout .
-manycandi dat esper for m poor l
yundert hiski ndofwrit
ing
becauseoft heirt endencyofar guingonbot hsi desunli
ke
present i
ngr easonabl epoi ntsont heirsideofar gument.
I
V. Concl -
dependi ngont henat ur eofmot i
on, youmayconcl udeby
maki ngast rongpoi ntt hatist ot al
lyinsuppor tofy oursideof
thear gumentoranyot herendi ngt hatwi l
li
nt hel ong- r
un
makeasummar yoft hewhol eargument ative.e.g.Conclusional
ly
,
Ist r
ongl yhol dt hev iewt hatthemot iondeser vesto
besuppor tedbyal lr i
ghtmi ndedpeopl e.

SAMPLEESSAY(
ARGUMENTATI
VE)

ARRANGEDMARRI
AGESGIVEPARENTSDI
CTATORIALRI
GHTSTOFORCE
MARRI
AGEPARTNERSONTHEIRCHILDREN

Itotal
l
ydi
sagreewiththeassert
ionthatarrangedmar r
iagesgi
vepar
entsdi
ctat
ori
alr
ight
st o
forcemar
ri
agepar t
nersont hei
rchi l
dren.Histor
yandexper i
encehav
eclearl
yshownt hat
arr
angedmarr
iagehaveworkedbetterforbothpart
iesconcer
ned.

Parentsshoul dnotbev i
ewedasdi ctatorsbutr atherachamberofwi sdom andknowl edge;
peoplewhoadv i
sefrom cent uri
esofexper ience.Par entsarequal if
iedtogi veadv i
cebecause
theyhavelivedwi thandwat chedtheirchil
dr enforatl easttwodecadesbyt hetimet heydecide
tomar ry
.Par entspossessi mpartial
knowl edgeoft heirchil
dren’stastesofmer i
tsanddemer i
ts.
Oncet hechoi ceofpar tnerisbasedonsuchunder standing,ther esulti
sr emarkable.Mar r
iage
bondage, t
her ef
ore,becomesar esultofbringi ngtwoagr eeablenat urestogether,notthecause.
Formar ri
aget osucceed, thepar t
nersmustbel ikethepol esofamagnet .Whent heNor thPole
andtheSout hPol ear ebroughttogether,theyar eboundt oattracteachot her;howev er,
youcan
nevermaket wopol esat tract
,nomat terhow beaut if
ultot heey etheshapesar eorhow
physical
lycloset oeachot heryoupl acet hem.I tt
akesaphy sicist,oratanyr ateamanwho
knowst hei ndivi
dualpr operti
esoft hepol es,tomaket hepol arcombi nation.Inoursoci ety,
parentsaresuchphy sici
sts.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

16|
Page
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

17|
Page
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………. .
Fi
nall
y,isitnotlogi
calthent hatamoreexperiencedpersonbeusedifalltheheadachesand
heart
achesar et
obeav oided?Parent
sareindeedt heworld’
snumberoneintheartofmarr
iage.
I
ti sfortheser easonst hattheyhaveabsoluter ighttochooseandar rangeformarri
age
part
nersforthei
rchil
dren!Thisshoul
dtheref
orenotbel ookedatasdi
ctat
orship.

COMMONARGUMENTATI VETOPI CS
1.“Exami nati
onsar eatortur etost udentsf ortheydon’ teffect
ivelyteststudent s’
abili
ty .
”
Agr eeordisagreewi t
ht hisstatement .
2.“Therei sapowerbey ondhumancont rolwhichdet er minesal leventsi nli
fe.”Suppor tor
opposet hi
sview.
3.Awomancannotcombi neapr of essionandwor kint hehomewi thoutsomeoneor
somet hingsufferi
ng.Doy ouagr eeordi sagree?
4.“Tradit
ionalAfr
icanmedi cineismor eeffecti
vei ncuringdi seasesthanwest er
nmedi cine.
Discuss.
5.“Moneycannotbuyhappi ness.”Doy ouagr eeordi sagr ee.
6.“Theest abli
shmentofr ecr eati
oncent ersint hecount r
ycanhel preducev i
cesthatt he
youngpeopl eengaget hemsel vesi n,l
ikedr ugabuseandsoon.Ar guef ororagainstt hi
s
statement .
7.“Thosewhowor kless,getmor eandar econst antl
ydemandi ngmor e.”
8.Womenandgi rlsaretobl amef orther ecenti ncr
easei nnumberofr apecases.Doy ou
agree?
9.Ther emov alofcorporal punishmenthasanegat i
veef fectoneducat ion.Doy ouagr ee?
10.
Teacher sandnotpupi lsar etobebl amedf orexami nationmal practice.
Agr eeordisagree.

REPORTWRI TI
NG
• Areportisadescri
pti
onoranaccountofsomet hi
ngthathappened.
• Newspapersandmagazi nesar efull
ofreports.
• Reportsareoft
enwr i
tt
eni nasy stemati
cwayt ogi
veinformationaboutwhathas
occurr
ede.g.acci
dents,meet i
ngsandev ents.Therearebasicall
ytwomaintypes
ofreport
snamely:Narrat
iveRepor tandSchemat i
cRepor t
.Theschemat i
crepor
ts
mayhav eaheadingandsub- headingsrespecti
vel
y.

MAI NCOMPONENTSOFAREPORT( NARRATI VEREPORT)

I
. Tit
le-t
hisshoul dbewr i
tt
enbr i
eflyandprecisel
ytogi vet
hereader
theimpr essi
onofthewhol erepor
t.E.
g.Repor tofaRoad
Traffic
rd
Acci dentthatoccurr
edonFr iday23 Apr il2011
AI. Intro-stateexactlywhathappenedwi thoutbeati
ngaboutt he
bush.- menti
ontime, placeandnumberofv i
cti
m(s)of
theaccident.
BI
. Body -
giv eoutal l
thefactsrelati
ngt ohowi thappenedandwhatcoul
dhav
e

18|
Page
 beent hecause.
-
includeal
ldetai
l
saboutcasual
ti
esand/oranyot
herident
if
icat
ions
-
bringoutallt
hatyousaworheardi
nalogical
andsystemati
cwayin

19|
Page
 ordertomaket her eaderv i
suali
zethewhol escenariosot hat
properconcl usi
onscanbemader egardi
ngt hesame.
-
donoti ncludeliesasy ourr olei
nreporti
ngist oinf
or m what
reall
yhappened.
-
clearl
yshowt helastact iont hatcoul
dhav ebeent akenby
relev
antst akeholder stomar ktheendoft heoccurrence.
I
V. Concl-
youcangi v
eper sonal opini
onsonhowt heaccidentcoul d
havebeenbet t
erav oidedandhowr ecur
renceofsi milaracci dent
couldbeav oidedatal l costs.
V. Endi
ngpar tshouldclear l
yshowt henameandposi ti
onoft he
repor
tere. g.By
ChabalaI saac
EyeWi tness

SAMPLE

TH
REPORTOFAPETROLACCI
DENTTHATOCCURREDONSUNDAYTHE5
OFJUNE2011I
NLUSAKA’
SGEORGECOMPOUND
Twopeoplewereburntt
odeathandfi
veotherssustai
nedv
eryser
iousbodi
lybur
nswhent
wo
drumsofpetrolandthr
eeothercont
ainer
sofi nfl
ammableli
qui
dsexplodedatahousein
Lusaka’
sGeor
geCompoundonSundaynight.

Thedeceasedhav ebeenidenti
fi
edasAbr aham Chakol waandJohnKabbudul a,bothself
-
employedy out
hsofLusaka.Accordingtotheeyewi tnesses,
thefi
rewasst ar
tedbyoneoft he
deceasedwhol itacandleintry
ingt oseet heleveloft heli
qui
dwhi chhewaspour i
nginto
anothercontai
ner.Theactonlyr esul
tedinanacci dentaspetrolcaughtfi
r eandexploded
sett
ingtheentir
ehouseablazetherebyreducingittomer eashesbythef umingfl
ameswhi ch
al
sot hr
eatenedtheent
ir
eneighborhood.

Ataround20:30hour
s,thef i
rebrigadeteam thatwascontactedatt hecommencementoft he
acci
dentonlypoppedatt hescenedur ingt hedyi
ngoutoft hel astfl
ameswhi chIpresumed
coul
dhav ebeenfuel
edbyt her oastedtwobodiesoft hedeceased.Later
wards,anambul ance
appr
oachedwi t
hthei
runusualandundoubt edspeedaccompani edwi t
hasol
emnsi r
enesound
asthelasthopeoft hesur v
ivors.Thev i
ctimswer esoonr ushedt otheUniversi
tyTeaching
Hospit
alforqui
ckatt
ention.Finall
y,twofuneral
swer econvenedf orthet
wodeceasedv i
cti
ms
atastonethr
owneighborhoodhousehol d.

Topr eventarecur
renceofthi
skindofaccident,peopleshoul dbecont
inuousl
yremi
ndedof
desist
ingfrom v
entur
ingi
ntosuchil
l
egalbusinesseswhi chcouldonl
yputtheliv
esofmanyat
stake.
BySi amabisiJoshua
PatrolPol
iceOf f
icer.

SPEECHWRI TING
• Aspeechisaf or
mal t
alkoraddressdel
iver
edtoanaudienceduri
ngaspecial
occasi
on.
• Speechesareusedwhenr el
ayingmessagestogroupsofli
stener
sondif
fer
ent
occasi
ons.
• Theref
oretheyshoul
dbewr i
ttensyst
emat i
cal
l
yandt act
ful
lyinor
derf
ortheaudi
enceto
l
earnfrom youri
deas.

20|
Page
21|
Page
 THREETYPESOFSPEECHES
A.SPEECHOFI NTRODUCTI ON(
Int
roductorySpeech)
• Thisisoftengivenbyt
hechairpersonofthegather
ing.
• His/herrolewil
lbetoi
ntr
oducet heguestspeakert
ot heaudi
enceandthe
audiencetothespeaker
• Thechai r
personshoul
dhavef ul
lknowledgeoftheguestspeakeraswel
last
he
audience.

Proceduret obef oll

owed
• Beginbysal ut
ingall member spresentinor derofi mportance.
• Youshoul dproceedi ntointroducingt heguestspeakerbynameandposi t
ionandtosome
extentabriefhistor
yoft hesamei nt heirprofessionalcareerandacquaintancei
nthe
subjectmat t
erathand.
• Briefl
yment i
ont otheaudi encewhatt hespeakerhol dsforthem.Yourrolehereisnott
o
deliv
erthemai nspeechbutt ogiveanov er
v i
ewi nsightofwhattheyshouldexpecttohear
.
• Tryalsotointroducet heaudi encetot hespeakeri norderforhimtoknowt heki
ndof
audiencehei stoaddr ess.
• Finall
y,f
ormer l
ycall uponthehonor ablespeakert omov ehisspeech.

B. MAINSPEECH
• Thisspeechisdeli
ver
edbytheGuestSpeakeroftheoccasi
on.
• Thiscontai
nsthemainmessageofthewholeoccasionandhencei
tneedst
obewel
l
writ
teninorderf
orthemessaget
obehear dclear
ly.

MAI NCOMPONENTS
I
. Tit
le-
thisi sabr i
efst atementoft hecont ent softhespeechandmay
contai nsomeoral lthef ol
lowi ng: nameoft hespeakerand
purposeofspeech, theoccasi on, anddat eofspeech
.
AI
. Sal ut
ation- t
hisisthev ertical orhor izont al addressofmember spresenti
n
orderofimpor tance, i
e.begi nni ngwi tht hemost
i
mpor t
ant.-youcanal soat tachanappr eciati
onr emar k
phraset othankt hechai rper sonoror ganizerfort he
oppor t
unitytoaddr esst hegat her i
ng.
BI
. I ntroduct ion-
statethepur poseormai npoi ntofy ourspeechi na
r
athermor eattr
act i
v ewayt ocapt ureyourl i
steners’
attent ion.
I
V. Body —t hisist hemai nspeechandi swher eallyourpoi nt
sar edev el
oped.
-donotbeataboutt hebushbutr at hergost r
aightintodiscussingyour
viewsorpoi ntsy ouhav egat her ed.
-tryt obackupy ourpoi ntswi thr el evantsuppor t
ingdet ail
sorv i
ews.
-youcangi vest atisticali
nf ormat ionwher epossi bl
e.
I
V Concl-conl udewi t
hast atementt hatr est atesthepur poseoft he
speechoranyot herendr emar k.

SAMPLESPEECH
Yourschool
urgentl
yneedstostar
tatuckshop.Astheheadboyoftheschool
youhav
ebeen
cal
ledupontodeli
veraspeechontheimportanceoft
hetuckshopduri
ngthePTAAnnual
22|
Page
 Gener
al

23|
Page
 Meeti
ng(AGM).Youandyourpr
efect
shavemetanddi
scussedt
hisandatt
heendt
he
secr
etar
yhandsyoupoint
stouseinyourspeech.

-popul ati
onoft heschool 3000
-mor emoneyt ober ealizedf rom busi
nessv entur
e
-pupilswal ki
ngl ongdi stancest obuybooks,
pens, etc.Wal kingendanger spupils’
li
vesand
i
nconv eniencesPupi lsf orcedt obuyunhy gienic
foodst uffsfrom v endor s- dangerofcont racting
diarrheaandchol era-car riedoutfundraising
ventur es
-k3000000sof arreali
zed
-tuckshopwi l
l reducel oiter i
ngandmov ement s
-tuckshopwi l
l helpconsol idatepupil
s’knowl edgeofcommer
ce.
-willhelpschool raisef unds

Usi
ngt
heseorsomeofy
ourownpoi
nts,
wri
teaspeechof250-
350wor
ds.

SPEECHDELI
VEREDBYTHEHEADBOYONTHEIMPORTANCE OF ATUCKSHOP
ATTHEPTAANNUALGENERALMEETINGHELDON9TH JANUARY2010

TheGuestofHonor
-TheDistri
ctEducati
onBoar
dSecret
ary
,TheHeadt , PTAChai
eacher rman,
TheMembersofStaff
,Inv
itedguests,f
ell
owpupi
lsandmayIsayl
adi
esand
gent
lemen.
Mr.ChairmanSi r,t
heneedf orandi mport
anceoft het uckshopatthisschoolcannotbeov er
-
emphasized.Foral ongt i
me, andindeedfrom thetimet heschoolwasestabli
shed,pupil
shav e
hadtowal klongdi st
ancest obuysuchschoolnecessi t
iesaspens,books,penci ls,gr
aph
papersandmanymor e.Apartfrom beinginconveni
enced, pupil
sfacethedangerofbei ngrun-
overbyov er-
speedingv ehi
cleswhi chcharacter
izesthisroadofours.Lastterm,agr adeeight
pupi
lnearlylosthislegwhenhewashi tbyacy cli
st.Thishappenedwhenhewasonhi swas
backfrom ChifubuMar ketwher ehewentt obuynot hingbutasimplegraphpaperneededf ora
sci
encelesson.

Sir,overthei
ssueoff oodstuff
s,wet hepupi l
softhisschoolhavehadnochoi cebuttobuy
thosesoldout si
detheschooly ardduet olackofat uckshop.Thesef oodstuffst
hatare,in
mostcases,unhy gi
enicall
ypackedandhandl edexposeustosuchcont agiousil
l
nessesast he
commondi ar
rhea,dysenteryandev enthedeadl ychol
era.Ayearago,threepupilscont
ract
ed
choleraandtheschoolhadt obecl osedtempor ar
il
y.Itwassuspectedthattheyhadsuffer
ed
aftereati
ngcontaminatedfri
tterswhichtheyhadboughtfrom vendor
soutside.

LadiesandGentl
emen,asresponsi
blepupil
swhour gent
lyneedatuckshop,wehavenotbeen
sit
ti
ngidle.Sofar
,thr
oughsuchf undrai
singv ent
uresassponsoredwalks,carwashingand
vari
etyshows,wehavebeenabl et
or ai
set hr
eemi l
lionkwacha.Wehaveothervent
uresli
ned
upforthi
sterm.

Mr .Chair
man, t
hetuckshopwil
lnotonl
yhelpusthepupil
soft hi
sschool
,butal
somembersof
staffatlargeandmor eespeci
all
ythosewhoresidewithi
nt heschoolcompass.Toalar
ger
extent,t
hev ent
urewil
lhel
ptheschoolr
aisemor
ef undsf
orotheracti
vi
ti
es.

It
her
efor
eur
geal
lthepeopl
epr
esentt
odayt
ohel
ptheschooli
nanywaypossi
blesot
hatt
his
24|
Page
nobl
event
ure-
theschool
tuckshoppr
ojectcansucceed.

25|
Page
It
hanky
ou.

C.VOTEOFTHANKS
• Thi sspeechisdeliver
edbyanyonechosenf rom theaudiencei
mmedi atel
yaftert
he
mainspeech.
• Thespeakerher ethankstheGuestSpeakerforhavingsparedhi
spr ecioustimetocome
andspeakt otheaudienceandmosti mportantthemessagehehasdel iver
ed.
• I nasummar yform,stat
esomei mportantpoint
sraisedbytheguestspeakerwhi chthe
audiencehaslearntand/orwil
lkeeponr emember i
ngf r
om thespeech.

PROCEDURE
• Sal
utat
ion:Beginbysal ut
ingall
member spresentinorderofi
mpor t
ance.
• Appr
eci
ationremar ks:
ThanktheGuestSpeakerforhav
ingposit
ivel
y
respondedtotheinvi
tat
iont
ocomeandaddr esst
he
audience.

• MainBody:I
nasummar yform, st
atesomei mpor tantpointsthespeaker
raisedi nhisspeecht hattheaudiencehasl earnt.
-
Assur etheguestspeakert hatwhathehasspokenhasnot
l
andedi ndeafears,andpositi
veresult
swi l
lsurelycomeout
from thesame.
• Concl
usi
on:Makeanappeal totheguestspeakert obeabl et ospeak
againt ot heaudienceont hesimilaroranyot hersubjecti
n
thef uture.
-Bef
or ey out akeyourseat,humblythankt hespeakeronceagai n.

SAMPLEofVOTEOFTHANKS

TheGuestofHonor
-Heal
thPer
sonnelManager
,TheHeadt
eacher
,Member
sofSt
affandLadi
es
andgent
lemen.

All
ow metotaket
hisopport
unit
ytosincer
elythankourlocalHeal
thPer
sonnelManagerfor
havi
ngspar
edhispreci
oust i
met ocomeandspeakt ousont heimport
anceofpersonal
hygi
eneasawayofcombati
ngcontagi
ousdiseasessur
roundi
nghumanki
nd.

Sir
,weaspupil
softhisschoolhavei
ndeedl
earntalotfr
om y ourspeechandwecanl
est
assur
eyout
hatwhaty
ouhav espokent
odaywi
l
lnotendindeafears.

InyourspeechSir
,youhav
eclear
lyst
atedthei
mpor
tanceofper
sonalhy
gienet
ouspupi
l
sand
every
oneelseinkeepi
ngwit
hgoodhealth.

LadiesandGentl
emen,wehavebeenencour
agedtoconst
ant
lykeepoursur
roundi
ngscl
eanby
burningal
ldi
sposedgarbagei
nordert
oreducethespr
eadofcholer
aandotherheal
th-
rel
ated
di
seases.

Notonlythi
s,butwehaveal
sobeencauti
onedtoavoi
ddr i
nki
ngcontami
natedwaterandeati
ng
foodonwhichf l
ieshav
eset
tled.Weshoul
dalwaysboilourdri
nki
ngwaterordi
sinf
ectitusi
ng
chlor
ineoriodi
ne.Weshoul
dal somakesurethatev
erytimeourfoodisnotexposedtof l
i
es
26|
Page
andot
heragent
sofcont
agi
ousdi
seases.Thi
swi
l
lint
hel
ong-
runhel
pusl
i
veagoodheal
thl
i
fe.

27|
Page
 Lastbut not t
he least
,we hav
e al
so been r
emi
nded……………………………………….
.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………Thanky ou.

ARTICLEWRI TING
• Anar ti
cl
ei sapieceofwr i
tingint
endedtoinform oreducatethepublicorwhoev erreads
i
t.
• Arti
clesar esupposedtobewr i
tt
enattr
acti
velyandinter
estinglyi
nor dert
ofuelinterest
i
nt hereader .
• Therear etwomai ncategoriesofart
icl
esnamel y
: (
a)magazi ne,newspaperart
icles,etc
and(b)let t
erstotheedit
or
• Thetwodi ff
erinthesenset hatt
hemagazinear t
icl
eshav enoaddr essesbutonlybear
theheadi ngswhil
et hel
ettertotheedit
orbearstwoaddr esses.

MARGAZI
NEARTI
CLES

MAI NCOMPONENTS
I
. Titl
e-thisist heheadi ngoft hearti
cleoft
enwr it
tenbriefl
yandpr ecisel
y.
AI
. Intr
o-cont ainst hemai ni deaoft hearti
cle.
-begi nbydef ini
ngkeywor dscontai
nedi nthetopicoranyot her
betterwayt hatwoul dbriefl
yexpressthemai npur poseofthe
arti
cle.
BI
. Body -
gi vemor edet ailedf actsbackedbyaut horit
ati
vesour cessuch
asof fi
cial stati
st ics,sci
entifi
cal
lyprovenwr i
tt
enand
unwr it
tenr ecor ds.
-usel anguageappr opri
atelyunli
kewher ey ouusebombast ic
wor dswhi chy oumayal sonotev enbeabl etounder standthe
meani ngs,but y ou can use a good r ange of sensi ble
v ocabul arywor ds.
I
V. Concl-expr essal astremar koranappeal t
hatwi l
lmaket he
reader scont inuouslyr emembert hemessageofy ourarti
cle.

SAMPLEOFAFEATUREARTI
CLE

CHOOSINGACAREER
Per
hapst
hisisanissuethatmostoccupiesthemi ndsofmanyseni
orsecondar
yschoolpupi
ls.
Thi
shasbecomemor ecruci
alandi
ncreasinglystr
enuousnowmorethaneverbef
orebecause
oft
heunf
avourabl
eeconomi ccli
mateprevail
inginthecount
ry.

Toponconsi derationsforchoosingapar ticul

arcareeristheremunerat
iont
hatacareer
promi
sestoitsdi scipl
es.
Asurveyconductedbyt heNati
onalDev
elopmentCommitt
ee(NDC)
l
astyearr
evealedt hatni
netyf
ivepercentofschoolleav
ersputr
emunerat
ionaspr
ior
it
ynumber

28|
Page
onei
nthechoi
ceofcar
eer
.

29|
Page
One’saptit
udeinagiv enareaisanothercr it
eri
on.I
fapupildoesnothopetopasshis‘O’l
evel
Mathemat i
cs,fori
nstance,iti
spuref oll
yf orsuchapupiltoconsi
deracareeri
nengineer
ing.
Simil
arlyapupilwhoisalway sstr
ugglingtoconst r
uctagoodEngli
shsentenceshoul
ddowel l
toforgetaboutbecomingaj our
nali
st,atleastforamediathatempl
oysEngli
shasamedi um of
communi cati
on.

Thereisal sothequest
ionofpresti
ge.Certai
ncareersatt
ractwidespreadenv yandr espect.
Manyy oungpeopl eunfor
tunat
elyconsi
derstatusasamat terofgr eatimportance.Closely
l
inkedtot hisi
sthepr
essurefamil
i
es,rel
ati
vesandfri
endsexertonindividual
stopur suet
hisor
thatcareer.Someparentshavebeenknownt opressur
isethei
rchildrent obecomemedi cal
doctor
s.

Inspit
eoft hist herear estil
lasmal lsegmentofoursocietythatappr eciatesthejoythatl
iesin
choosingacar eert hroughwhi chonecanbestexpr essandof fertheiGodgi venabili
ti
esina
part
iculararea.Thi scat egoryconsidersacareeravacati
onandwi l
ldoev eryt
hingpossibl
eand
i
gnoreal lobst acl
est oensur et heypursuethatcar
eert othebestoft heirabili
ty.Suchpeople
normallyper form t heirwor kwi th deep senseofj oyand sat i
sfaction thatot herscannot
understand.Mayt henat ionofZambi ahavemor eofthist
ypeofempl oyees.

30|
Page
31|
Page
 ByChal
i
ng’
angaJoseph,
Grade12pupi
latKawambwaTechni
cal
Secondar
ySchool

LETTERTOTHEEDI TOR
I
. Writ
er’saddress- oft
enwr i
ttenont hetoprightoft hepaget ocl ear l
y
indicatethesour ceoft heletter
.
-thedat eshouldbewr i
tt
enslightl
ybel owt headdr ess.
AI. Editor’
saddr ess- wri
ttenasi nglelinespacebel owt hewriter’
saddr ess.
BI. Salutati
on-i.
e.DearEdi tor/Sir
/Madam
IV. Reference-thisi sof tentheheadi ngofy ourlett
erof tenreflectingthe
purposeofi t
.e. g.Ef fectsofAi rPol l
uti
ont oNat ure
V. Intr
oduct i
on-cl ear l
yshowt hemot iveorpurposef oryourwr i
tingand
st atey ourst anceont opictobedev eloped.
VI
. Bodyofl et
ter-gi vemor edet ai
ledf actsbackedbyaut hori
tat i
vesour ces
suchasof ficial stati
st i
cs,scientifi
call
yprov enwr itt
enandunwr i
tten
records.

-
dependi
ngont hetopicathand,youcanpresentapr obl
em
athandandcl earl
yshowhowi ti
sapr obl
em, andthen
provi
depossibleway sinwhichitcanberesolved.
I
. Conclusi
on-
restat
eyourstandori nvi
teacti
onsorresponsesf r
om
readersort
hoseconcerned.

SAMPLEOFLETTERTOTHEEDI
TOR
KawambwaHi ghSchool
,
P.
OBox730191,
Kawambwa.
r
d
23 Apr
il
,2011.

TheEdit
or
TimesofZambia
P.O.Box047593
Lusaka.

DearEdi
tor
,

RE:Concer
nsofDr opoutsTer
minology
Asar egul
arcontri
butortoyourwidel
yreadnewspaper
,Iam wr
it
ingt
ovoi
cemyconcer
nson
therampantmisuseoftheterm‘SchoolDropout
s’.

Ist
rongl
yholdtheviewthatt
hepr
int
ingmedi
aandi
ndeedt
hegener
alpubl
i
chav
ebl
ownt
his
i
ssueoutofpropor
ti
on.

Butonet hingt hatpeopleoughtt oknow isthatcer tai

ni ndi
vidual
sar enotasacademi call
y
gif
tedasot hers.Howev er,thi
sdoesnotmeant hatt heycannotbesuccessf ulel
sewhere.Itis
veryunfort
unatet hatthewayt heyuse‘ Dr
opouts’insinuatesasenseofhopel essnessthereby
maki ngonef eelast houghhe/ sheisacademi call
ydi sabledtoper f
orm anyment alworkor
somet hi
ngoft hesor t.I
tr eal
lytakesawayt hefightingspi r
itanddrivesonetot hedefeati
st
att
itudes.

32|
Page
Myappealt
her
eforeisthatthi
sdiscr
epancyinmeaningsoughtt
obeputr
ightbymanyby
r
efer
ri
ngtot
helanguageaut
hori
ti
esandclassi
cdi
cti
onari
es.

I
tisami l
l
iontimesmor econst
ruct
ivetogivesuchpeoplehopeinli
fethant odemor
ali
zethem.
Aft
erall
,iti
sonl ynaturaltohavebot hfai
l
uresandsuccessesi nli
feinordertomaint
ainthe
bal
ancebetweenski ll
edandunskill
edmanpower .Myl astappeali
st oletushearnomor eof
di
stor
tedint
erpretat
ionoftheterm‘dropout
s’fr
om anyoneinsimil
arhabits.

Yourssincer
ely
,
(signed)
ChisamuPeter

LETTERWRI
TING

Therearethr
eemainty
pesoflet
ter
sandweshoul
dknowhowt
odoeacht
ypecor
rect
ly.
.Informal
b.Semi-
formal
c.Formalorbusi
nessl
ett
ers

(
1)I
nfor
mal
Let
ter
Thesearel
ett
erswhichwewr
it
etof
ri
endsorpeopleourownage.Inthesel
ett
ersweuse
theki
ndofEngli
shweusewhenwearespeaki
ngtoourfri
ends.Howeveri
tmustbe
corr
ectandaccept
able.

Lay
outoft
heInf
ormalLett
er
• Thesendersaddr
essiswr
it
tenatt
het
opont
her
ighthandsi
deoft
hepage.

KawambwaTechni
cal
Secondar
ySchool,
P.O.Box730191,
Kawambwa.
t
h
10 Oct
ober
,2011.

• Ther
ei snosender snameabov etheaddr ess.
• Ther
ei sal i
nespacebet weent headdr essandt hedat e.
• Remembert oputacommaatt heendofeachl ineont headdress.
• Thedat eiswr i
tteninf ul
l,
withacommabet weent hemont handt heyear
• Ther
ei saonel i
nespacebet weent hedat eandt hesalutati
on.
• Thesal ut
ationbeginscl osetothel ef
thandmar gi
nlineandisf oll
owedbyacomma.
• Thefirstparagraphbegi nsjustbelowt hemi ddleoft hesalut
ation.Thefi
rstword
begi
nswi t
hacapi tallett
er.
• Theletterisdivi
dedi ntoparagraphs.Eachpar agraphisindented.
• The‘farewell’
beginsabouthal f-wayacr osst hepage.Itstart
swi thacapit
allet
terand
endswi thacomma.Thesecondwor dsdonotbegi nwithacapi t
allet
ter
.

33|
Page
 • Thewr
it
ersnamei
swr
it
tenj
ustbel
owt
he‘
far
ewel
l
’.

(
2)Semi
-For
mal
Let
ter
Semi-f
ormall
etter
sar elet
terswewrit
etopeopl
ewhom y ouknowbutwhoarenotcl
oseto
you(e.
g.afri
endofy ourfather,
apri
estory
ourcl
assteacher
.Insuchal
ett
eryouwoul
dnot
usethesamer egi
sterthaty ouwoul
dusewhenwr i
ti
ngtoaf r
iendoraper
sonofyourown
age.

Lay
outofaSemi
-For
mal
Let
ter
➢
Thesender
saddr
essi
swr
it
tenatt
het
opont
her
ighthandsi
deoft
hepage.
➢
Nosender
’snameabov
etheaddr
ess.
➢
Ther
eisal
i
nespacebet
weent
headdr
essandt
hedat
e.
➢
Sal
utat
ioni
sbasi
cal
l
yDearMr
…,DearMr
s….
,DearUncl
e….Et
c
➢
Thebegi
nni
ngoft
hel
ett
erst
atest
hepur
poseormai
npoi
ntoft
hel
ett
er.
➢
Themai
nbody
➢
Theendi
ngi
sgener
all
y‘y
our
ssi
ncer
ely
,’si
gnandt
heny
ourf
ull
name.

Sampl
eofSemi
-f
ormal
Let
ter

Mabl
eShawSecondar
yschool
,
P.
O.Box740122,
Mwansabombwe.
t
h
24 Mar
ch,
2018.

DearMum andDad,

Greetingst
oy ouandallmysibl
ings.AsformeIam enjoy
inggoodheal
thher
eatschool
.
Mysol epurposeofwrit
ingt
oy ouissimplyt
oinf
ormy ouaboutmyjour
neytoschool
and
basicall
ymyst ayher
eatschool.

TobefrankwithyouMum andDad,
from t
het
imeIl
efty
ouIhav
eal
way
sbeent
hinki
ngabout
you.
Anywaythatasi
de.

Myj ourneytoschoolthoughti
resomewasasaf eone.Wer eachedschoolthesameday
around19: 00hoursbecausethebuswewer etravel
li
ngonhadnumer ousbreakdownsont he
way .Whenwer eachedMansa, wewer eal
lall
ocatedanotherbuswhi chwasev enf ast
ert
han
thefir
stone.Ont hewaywehadav iewofthemi ght
yLuapul aRiverandthegorgeous
MusondaWat erf
all
s.Itwasindeedabeauti
fulspect
acleespeciall
ythatIwast rav
elli
ngto
Luapulaf ort
hefir
stti
me.

Truthful
speaki
ngMum andDad, MableShawcanberat
edasoneofthebestschool
sIhave
everbeento.Theschooli
ssituat
edaboutaki
l
ometeroffKawambwaRoad.Myschoolhasa
totalnumberofabout500pupil
s,al
lcomi
ngfr
om di
ff
erentpl
aces.

Ipar
ti
cul
arl
yenj
oyt
het
eachingatt
hisschoolasal
lteacher
sareser
iouswithwork.Rarel
ydo
youfi
ndaperi
odgowi
thoutbei
ngatt
endedto.Myper f
ormancehasgreat
lyimpr
ov edasy ou

34|
Page
wi
llseewhenIcomebackhomeatt
heendoft
het
erm.Thosewhodon’
tper
for
m wel
lar
e
ei
therr
epeat
edorbet
terst
il
l

35|
Page
t
ransf
err
edtoot
herschool
s.Therei
sjustnor
oom f
orl
azinessher
eatmyschool
.Ij
ustpr
ay
t
hatmylit
tl
esi
sterTi
nkywhoisinGrade7makesi
tsothatshecanjoi
nmehere.

Feedingisalsoexcel
lentaswehaveawelll
aidoutmenu,andmostofourmealsar
enot
shortofdeli
ciousfi
shandv eget
abl
esj
ustgrownwit
hintheschool
.Theschool
hasgot10
fi
shpondst hatsupplyuswithfi
sh.

Onmostweekendswear eoft
engi v
enfr
eemov ementstostr
oll
aroundt heshoppingcentr
e
anddownt heri
verwherewenor mall
ywatchf
isher
menast heyint
erest
inglypul
lthei
rfi
shing
netsful
loftheLuapul
adeli
cacy.Wewouldonlyret
urntoschoolduri
ngmeal ti
mes.It’
sjust
ref
reshi
nggoingoutforsuchmov esonweekends.

Fi
nall
yMum andDadIjustwanty
outoremembert
osendmetranspor
tmoneyinadv
ance
astherei
softentoomuchcongest
ionattheonl
yZoonamoneyoutlet
.Passmywarm
gr
eeti
ngstoTi
nky,
Sussi
e,Lul
uandJuni
or.

YoursyourLovel
yDaught
er
Sndal
ii
ba
SarahNdali
iba

(
3)For
mal
(orBusi
ness)Let
ter
s
Thesearewr i
tt
ent opeopleinthei
rof ficialcapacities.Theyalsoincl
uderepliesf
rom such
off
ici
alstot
hepeoplewhohav ewr i
ttentot hem.Ver yoften,wedonotknowt hesepeopl
ewell
orwedonotknowt hem atall
.Thesel et
ter sar ever
y‘businessl
ike’
.Weonlywr i
tewhati
sreall
y
necessar
y.
LayoutofaFormalLet
ter
• Thesendersaddress,whi
chiswr it
t enint hetopr i
ghtcor
nerofapage.
• Leavealinebet
weent headdressandt hedate

Ng’
onaDaySecondar
ySchool
,
P.
O.Box730149,
Kawambwa.
t
h
14 Mar
ch,
2011.

• Ti
tl
e(posi
ti
on)andaddr
essoft
heper
sony
ouar
ewr
it
ingt
o.

36|
Page
 • Sal
utat
ion

I
fy ouknowt hesur
nameoft heper
sonyouarewrit
ingto,youmayusedearfol
l
owedbythe
name/e.g.DearMr.Banda.I
fyoudonotknowtheperson’snameyoushoul
dusedearSi
r,or
DearMadam.I fyouar
enotsurewhethert
hepersonisamanorwomany oumaywrit
eDear
SirorMadam.
• Heading

Thi
sisusual
lywri
tt
enincapi
tall
ett
ers.Thi
ssumsupthecont
entofal
ett
er.I
tmustbe
wri
tt
enbelowthesal
utat
ionandshouldbebri
efandpr
eci
sel
ystat
ed.

• Openi
ngpar
agr
aph(
Int
roduct
ion)

-Thi
sstat
eswhatt
helett
erisabout
.Not
ethati
tdoesnotincl
udegreeti
ngsoranenqui
ry
aboutt
heheal
thoftheoff
ici
alt
owhom youarewri
ti
ng.Justgost
raightint
hemain
busi
ness.

• Mai
nbody

-
Useofcour teousandpr of
essionaltone
-
Usef or
mal StandardEngli
sh.Av oi
dcontracti
ons,abbrev
iat
ionsandslang.
-
Indi
catethepur poseforwri
tingthelett
er.
-
Ifalett
errequir
esar esponse,givethenecessaryinf
ormati
ontogettheappropr
iat
e
r
esponse.

• Endi
ng

-
Thisisusual
l
yyoursf
ait
hful
l
y(i
fther
ecei
veri
snotknown)ory
our
ssi
ncer
ely(i
fthe
r
eceiv
erisknown)

-
Yourf
ull
namesandposi
ti
on(
ifonl
y).Yournamemustbewr
it
teni
ncapi
tal
let
ter
s.

Let
terofAppl
i
cat
ion(
sampl
e)

TeaEst
ateSecondarySchool
,
P.O.Box730188,
Kawambwa.

t
h
20 Jul
y,2012.

TheBranchManager
,
ZambeefPlc,
P.O.Box640022,
Mansa..

37|
Page
38|
Page
 DearSi
rorMadam,

REF:APPLICATI
ONFOREMPLOYMENTASASALESASSI STANT
Withrefer
encet
ot headv
erti
sementt
hatappear
edontel
evisi
ononWednesday,
t
h
the15 ofJul y
,2012,Iwishtoappl
yforemploymentasasalesassi
stanti
n
yourmostcheri
shedcompany.

Iam t went y-fi

vey earol dmanwi thZambiannat ionali
ty.Ididmysecondar yschool at
TeaEst ateSecondar ySchool fr
om 2009t o2011.Thesubj ect sIsatf orwer eEngli
sh,
Science, Biology ,Mat hemat i
cs,geography,reli
giousEducat ionandPr incipl
esof
Account sandi nal ltheseImanagedt ograduat ewi thadi visiononeasy ouwi l
lsee
ont he
attachedst atementofr esult
s.
.
Honest lyspeaki ng, Idonothav emuchexper i
enceasst atedi nt he
adv ert
isement ,howev er,
Ihav ebasicexperi
encei nhandl i
ngcashbecause
whi l
eatschool Ihelpedsel l
ingint heSchool Tuckshop.Addi tionall
y,after
compl et i
onofmyschool ,Istart
edasmal lent er
pr i
sewhi chbl ossomedwi t
hin
thel i
tt
let i
meImanagedi t
.Iconf i
dentl
ypromi set hatoncegi venanoppor t
unit
y,
Icanst illdot hejobt ot hebestofmyabi l
it
ies
.
Formor ei nformat i
onaboutmychar acter
,youmayki ndl
ycont actmycl ass
teacher ,Mr .Chav wangaVi t
alli
satmyf ormerschool ;TeaEst at eSecondar y
School onCel lPhonenumber0978654560.Iwi llbereadyf ort heintervi
ew
whenev ery oumaycal luponme.

Your
sfait
hful
ly,
s.
ndal
ii
ba
Ndal
ii
baStephen
Cont
actNo.:0950884309

RECOMMENDATIONLETTER(REFERENCE)
• Arefer
encei
salet
terwr
it
tent
orecommendsomeoneont
hebasi
sof
t
heirchar
act
er.

TYPESOFREFERENCELETTERS
A.OPENTESTI
MONIAL-
Thi
sref
erenceiswr
itt
eni
nanopenwayandcanbe
usedbyt
hebear
erany
wher
eelsehe/she
present
sit
.

MAI NCOMPONENTS
I
. Wri
ter’saddress-of
tenwr i
tt
enont hetoprightofthepage.
AI
. Opendeclarati
on:ToWhom i tmayConcern-oftenwri
tt
enslightl
ybelow
t
hewr i
ter’
saddressonthelefthandsideofthepage.
BI
. Reference-
thisisoftenthenameoft heper sonbeingdescribedor
V. recommendede. g.CHOMBAPATRI CK
VI
. I
ntroducti
on-ment i
onnameofappl i
cant
,his/hergeneralabil
it
ies,
durati
onofacquai ntance(famil
i
arit
yperi
od)
39|
Page
40|
Page
VI
I. MainBody -
person’spastfeats(achievement sifany )
,ext
ra
curri
cul
aracti
viti
eswhi leatschool
, professionalski
ll
sand
experi
enceduringperiodofacquai ntance,degreeofmat uri
ty,
rel
iabi
li
ty,
personali
ty,temperament ,anyot herusefuldet
ail
.e.
g.
hobby,sport
s,etc.

VI
II
. Conclusi
on-
expr
esslastwishonwhetherornotr
eci
pientt
obe
recommendedwithorwithouthesi
tat
ion.

SAMPLEREFERENCE
OPENTESTI
MONI AL
KawambwaHighSchool
,
P.
O.Box730191,
Kawambwa
r
d
23 May
,2011.

TOWHOM I
TMAYCONCERN

RE:PWALALEJOSHUA
HavingtaughtEngli
shtoPwalal
eJoshuaforthepastfi
veyearssi
nce2006,I
wisht oreportonhisacademicski
l
ls,ex
tracurr
icul
artal
ent
saswel lashis
generalconduct.

Academical
lyspeaking,Joshuacanr i
ghtful
lyber ef
erredtoasanal l
-rounder.
Hewasespeci all
ygi f
tedatEnglish,bi
ology,sci ences,accounts,commer ce
andmathemat i
cs.Ashi sl
anguageandcl asst eacherinbothGr ade11and12,
Ican confir
m thathe i s excepti
onall
yt alented atwr it
ing composi t
ions,
tackl
i
ngcompr ehensionpassagesandt ransformi ngsentencest r
ucturesand
manyothers.

Joshua was a rel

i
able moni
torfort wo consecut
ivey
ears bef
ore bei
ng
promotedtotheposit
ionofpref
ect;posi
ti
onshesuccessful
l
yservedtothe
bestofhi
sabil
it
ies.

Inextracurri
cularacti
v i
ti
es,Joshuaexcell
edi nmorethanonedi
scipl
ine.Hi
s
versati
li
tyinsportsoftenmadehi sfootbal
lteam,hi
strackev
entteam andhi
s
athlet
ics cl
ub abide byt he rules t
hrough and t
hrough.Besi
des,he has
exceptionalt
alentsfordramaanddebat es.

Asforhisgener
alconduct
,Joshua,adev
outChr
ist
ian,i
sver
yrespect
fult
o
bot
hteacher
sandhisfel
lowstudent
s.

It her
eforerecommend Joshua t
oy ourreput
abl
einst
itut
ion wi
thoutany
reserv
ationssothathisski
ll
scanr eachgreat
erhei
ght
sf orthebenefi
tof
humanki ndi
ngeneral
.

(
signed)
Chiluf
yaJames
LanguageTeacher
41|
Page
 KawambwaHi
ghSchool

42|
Page
 B.CLOSEDTESTI
MONI
AL-
Thi
sisaclosedrefer
enceandcanonlybeused
orpr
esentedtoaspecif
iccompany,
inst
it
uti
on
oror
ganizat
iontowhichiti
saddr
essed.

MAI NCOMPONENTS
I
. Writ
er’saddress--oftenwrittenont hetopr i
ghtsi deofthepage.
AI
. Receiver’
saddr .
-oftensli
ght lybelowthewr it
er ’
saddressont hel
eftsi
de.
BI
. Salutati
on--
e.g.DearSi r
/Principal/Madam et c.
I
V. Reference--
oftennameoft heappl i
cante.g.CHI SHIMBAGODFREY
V. I
ntroducti
on--nameofappl icant,generalacademi cabili
ti
es,
durationofacquai nt
ance( famil
iarit
yperiod)
VI
. Body -
-pastachievement sifany ,extr
acur r
icularacti
v i
ti
eswhil
eat
school,professionalskil
lsandexper i
encedur ingperiodof
acquaintance,degr eeofmat uri
ty,r
eli
abili
ty,personali
ty,
temper amentoranyot herusef uldetail
saboutappl icante.
g.
hobbies,spor t
s,etc.
VI
I. Concl -
expresslastwi shonwhet herornotr ecipienttobe
r
ecommendedwi t
horwi thouthesi t
ation.

CLOSEDTESTI
MONI
ALSAMPLE

Kal
omoHi ghSchool
,
P.O.box620010,
Kalomo.
t
h
25 Jul
y,2010.

ThePrinci
pal
MansaCol l
egeofEducat
ion
P.O.box710192
Mansa.

DearPr
inci
pal
,

RE: MPONDELAMARK
HavingtaughtEngli
shtoMpondelaMar
kforthepastfi
vey
ear
s,Iher
ebywish
toreportonhisacademicski
l
ls,
extr
acurr
icul
art
alent
saswel
lashisgener
al
conduct.

Academi
cal
l
yspeaki
ng,Markcanri
ghtful
l
yberef
err
edtoasagif
tedper
son.
HewasgoodatEngl
i
sh,bi
ology
,sci
ences,
………………………………………………….
……..
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

43|
Page
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Notwithst
andingtheaf or
esai
ddet ai
l
s,Mar kneedscl osesuperv
isi
oninorder
forhim t o work mor e ef
fi
cient
ly.Mor eover,because he can easi
l
y be
dist
ractedbythosear oundhim,keepinghimv erybusymostoft heti
memay
provetobeofgr eatbenefi
tnotonlytohim butyourinsti
tut
ionaswell
.

It her
efor
er ecommend Marktoyourreputabl
ei nst
it
uti
on wi
thoutany
reserv
ati
onsso thathisski
l
lscan r
each new hei
ghtsforthebenefi
tof
humankindingener
al.

Yourssincer
ely
,
(
signed)
SimagambaJames
Headteacher

PROFILEWRITING
• Aprofi
l
eisawri
ttenoror
alaccountofaperson’
sbackgr
oundhi
stor
y.
• Ther
earetwoty
pesofprofi
lenamely:aut
obiogr
aphyandbi
ogr
aphy.

(
a)Aut
obi ogr
aphy-
awr i
tt
enoror alaccountofaperson’sl
if
ebackground
st
hi
storyasgivenbyoneself.Thi
sisgivenin1 per sonpointofvi
ew.i
e.‘I
’
.
(
b)Bi
ogr aphy
-awrit
tenororalaccountofaperson’sli
febackgroundhi
stor
y
nd
wri
ttenbysomeoneel se.Thisi
swr i
tteni
n2 per sonpointofvi
ew.i
e.
He/she
Component
sofPr
ofi
l
e(Bi
ogr
aphy
)

I
. Ti
tl
e-t
hisi
sof
tent
henameoft
heper
sont
obedescr
ibede.
g.

AI
.Intr
o-ment i
onname, dateandplaceofbi rt
h,professi
on,age,sex,
rel
igi
on
andf amil
ybackgr oundhistoryoft hesame.
II
I.Body-
bringoutfactsabouteducat ionbackgr ound( whenandwher e,andif
possibl
ef amoust eachers),ext
racur r
icularact
iviti
es,pr
ofessi
onalli
fe,et
c.
I
V.Conc-person’sfut
ureambi tionsifal
iveori fposthumous(dead)useful
l
essont obelearntfrom aper son’sfrui
tf
ul li
fe.

Bi
ogr
aphySampl e
Mufal
aliPeterwasborninther
emotestv
il
lageofMut
wewankokoi
nMwense
Di
stri
ctofLuapulaProvi
nce.Hewasthel
astborni
nthef
amil
yof12chi
l
dren.He
wasadev out

44|
Page
 Chr
isti
anundertheRomancat
hol
i
cdenominat
ion.Hi
searlychi
ldhoody
ear
swer
e
pur
elyspentonhelpi
nghi
spar
ent
swhopracti
cedpeasantfar
ming.

Asr egardshisschool l
i
fe,Peterdidhispri
mar yeducationatMutwewankokoPr i
mary
schoolf rom 1977t o1984whenhesatf orhisGr adeSev enexaminati
ons.Aft
er
resultswer eout ,hemanaged t o beatnear lyeveryoneathi sschooland was
priv
ilegedtobesponsor edbyonewhi temissionar
ybyt henameofPet erHeinztogo
andst udyhi ssecondaryeducationatSt.Cl ementsinMansa.Whi lstatthi
sschool,
hecont inuedwor ki
nghardandwhenhesatf orhi
sGr adeNineexaminati
oninthe
year1986, hesurpri
sedev er
yoneelseasusualwhenhescoopedt hehighestmarks
i
nt heent i
reprovi
nce.

Itwasatt hi
spoi ntthatthegov ernmenti mmedi atelyawar dedhi m aschol arshi
p
awardt ogoanddohi sGr ade10t oGr ade12atHi llCrestTechni calSecondar y
Schooli nLivingst
one.Pet erneverceasedwor kinghar dasheal wayscame
numberonei nal lassessment sgiv enbyhi steacher s.Duetoal lthis,hebecame
themostf avor i
tepupiltoal lt
eacher s,andt hisgav ehi mi mpet ust oevenwor k
harderthanbef or
e.Whi l
ei nGradeEl even, hehadov erwhelminglybeenappoi nted
astheschool ’
sheadboy .Henev err el
ent edinhisacademi ccirclesdespitebeing
giv
enext raresponsibil
it
ies.Hewasal way sexcell
ingi neveryspher eofhisl i
fe.
Notonl ywashegoodatacademi cs,hewasamostt al
entedspor tsmanashe
wasabl etof eatur
ei nev erysportingdi scipl
ine.Dur inghisschool ingperiod,he
managedt oscoopdi ff
er entawar dsandcer ti
fi
cat esindi f
ferentact iv
iti
eshe
parti
cipat
edin.

Intheyear1989, hesatforhisfi
nalexami nati
ons.Af t
err esul
tswer eout ,hehad
againdonehi susualwonder sbyscor i
ngsi xpointswi thhisclosestr iv
alwi t
h
sevenpoints.Hef ur
therhadanoppor tunityofgoi ngt ot heUniversi
tyofLeeds
undergovernmentsponsorshiptostudyLaw.Thr oughouthi scourseofst udy,he
wasal waysthebesti nallhiscourses.Af tercompl eti
nghi sstudies,hecame
backtoZambi awherehewasi mmediatel
yempl oyedunderj udici
ary.Beforelong,
hejoinedpolit
icsandlaterbecameaMemberofPar l
i
ament .Dur i
ngr eshuffl
es,
hewasi denti
fi
edandappoi nt
edasMi nisterofJust iceint heyear2011whent he
Patri
oti
cFrontcamei ntopowerunderthel eadershipoft helat
eMi chealSat a,t
he
posit
ionheiscurrent
lyservi
ng.

Mufal
alii
smarr
iedtoabeauti
fulyethumbleConstanceMainza.Theyar
eli
vi
ng
happi
l
ywitht
hei
rfourl
ovel
ychi
ldren,adaught
erandthreesons.

Fi
nal
ly,in hisfut
ure endeavors,Honour
abl
e Mufal
alii
ntends toresi
gn and
cont
estfortheposi
tionofaRepublicanPr
esi
dent
,whi
chhesur el
ypromisest
hat
hewil
lscoopit.Heisindeedsuchapersonwhooneoughtt
osi mul
ate.

Kal
omoHi
ghSchool

45|
Page
 SUMMARYWRI
TING

Summaryistheshort
eni
ngofalongerpieceofwri
ti
ngby
gat
her
ingonl
yrel
evantpoi
nts.
• Successinsummar ywri
ti
ngdependson:
(
a)whetheryouhaveunder
stoodthequesti
onor
(
b)whetheryouhaveunder
stoodthepassage.

Reasonsf orf ai
lur
etoanswersummar i
escorrectly
(
i) Failuretounder standthequestion
(
ii
) Failuretoidentifyrel
evantpoints
(
ii
i) Fai
luretostickt othepassage-donotfal
lint
ot hetrapofi ncl
udi
ngyour
ownv iews,opinionsandi deasev eni
fyouknow v er ywellthet
opicat
hand.Bel i
mi t
edt oextract
ingonlypoi
ntsgivenint hepassageandnot
outsi
det hepassage.
(
iv) Fai
lur
et ofol
lowi nstr
ucti
onse.g.usi
ngmorethanther equi
rednumberof
words.

HINTSI NSUMMARYWRI TI
NG
(
i) Avoidwor dinessoruseoft oomanywor dswhi chcar r
ynopoi ntsatall
.
(
ii
) Avoidincludingexampl esunl essotherwi seappeart obenecessar yin
accompany i
ngt hepoi nt.
(
ii
i) Tryasmuchaspossi bletoi dentif
y20poi ntsfrom passage.
(
iv) Writeasummar yinonl yONEpar agraphunl essother wisestat
ed.
(
v) Sti
ckt othewor dlimit
-Donotexceedt hegi vennumberofwor ds.
(
vi) Avoidunintelli
gentl i
ft
ingofphr asesorincompl etesent encesorelsea
penaltymaybesl appedony ou.
(
vii
) Donotnumberorl i
styourpoi nts(notef orm)butal way swrit
einprose
for
m( par
agr aphorconnect edf orm)
(
vii
i
) Donotomi tkeywor dsiny oursent encesast hismayr enderyouhalf
mar korzer oscor e.
(
ix) Donoti ncludepoi ntsout si
det hepassage- onlyusepoi ntsfrom the
passage.
(
x) Donotabbr eviat
ey ourwor dsoruseacr ony msunl essot herwi
seused
i
nt hepassage.
(
xi) Expressall yourpointsinf ullandwel lpunct uatedsent ences.
(
xii
) Spellally
ourwor dscor rectl
y .

PROCEDUREFORANSWERI NGSUMMARY
(
i) Readthequest i
onthoroughlywellandunderstandi
tsdemands.
(
ii
) Readthepassaget horoughlywellwhil
ebearinginmindthemai n
componentsoft hequestioninmind.
(
ii
i) Gothrougheachpar agraphidenti
fyi
ngpointsansweri
ngt hequesti
on.
(
iv) You can underli
ne pointsf ai
ntl
ywi t
h possiblya pencilwithi
nt he
passageortransferthem innoteform ont
oar oughdraftpapertohelp
youorgani
zet hem well.
46|
Page
 (
v) Knital
lyourpoint
sgatheredint
oawellconnectedsummar y(
prose)t
o
bemar kedbytheexaminer.
(
vi) Proof-
readyourfi
nalsummar yandbeconvincedthatal
lther
elev
ant
point
shav ebeencaptur
ed.(Youcaneditwherepossibl
e)

SAMPLE
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpassagecar
eful
lyandt
henanswert
hequest
iont
hatf
oll
ows:

DANGERSOFSMOKI NG
Hereisanaccountofhow smoki ngcancausecancer
,andt
hechanges
occur
ri
ngi
nthelungsoft
hecancerpati
ent
.

Cigar
ettesmokecont ai
nst ar
s,nicot
ineandi r
ri
tantgases.Thetarscontai
n
substancesknowntoi nducecancerousgr owt
hsi nlabor
ator
yanimals.The
tarsalsocontai
nchemi cal
swhi chcausenor mall
yhar ml
esssubstancesto
becomecancerinduci
ng.Thesesubst ancescandissol
veinthefl
uidl
ini
ngthe
l
ungandsoar ekeptinclosecontactwiththel
ungforlongperi
ods.

Whenwebr eathein,airtravelsdownthewindpi
peandbranchestofor
mtwo
bronchi.Thesebr anchagai nandagain,event
ual
l
yformingmi nut
eholl
ow
tubesoft issue( bronchiol
i
) ,to whi
chai
rsacsar eat
tached.Lungcancer
attacksthebronchialtubes.

Thel ungsconsi stoft wol ayersofspeci alcellsattachedbyamembr anet o

under l
yi
ngconnect i
vetissues.Thecel l
sint hef i
rstlayerar ecol umn-shaped;
ont heout ersur f
acet heyhav ewav y-hairli
keci l
ia.Interspersedwi t
ht hese
cil
iatedcel lsaregobl etcellsproducingmucus.Thef uncti
onoft heci l
i
ai st o
wav et hemucus,andt hedi rtandfilthittraps,upt hebr onchi altubest ot he
backoft hethroatwher eitisswal lowed.Thecel lsi nthesecondl ayerar e
shapedr atherli
kel i
tt
lecubes,andt heyar eattachedt oadel i
catemembr ane,
thef unct
ionofwhi chi stopr eventi nfecti
onr eachingt het issuesbeneat h.
Whencanceroccur s,thetopl ayerofcel lsfir
stlosesi t
sci l
ia.Ot herthanby
violentcoughi ngt heretheni snomechani sm forr emov i
ngt hemucusf rom
thel ungs.

Ther eist henast art

li
ngi ncreasei nthenumberofcel lsi nthesecondl ayer,
whi chbecomedi stort
ed.Thecel lscannow bet amedcancer ous.Although
thesechangesonl yoccuri nasmal lsectionoft hel ung,t hecancer ouscel l
s
reproduceatsuchahi ghr atethatt heysoonbr eakt hr ought hebasement
membr anei nt
ot hesur r
oundi ngtissues.Iti sonl yamat teroft imebef oret hey
reachabl oodv esselandar ecarriedtoot heror gansi nt hebody .Thi
scancer
oftenspr eadst ot heliver,causingmor epai nandsuf feringt hani nthel ung.
The or i
ginalcancerspr eads unt i
litsur rounds t he br onchialtubes and
event uall
yt he whol el ung.One oft he t wo can t hen happen:mucus
accumul atest osuchanext entiny ourl ungt haty oudr owni nyourown
phlegm!The cancercompl etel
y sur r
ounds t he br onchi alt ubes,pr essing
agai nstthem andst oppingai rpassingt hr ough-y ouchoke!I ti sobvi
oust hat
thecancermustbev erylargebef oreany thingissuspect edandbyt hatt i
mei t
hasusual lyspreadt hroughoutt hebodyandi tspr ogr esscannotbehal ted.

47|
Page
48|
Page
 QUESTI
ON
Innotmorethan125words,
writ
easummaryofhowsmoki
ngcausescancer
andthedangerst
ohealt
hthatsmoki
ngcancause.

PointsExtract
ed
-smokecont ainstars,ni
coti
neandi r
ri
tantgases
-theyint urncontainsubstancesthati
nducecancerous
gr owths- t
heycausehar mlesssubstancestobecome
canceri nducing-lungcancerattacksbronchi
alt
ubes-
dest r
oysci li
a

-causesv iolentcoughi ngbecauseoft hebreakdowni nmechanism f

or
remov i
ngmucus
-i
ncr easei
nnumberofcel lsinthesecondlayer
-thisbecomesdi stortedrapidlyproduci
ngcancerouscells
-thesespreadt oot hertissuesandt hroughbloodtoot heror
ganssuchas
l
iv ercausi
ngmor epai n
-cancerspreadst othewhol elung
-thiscausesaccumul ati
onofmucusi nlungsanddiff
icult
iesi
n
br eathi
ng-resul
tsindeat h

MODELSUMMARY
Smoke cont ains nicot i
ne,irrit
antgases and t ar
s whi ch int urn cont ain
substances that ei t
her induce cancer ous gr owt h or cause har ml ess
substancestobecomecanceri nducing.Lungcancerat t
acksbr onchialtubes
anddest r
oyscilia,causingviolentcoughing.Thisi sbecauseoft hebreakdown
i
nt hemechani sm forr emov ingmucusf rom thel ungs.Thei ncreasei nt he
numberofcel lsdi st
ortsalay erli
ningthel ungs,
leadi ngtor api
dpr oductionof
mor ecancerouscel l
s.Thecancer ouscel lsspreadt oothertissuest hrough
bloodtoot heror gansoft hebodysuchast heliver
,causi ngmor epaint here
than int he l ungs.When cancer spr eads tot he whol el ung,mucus
accumulatesint hel ungcausi ngdiff
icul
tiesinbr eathing.Thisof t
enr esultsin
death.

Asy oucansee,thi
sisav er
ygoodsummar yasi
tincl
udesal
lthepoi
nts
neededandleavesouti
rr
elevantmat
eri
al.Thi
siswhatyouar
erequi
redto
doalso.

COMPREHENSI ON
• Comprehensi
onistheactofunder
standingortheabi
li
tyt
ounderst
and.
• Tounderst
andinthi
scasewouldmean: -
(
i)toknoworgetthemeaningofsomething
(
ii
)tothi
nksomethi
ngisthecaseevenifithasbeenstat
eddir
ect
ly.

49|
Page
50|
Page
 • compr
ehensi
oncomesinvari
ousf
orms,
butt
hemostcommonone
i
stheobj
ecti
veormul
ti
plechoi
ce.

HANDLI NGMULTI PLECHOI CEQUESTI ONS

• Whenhandl i
ngmul t
iplechoicequest i
ons,iti
swi set obeginby
readingt hepassageandt henst udyingthequest ions’demands.
• Youwi llbegi v
enfourorf i
v eoptionsinwhi chcasey ourr
olewillbet
o
arri
veatt heanswert hatoutst
andsorsummar izesal lotheranswer
s
given.
• Distractersareincorrectresponseswhi charet heret oconfuseyou,
hence,y oushouldbev erycar efulassomedi stracter
sappearas
similaraspossi bl
etot hecor r
ectanswerorkey .

MethodofAr r
ivi
ngatanAnswer
• Thebestmet hody oucanusei narri
vingatt hecorrectansweris
cal
led Eliminati
on Method wher e alldistract
ers are eli
minat
ed
caref
ullyunti
lconvi
ncingl
yy ouremainwi t
honl yonecorrectanswer.
• Compr ehensionexerci
sesrequir
elogicalreasoni
ngandt hinki
ngon
yourpart.

Ty
pesofCompr ehensionQuest ions
(
i) Lexical
questi
ons-thesequest i
onsr elatetot hemeani ngof
wor dse. g.Whichwor dint hepassagemeans
passedorf lowedsmoot hly?=oozed
(
ii
) Factualquest
ions-thesequest i
onsasky out oi denti
fyfact
s
orf orspecifi
cinformat ionf rom passage.
(
ii
i) I
nfer
enti
alquesti
ons- thesequest i
onsr elatet ot he
understandingofmeani ngst hatarenot
clearl
yordirectlystat edint hepassage.

COMPREHENSIONSAMPLE
Readt
hepassagecar
eful
l
yandanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Ifaswar m settl
edont herail
wayl i
newheretherewasasl i
ghtup-
gradient,thedrivi
ngwheelsoft heenginesli
ppedont hef atwhich
oozedf rom thecrushedbodi
es;andthetrai
ncametoast andsti
l
l.One
ofmyj obswast oseehow thi
scoul dbeprevent
ed;andIshal lbe
gratefultothel ocust
sforprovi
dingmewi thanexcuset otravelf
or
kil
omet ersfulll
engthonthecowcatcherofarai
lwayengine.Whocan
sayt hattheli
feofanentomologi
stisdul
l?

QUESTI ONS
1.Accordi
ngtothepassage,whatcausedt hetr
aint
ocomet
oast
andst
il
l?
A.asli
ghtup-gr
adient
B.theoilf
rom t
heengi neofthetrai
n
C.thefatfr
om thecrushedlocustbodi
es
D.theoilf
rom t
hebodi es

51|
Page
 • Asyoumayhaveseen,thecorr
ectansweri
sC.Thi
squest
ioni
s
fact
ual
asi
tasksforfactual
inf
ormati
on.

2.Wecant ell
from thepassaget hat
A.thewr i
terhatedlocust
s
B.thewr i
terisanentomologist
C.thewr i
terdidnotenjoyhisjob
D.thewr i
terli
kedlocusts
• Thecorrectansweri sB.Thi squest i
onisinf
erent
ialbecausean
answer(ent
omol ogist
)isnotdi r
ectl
ystat
ed.Wecanonlyinferf
rom
whathasbeensai d.

3.Whichwor dint hepassagemeans‘ passedorflowedsmoothl

y’?
A.pr evented
B.cr ushed
C.sl i
pped
D.oozed
• Thecor rectanswerisD.Thisisalexicalquesti
onrequi
ri
ngyouto
prov
idet hemeani ngoft hewordorphrase.
• Inthisr egard,you can know t he meaning oft he wor
d using
contextualcl uesort hecontextinwhi cht hewor disused.The
contexther eissimpl
yt hesi
tuat
ionaroundwhi chthewordappears.

TESTYOURUNDERSTANDI NG
NB:Thecompr ehensi onparagraphbel owi saimedathel pi
ngy ouhav e
aninsi
ghtofwhatki ndoft hinki
ngy ouneedt oempl oywhenhandl ing
comprehensionexer cises.Thoughthequest i
onsappeart oosimple,you
oughttostudyt hepar agr
aphcar ef
ullyandr easonablyinorderf oryou
toarr
iveatacor rectanswer .Asy oubegi neliminat
ingdistr
acters,t
ryto
thi
nkWHYt heyar enotcor r
ectanswer s;thisapproachwi l
linthelong-
rungi
vey ousuretyont hecorrect
nessofy ouranswer s.

Readt
hepassagebel
owandanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Lastmont hItrav
eledbyairf ort
hefirstt
imei nmyl i
fe.Igeneral
lytrav el
byt r
ainorbus.I tisbothcheaperandsaf er.Butthiswasaj ourney
overseas.Att he begi
nning,Idi d notfeelv eryhappy .Thisf eeling
howev erdidnotl
astlong.Thet r
ipwasv eryexcit
ing.Iwassoonhi ghup
i
nt heskyamongt heclouds.Thev i
ew ofmount ai
ns,fi
eldsandr i
v ers
wasi nter
esti
ngandunusual .Ienj
oyedmyl ongandcomf ortabl
ejourney
verymuch.

QUESTIONS
1.Whendidthewr i
terf
ir
stt r
avelbyai
r?
A.lastmonth
B.whenhedi dnotfeelhappy
C.amonthbef orehewr otethi
s

52|
Page
 D.hehasnev ertrav eledbyai r
2.Whatwast het ri
pl ike?
A.v eryshor tandcomf or tabl e
B.v erylonganduncomf or tabl e
C.bot hunhappyandexci ting
D.uncomf ortabl eatt hebegi nni ngbutexci tingandcomf ortabl
elat
er
3.Whywast hev iewofmount ains, fieldsandr i
v ersinterest
ing?
A.becausehewast rav elingbyai r
B.becauset hej our neywascomf ortable
C.becausehewasamongt hecl oudswhi chgav ethem newshapes
D.becausehewasv i
ewi ngt hem f r
om t het op.
4.Thewr itergener allyt rav elsbyt r
ai norbusbecause
A.itissaf ert houghexpensi v e
B.itischeaperandsaf er
C.hehat espl anes
D.hei st oopoort oaf fordanai rt i
cket
5.Whydi dhet r
av el byai rthi spar t
iculart ime?
A.hewasgoi ngov er seas
B.hewasf edupwi tht rainsandbuses
C.hewant edt of l
yf ort hef irstt i
me
D.hewant edt ov iewmount ai ns, fi
eldsandr ivers
6.Wecant ell fr
om t hepassaget hat
A.thewr iterof tengoesov er seas
B.hehasbeengoi ngov er seasbybusandt rain
C.thiswast hesecondv isitov erseas
D.thiswast hef i
rstv isitov er seas
7.Whatdi dt hewr i
terpar ticul ar lyenj oyv iewing?
A.mount ai nsandl akes
B.fieldsandmount ains
C.rivers, mount ainsandseas
D.mount ai ns, ri
ver sandf ields
8.Accordingt ot hepassage, whi chmodesoft ranspor tarecheaperandsaf
er?
A.roadandai r
B.trainandpl ane
C.trainandwat er
D.roadandr ail
9.Whywast hewr i
tersadatf irst ?
A.hehadspental otofmoney
B.hehadf alleni ll
C.hewasal mostv omi ting
D.het houghthewoul ddi ei napl anecr ash

ANSWERS
1.
C2.
D 3.
D 4.
B5.
A6.D 7.
D 8.
D 9.
D

53|
Page
 CLOZE
• Bydefiniti
on,aclozeuni ti
sanysi ngleoccur r
enceofasuccessfulattempt
toreproduceaccur atelyapartdel etedf rom amessage,bydeci di
ngf r
om
thecontextwhatt hemi ssingpartshoul dbe.
• Clozeexercisesarebasedonsev enpar tsofspeechnamel y:
verbs,
prepositi
ons,adjecti
ves,adverbs,conj uncti
ons,pronounsandnouns.
• Acandi dateisthereforerequi
redt ofil
linwor dsthathavebeenleftoutof
thepassageorsent encesinor dert ot ellaconnectedsensibl
est oryor
becomemeani ngfulrespecti
vely.
• Attimespossi bl
eopt ionsareprov idedf orcandi
datestochoosef r
om in
ordertocompl etethepassagesensi bly.
• Somet i
mesy ouarerequiredtousey ourownsui t
ablewordstofi
llinthe
blankspaces.

TYPESOFCLOZETESTS
(
a)Mult
iplechoi
ceclozetest-Thistypeofcl ozet estpr ovidesacandi date
wi t
hsev er al possi bleitemst ochoosef r
om f or
eachbl ank.
Exampl es
(i
) He/ refused/ denied/ r
ejected/hav ingstolen
thechi cken.
(i
i) I fIwer ei ny ourposi ti
on, I/canact /wi l
l
act/ woul dact /acted/di ff
er ently.
(i
ii
) Shehast obev er y
/ economi call
y/economi c/
economi cal /asshehasl i
ttlemoney .
(
b)Cl
ozeel i
de-I
nthi
st ypeofcl oze,wor dst hatdonotbel ongt othet extar e
i
nsertedinwhichcaseacandi dat ei sr equi redt oi dent ifythei ncorrect
wordifnotunder
linedandt henhe/ shewr i
tesanappr opr iateit
em i ntheir
pl
ace.
Exampl es
Answer
s
(i)Thepl aywasv erygoodt hatIenj oy edit.So
Wasn’ t
(ii
)Themessagewascl ear,isn’tit? i
t?
Onemustsethi sgoal si n
(ii
i) life. One’s
Theyent er edi nan
(iv) agr eement i
nto

\
(
c)Sel
ect
ivedel
eti
onorr ati
onalcloze-I
nt hi
stype,theexami nerchooses
whi
chitemshe/shewishestodelet
ef r
om thetextorpassageinorderto
measur
eone’sknowledgeofspecifi
cgrammat i
calpoi
ntsandv ocabul
ary
i
tems.

(
d)Sentencecomplet
ioncl
oze-
underthist
y peofcloze,acandidat
eis
requir
edtocompletegi
vensent
enceswi thpreposit
ionsoruse
appropri
atephr
asalver
bs.I
nthi
sr egar
d, oneoughttost udyavar
iet
yof
phrasalver
bsandpreposi
ti
onsthatfol
lowcer t
ainwor dsthaty
oumay
54|
Page
 hav
elear
nti
nthecour
seofy
ourst
udi
es.

(
i) Passengersmayal
i
ght
………t
hepl
anebyt
her
ear
doors.(
from)

55|
Page
 (
ii
) Theyhavenotyetadapt ed……. .
.t
hecli
matic
condi
ti
onsofthecity.(t
o)
(
ii
i) Lazypeopl
edelight
………get tingf r
eethi
ngs.(i
n)
(
iv) Sheboughtboughtacounci l housewitha
vi
ew………selli
ngitatapr ofi
t.(to)
(
v) Howev erdi
ffi
cultasituati
oni s,Jane
comes……….withasuitablesol ut
ion.(
up)

STEPSTOFOLLOW I NCLOZEPASSAGES
(
i) Readt hewhol epassagei nor dertogetagener alimpressionofit
.This
wi l
ltoal argerextentgivey ouacl ueonsomeoft hemi ssingwords.
(
ii
) Go t hrough t he passage agai nt hi
st i
me cl osely examini
ng each
sent encesoast of i
ndmi ssingwor ds.Ifmorethanonewor dappeart o
fiti
nonebl ankspace, selectonl yonewhichsoundsmor esui
tabl
e.
(
ii
i) I
fy ouf ailtoidenti
fyasuitabl ewordinoneort wobl ankspaces,pr
oceed
tot henextspacewhi chmaybemucheasi er,butr emembert or ev
isi
t
thosebl anksatt heend.Atl eastthi
stimeyoumayhav eacquir
edacl ue
ont hemi ssingwor ds.
(
iv) Finallyr eadt hr
ought hewhol epassageonceagai nt hi
stimemaki nga
fewedi tionswher epossible.

PASTPAPERCLOZETESTS
MODEL1
(SELECTIVEDELETI
ONTYPE)
Compl
etet
hefoll
owingpassagebyput
ti
ngonesui
tabl
ewor
dineachbl
ank.

Thereareanumberofdifferencesbet
weenbutterf
li
esandmot hs.Butt
erf
li
es
arebri
ghtl
ycolor
edandfly(1)……….day
.Mostmot hsareact
ive(
2)……..ni
ght.
Butt
erf
li
es(3)……..
knobsontheendoft hei
rant
ennae,butmostmot hs(4)
…….not
.

Thewingsofbut
ter
fl
iesandmothsar
ecov
ered(
5)……….smallscal
es.Thescal
es
are
ver
ydeli
cat
eandwillcome(6)
………ift
hewi
ngsaretouched.

Therearefour(7)……..i
ntheli
feofabutter
fl
yormot h:egg,cat
erpil
l
ar,pupaand
adult
.(8)
………cat erpil
l
aristhelar
vaoryounginsect
.Ithasasof tworm-li
kebody
.
Therearepair
soft rue(9)…….
.behi
ndtheheadandsev eral
pairsofprolegsor
fal
se
l
egs( 10)
………t herearend.

Mostcat
erpil
l
ar s(
11)……….onleaves.Somecandogreatdamagetocr
ops.Some
adul
tmothsandbut t
erfl
i
es(12)……..nect
arf
rom f
lower
s.(13)
………donotfeedand
di
esoonafterlayi
ng(14)………eggs.

Aft
erithasbeeneat i
ngf orsomet ime,(15)………caterpil
l
arformsapupa.The
pupa
ofabutterf
lyi
scal l
edachr ysali
d.Iti
shardacase( 16)………whicht
headultdev
elops.
Whentheadul t(17)……….developed,i
tcrawlsoutofthepupa.Mostmothcater
pil
lars
spi
nasi lkcocoonar ound( 18)………befor etur
ning(19)……..
apupa.Cocoonsoft he
si
lkmothar e( 20)……….i
nmaki ngsilkf
abr i
cs.
56|
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57|
Page
 MODEL2
(CLOZEELI DETYPE)
1.Theplaywasv erygoodt hatIenj oyedi t
. 1………….
.
2.Themessagewascl ear, isn’
ti t
? 2………….
.
3.Ofthet wo, Mar yist hemostbeaut i
ful. 3………….
4.Theyent eredi nanagr eement . 4………….
Marycongr atulatedmef orpassi ngt he
5.examinat i
on. 5………….
6.Thecarcost edmybr otherK10m. 6………….
7.Theywor kedhar dwi thav i
ewofpassi ng. 7………….
8.Johnmadegoodf riendst ot hemanager . 8…………
9.Ili
kethecr y i
ngoft hebi r dsint hemor ni
ng. 9…………
10.
Onemustsethi sgoal sinl if
e. 10………..
11.
Thevisitorswer eent ertainedbymusi c. 11………..
12.
Humanbei ngshav ef ivet oysoneachf oot
. 12………….
13.
A new moder nf il
ling st ati
onhasbeenbui l
talongI
ndependenceAvenue
13…………..
14.
Wecameacr ossabi gher dofl i
onsi ntheKafue
Park. 14…………
15.
Whati sthebusf eet ot own? 15………..
16.
Isthi
showacomput erlooksl i
ke? 16………..
17.
Thisi
smyhai rsal oon. 17………..
18.
Ihavet wobooks, nei theroft hem Ifindint
eresti
ng. 18………..
19.
TheVi ctori
aFal lshasal way sbeenat t
ract
ive. 19……….
20.
Evenify ouar epr ov oked, donotr esulttof
ighti
ng. 20……….
.

MODEL3
SENTENCECOMPLETIONCLOZETYPE
Compl
eteeachofthefol
l
owingsent
encesbysuppl
yi
ngt
hemi
ssi
ngpr
eposi
ti
on.

1.Iti
simpor tantt okeepabr east …………. .newi deas.
2.Youseem t obeobsessed…………. alotofpr obl
ems.
3.Ther oofofanol dhousei sof teni nfest ed………r ats.
4.Certainty pesoff oodar edeficient………. vit
amins.
5.BecauseJameswor kshar d,hei seli
gi ble………..promotion.
6.Thesepr emi sesar enotaccessi ble…………. visi
tors.
7.Pupilsmustcompl y…………t heschool rules.
8.Peoplel i
v ingi nmosqui to-
infest edar easar eusual l
y
immune…………. .
mal ari
a.
9.Certaincat egor iesofpeopl ear eexempt ………..pay i
ngtax.
10.
Inpoorcount ri
es, peopl esubsist …………anyf oodav ail
able.
11.
Pleasecl ear ………. andl eavemeal one!
12.
Responsi bl eci ti
zensdesi st………. .
evadi ngt ax.
13.
Howev erdi fficultasi t
uat i
oni s,Janeal way scomes………. .
witha
suit
ablesol ution.
14.
Ididnotunder standwhathesai d, soIaskedhi mt ogo………. itoncemor
e.
15.
Thescandal involvingt heGener alManagerwasqui ckl
yhushed……….

58|
Page
 16.
Patienceandhardwor koftenpay
………i ntheend.
17.
TheSeni orTeacherwas…………earshotwheny oui
nsult
edhim.
18.
Wemustal waysliv
e…………peacewi thourneighbour
s.
19.
Sheboughtt hecouncilhousewit
hav i
ew…………sel li
ngitatapr
ofi
t.
20.
Ify
oual wayscrit
ici
zeyoursupervi
sor,
y oucannotexpectt
obein
favour………..hi
m.

MODEL4
MULTIPLECHOICECLOZETYPE
I
neachofthesentencesbelow,
choosethebesti
tem andunder
li
nei
t
i
nordert
omaket hesentencegrammati
call
ycorr
ect.

1.Althoughi twasani mpor tantmeet ing, /somef ew/ f

ew/ af ew/
peopl eat t
endedi t.
2.Youwi l
l fi
ndhi m athomemostev eni ngs; he
/normal ly/sel dom/ gener all
y /goesout .
3.Mar yf eltbet teraf terhav ing/ l
ied/lain/ l
aid/i nbedf orsomehour s.
4.Wi t
hav iew/ togai n/ togai ning/ofgai ning/ admi ssiont ocol l
ege, he
startedwor ki ngv er yhar d.
5.Thef irewassof i
er cet hatwehadt ocal lthef irebr i
gadet o/ putit
out/puti tof f/puti tdown/ .
6.Becausehewas/ dr essing/ wear i
ng/ wor n/hi sSundaybest ,hewas
rel
uct antt oj oini nt hescuf fle.
7.Wehav et woessay st owr i
te/ aside/ besi de/besi des/t heEngl i
sh
homewor kMr .Ndal iibagav eus.
8.Thel anddi sput eev ent uallyresulted/ i
nto/ f
rom/ i
n/at err
iblef i
ght
betweent het wot ribes.
9.Shedi dn’twantt obekepti ndoor s/ al l
/whol e/t heal l
/dayl ong.
10.
Hecoul dn’tr idet hebi cyclebecauseoneoft het yreshad
/burst ed/ bur st i
ng/ bur st/.
11.
Bot hmenandwomencansmokeci gar ettes, butpi pesmoki ngi s
exclusi vely/ ofmen/ tomen/ formen/ .
12.
Mysi steri sst il
lapupi l;she/ wasschool i
ng/ i
satschool /school ed/
inMal awi .
13.
Whi choft het winsdi dy ousaysi ngs/ good/ best /better/?
14.
The/ princi ple/ pri
nci pal /
pr i
nci pl
ed/f act orinhi ssuccesswashi s
determi nat ion.
15.
Wheni nt r
oubl e, Mr .Chi shimbaal way sasksf or/ advice/an
adv i
ce/ adv ises/ofhi sdeput y .
16.
TheChai rmanoft hepar tywasv er ydi sappoi ntedbyt hel ow/ t
urn
up/ t
ur nout / turnov er /ofmember satt hemeet ing.
17.
TheMi nisterwas/ wounded/ hurt/har med/i nt hecaracci dent .
18.
Idon’ teatf ish, andmysi sterdoesn’ t/also/ t
oget her /
ei t
her /.
19.
TheDi rect orwasabsent/ from/ i
n/ at/t hemeet ing.
20.
TheChi efJust i
cei s/ mor esuper iort han/ super iort o/aHi ghCour t
Judge.

59|
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 MODEL52007PASTPAPER
Compl eteeachoft hef ollowingsent encesbysuppl yingthemi ssing
prepositi
ons.Onl yonewor dmustbef il
ledi neachbl ank.
1.Passenger smayal ight ……………t hepl anebyt hereardoor s.
2.Thepat ienthasbeenr eadmi tted…………. .thehospi tal.
3.Theyhav enoty etadapt ed……………t hecl imat i
ccondi ti
onsoft hecit
y.
4.Thepol i
ceof fi
cerwasnotawar e………. ther obbery .
5.Thel abel ofthi
spr oductwi l
l peel ………i fy ousoaki tinwat er.
6.Thet ownshi pisnot ed……………i tsnot or iouscr iminals.
7.Leader sshoul dconcent rat
e……………i mpr ovingeducat i
on.
8.Thel i
br arianneededt or estockshel v es…………newbooks.
9.Thewor kersgr umbl ed…………. thel ackofpr ivacy.
10.Wewer ev erysur prised…………. thenewst hathewasdead.
11.Arey ouhav i
ngt roubl e…………. .yournewcar ?
12.Fertil
izerandi r
rigat i
onaccount ……………. .t
hegoodcr op.
13.TheHeadt eachercommendedt hepupi ls…………. theirsuccess.
14.Lazypeopl edelight ……………. .gettingf reet hings.
15.Thepol i
cear einqui ri
ng……………t her it
ual mur ders.
16.Poorf ami li
esmanaget ol i
ve……………K100, 000amont h.
17.Youcanl ook………………t hemeani ngoft hatwor dinthedict i
onar y
.
18.Her ecov ered……………. .aboutofmal aria.
19.Childrenunderf ivey ear sofagear epr one………………. mal aria.
20.Writersder iv
eal otofpl easure………………wr iti
ng.

MODEL62009PASTPAPER
1.Theyt ook……………t heirheelswhent hel ionr oared.(up, on, to,over)
2.Shewaspr ai
sed…………. t
elli
ngt het ruth.( ov er
,for,on, about )
3.Duckswade……………di rtywat er.(through, in,al
ong, i
nt o)
4.Thievesbr okei ntothebanksaf eandmade……………wi thlargesums
ofmoney .
5.Noonel i
kedt hesongbuti tsooncaught ……………. (off,up, on, i
n)
6.Humansar eliable…………. .error
.( for,t
o, wi th,along)
7.Brothersandsi stersshoul dget …………. v erywel l.(
in,by ,with,along)
8.Icouldn’tmake……………whohewassi ncei twasdar k.
9.Mut i
ntadi dn’treall
ywantt ogot ochur ch, butherf r
iendst alked
her…………i t
.(against ,
for,into,about )
10.
Thesol dierscar ri
ed……………. .
wit hexer cisesdespi t
et heheav yrain.
Ahead, forwar d,on,ov er)
11.
Myuncl edi edt hreey earsagobuti ti
st akingmeal ong
ti
met oget …………. it
.(through, ov er,by,al ong)
12.
Ourenemi esbl ew…………. thebr idget odel ayouradv ance.( by ,
over,across, up)
13.
ThePr esidentwi llcomenextweekt odr um……………suppor tfor
hiscandi date.(for,at,up,on)
14.
Janebacked……………. .ofthedebat ewhennobodyagr eedwi thher .

60|
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 (out,off
,down, about )
15.
WhenIwasl ookingf ormypen, Icame……………. .myloststamp.
(by,over,across,upon)
16.
TheMi nisterofEducat i
onwant edt ov i
sitourschoolnextweek,
buthispl anshav efallen………………. (out,f
orward,thr
ough,down)
17.
Ourchur chwant stocut ………………t heamountspentont he
Pastor’
st ri
ps.(out ,on,back, by)
18.
Shewasl it
erall
yscr eami ng……………. .
rage.(i
n,by,wi
th,under)
19.
Theboar dchai rpersonpr esided………………. .
themeet i
ngina
biasedmanner .(in,on,ov er
,wi th)
20.
Shecouldnotmakei ttoschool becauseshewas
i
ncapacitated……………. .il
l
ness.( with,fr
om, by,i
n)

ANSWERS
MODEL1(sel
ect
ivedelet
ion)
1.
all2.
during/at3.
have4.
do5.wit
h/by6.
out7.st
ages8.The9.l
egs10.at
11.
feed/li
ve
12.
eat/consume13. pr
ey14.t
hei
r/
the15.
the16.i
n17.has/i
s18.
themsel
ves/
them
19.
into
20.
useful/good

MODEL2(Clozeeli
de)
1.
so2.wasn’ti
t?3.more4.
int
o5.on6.cost7.t
o8.with9.
singi
ng10.
one’s11.
wit
h
12.
toes13.on14.pr
ide15.
fare16.
what17.sal
on18.whi
ch19.hav
e20.r
esort

MODEL3( Sent
encecompleti
on)
1.
of2.wit
h3. wi
th4.in 5.
for6.
to7.with8.t
o9. f
rom 10.
on11.
off12.
fr
om 13.
up
14.
over15.up16.
off17.wi
thi
n18.i
n19.to20.of

MODEL4(Mul t
ipl
echoi ceclozet
ype)
1.
few 2.sel
dom 3.
lai
n4.togai
ning5.putitout6.wearing7.
besi
des8.i
n9.al
l
10.
bur st
11.
formen12.isatschool13.
bett
er14.pr
incipl
e15. advi
ce16.
tur
nout17.
hurt
18.
either
19.
from 20.
superi
ort
o

MODEL5(Sentencecompleti
oncl
ozety
pe)
1.
fr
om 2.t
o3.to4.
of5.of
f6.f
or7.on8.wi
th9.about10.
at11.
wit
h12.f
or13.
on14.
in
15.
about16.
on17.up18.f
rom 19.
to20.f
rom

MODEL6(mul t
ipl
echoi
ceclozety
pe)
1.
to2.f
or3.
through4off5.on6.
to7.
along8.out9about10.
on11.
over12.
up13.
up
14.
out15.
across16.t
hrough17.
back18.wit
h19.over20.
by

PHRASALVERBS

• Aphrasalverbisagr oupofwor dst

hatactsasav er
bandconsist
sofa
ver
bwi t
heitherapr eposi
tionoradv
erb.
• Notethatonev erbcancombi newit
hdiff
erentpr
eposit
ionsoradv
erbs
t
omeandi f
ferentthings.
61|
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62|
Page
 SOMECOMMONPHRASALVERBS
• Blowup- dest roybymeansofexpl osionort oexpl ode.e. g.Thebr idge
wasbl ownupbyourenemi es.
• Blowout -
blowai ront oaf lameorcandl esot hati tst opsbur ningort he
bur sti
ngofat y re.
• Breaki n/ i
nto- ent erabui l
di ngbyf orcet osteal somet hing.e. g.Thi eves
brokei nt oourhouseandmadeof fwi t
hK20, 000, 000. 00.
• Breakout -tost artsuddenl y.e. g.Chol erahasbr okenouti nLusaka.
• Breakt hrough- forcey ourwayt hr oughsomet hing.e. g.Hebr oke
throughal ar gecr owdofpeopl e.
• Breakup- tobr eaksomet hingi npi ecesort oende. g.Thei rrelationship
brokeupaf terami normi sunder standing.
• Breakwi th-endar el at
ionshi p, orconnect i
onwi thsomeone, or
somet hing.e. g.Mr .Mubangabr okewi thther ulingpar tyandj oi
nedt he
opposi tion.
• Breakdown- fai lurei ntheoper ationofamachi neorsy stem.
• Comeacr oss- meetsomeone/ discov ersomet hingbychance.
• Comeapar t
-br eaki ntopi ecese. g.Thebookt hatIcar ri
edj ustcame
apar trightinmyhands.
• Comeby -
obt ainsomet hinge. g.Icamebyt hisj oblasty ear.
• Comeof f-t
obecomeunf ast enede. g.Abadgehascomeof fmyshi rt
.
• Comer ound- becomeconsci ousagai ne.g.Hecamer oundaf teraf ew
mi nutesofhi sunconsci ousness.
-visitsomeonee. g.Myf ri
endcamer oundt ohav esupperwi t
h
me
lastev ening.
• Comet o-reachsomet hinge. g.I thascomet omyat tent i
ont hatsome
wor kersar enotper formi ngaccor dingt omyexpect ation.
• Cutback- r
educesomet hinge. g.Weneedt ocutbackonourexpendi tur
e.
• Cutdown- makesomet hingf all tot hegr ound/ r
educesomet hinge. g.We
willneedt ocutdownonourspendi ng.
• Cut of f -
remov e somet hi ng by cut ti
ng/disconnect t he suppl y of
somet hinge. g.Thewat ersuppl yhasbeencutof fbecausenoonehas
sof arpai dthenewbi l
ls.
• Getal ong-makepr ogr esswi t
haj oby ouar edoi ng/ tohav eaf ri
endl y
rel
at i
onshi pwi t hsomeone.e. g.Igetal ongwi thmyf ami lyv erywel l.
• Geton- hav eaf riendl yrel at ionshi pwi thsomeone/ cont inuedoi ng
somet hingser iousl ye. g.Janegotonwi thhercooki ng.
• Getov er -
recov ere. g.Hehasnowgotov erhisillness.
• Giveup- stopdoi ngorhav ingsomet hinge.g.Igav eupsmoki ngatt he
doct or’
sadv ice.
• Hushup- keepsomet hingsecr ett hatshoul dbepubl icknowl edgee. g.
Thescandal inv olvingt heGener al Managerwasqui ckl yhushedup.
• Makeof f-l
eav eapl acequi ckl ywi thsomet hinge. g.Thet hiev esmade
offwi t
hl argesumsofmoney .
• Makeout -
see, hearorunder st andsomet hi
ngwi thdi ffi
cul t
ye. g.I
couldn’tmakeoutwhohewassi ncei twasal readydar k.

63|
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64|
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 • Makeup- inv entorf orm somet hinge. g.Hej ustmadeupt hest ory.
• Clearof f-leav eapl ace, oftenqui ckl ye. g.Pl ease, clearof fandl eav eme
alone!
• Clearout -
t ol eav eapl aceorcol lectandt hr owawayunwant edobj ects.
e.g.Ihav ecl ear edoutal lmyol dcl othesf r om myr oom.
• Clearup- tidyuporputt hingsi nor dere. g.Janehasal otofwor kto
clearupdur ingt heweekend.
• Goof f-toex plodee. g.Abombwentof fi nt hecapi tal cityofPaki stan
yesterday .
• Goon- tot akepl aceorhappene. g.Whati sgoi ngonher e?
• Goov er -tol ookatsomet hi ng/ exami nei ti ndet ailorexpl ainsomet hi
ng
i
ndet ail e.g.Idi dn’tunder standwhatt het eachersai d, soIaskedhi mto
goov ert hepoi ntonceagai n.
• Payof f-tof i
ni shpay i
ngmoneyt haty ouoweort obewor ththet rouble
e.g.Hi scar eful planni ngr eal lypai dof f.
• Letdown- disappoi nt
• Leton- tell asecr ete. g.Her ef usedt ol etonwhathappenedt ot he
Managery est erday .
• Passon- todi e(lessdi rectwor dt handi e)e. g.Themanpassedon
yester day .
• Passaway -todi e( l
essdi rectwor dt handi e)e. g.Hepassedawayl astweek.
• Passof f-tost ope. g.Myf eel ingofdi spl easur esoonpassedof f.
• Passout -tof ainte. g.Josephpassedoutuponseei ngt hebodyofadead
person.
• Rundown- knockdownandhur tsomebodyorsomet hingwi t
hacar .
• Runi nt o-hi tsomeoneorsomet hingwi tht hecarorot herv ehicley ouare
drivi
nge. g.Ir anint ot hesi gnpostanddamagedt hef rontpar tofmy
car.
• Runt hr ough- repeatsomet hi ngf orpr act i
ce.E. g.Ist illwantt or un
throughst anzasoneandt hr ee.
• Lookback- thi nkaboutorr emembert hi ngsoft hepaste. g.WhenIl ook
backIr eal izehowmyschool l
ifewas.
• Lookup- findapi eceofi nfor mat ionf r om abook.e. gCany oul ookup
themeani ngoft hiswor di nt hedi ctionar y ?
• Looki nt o- toexami net hef act saboutsomet hi
nge. g.Thepol i
cear e
l
ooki ngi nt ot hecasei nv olv i
ngt hebankmanager .
• Lookupt o- tor espectandadmi resomeonee. g.Ev er yonel ooksupt o
him asapar ent .
• Turnup- toar rivesomewher eof tenatameet i
ng.e. g.Ev eryonet urned
upl atef ort hemeet i
ng.
• Turnout -togat herf orapubl icev ente. g.Thet urnoutatt hepol i
ti
cal
rall
ywasgood.
• Turnt o- togot oapar ticularpageort ogot osomeonef orhelpe. g.Iwil
l
turntoPet erf orhel p.
• Turnon- causesomet hi ngt ost ar toper atingbyt urni ngabut ton.
• Turnof f-leav ear oadorcausesomet hi ngt ost opoper at i
ng.
• Putout -ext ingui shorst opaf iref rom bur ning.
• Putof f -
post poneordel aysomet hingt oal aterdat e.e. gTheweddi ng
65|
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 cer
emonyhabeenputof
ftonextweek.

66|
Page
 • Putacr oss-explainsomet hi
ngsothatpeoplecanunderst
andi
t.What
arey outryingtoputacr oss?
• Fallthr
ough- tofailt
ohappenort obecompl etede.
g.Wewantedtogo
toLusakabutt hishasf al
lenthr
ough.
• Fallapart-
br eakintopieces.
• Fallout-t
oquar r
ele.g.Johnhasfall
enoutwi t
hhisfat
her.
• Falloff
-decr easeinqualityoramounte.g.Ourchur
chmembershiphas
fal
lenof fthisyear.
• Backdown- tosur r
enderoracceptdefeat.
• Backup- suppor tsomeonemor al
ly
.

PREPOSITIONS
• Apreposi
ti
oni
sawor dthatshowsrelat
ionshi
pbetweenanounand
anot
herwordi
nthesentenceandoftencomesi nf
rontofnouns.

complai
n-
ref
rai
n-fr
om about fai
l-
in pref
er-t
o alight-from
admit
ted-
to conf
orm-t
o good-at rel
ated-
to desi st -
from
degener ate-
accuse-of congr at
ul ate-on guar d-agai nst simi lar-
to int o
accustomed- to consist-of guilty-of succeed- i
n adapt -
to
independent - gr umbl e-
afr
aid-of cure-of of super ior-
to about
ai
m- at depend- on i
ndi ff
er ent -
to sur prised-at/
bydel ight-in
angry-wit
h/ at deprive-
of insist-on tr
ansl ate-i
ntor est ock- with
inqui ri
ng-
ashamed- of di e-
of interest ed-in r esul t-
in about
beli
eve-in diff
erent-from jealous- of si
tuat ed-on der ive-from
boast-of dressed-in pleased- with pr one- t
o abr east -of
eligible-
obsessed- withinfested-wi th def icient -i
n to/ f
or wi thav iew-to
accessible-to l
ive-on exempt -from compl y-with i mmune- t
o
conceal-
quarrel-
over f r
om within/ outof -
earshot

Abide-
---by Angr
y-about
/at
(st
h) Assent
-t
o
Absorbed- i
n Anxi
ous-f
or(
sb) Associ
ate-
wit
h
Aabstain-
fr
om Anxi
ous-about(st
h) Assur e-of
Accompl i
ce-wit
h Apol
ogise-to(
sb) Astoni shed-at
Addict
ed- to /f
or(
sth) Atone- for
Adhere-to Appeal
-to(sb)
/for
(st
h) Attached- to
Advantage- over(sb)/
of Appeti
te-f
or Attend- to
Attri
but e-
Af
fect
ionn-
for Appr
oach-
to st
h/ /to(sth/sb)
Author it
y-
Aff
lict
ed-wi
th Aki
n-t
o over(=power )
Agree-t
o(pr
oposal
) Accl
amat
ise-
to Author ity
-on(=power)
Agree- Appar
ent
-t
o(sb) Avail-
(oneel f)
/of(
sth)

67|
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 with(person)//about
(st
h) Apparent-from(sth) Aver
se-
to
/on(sth) Appl
y -
to(sb) /
for(
sth) Ban(
noun)-
on
Aloof-fr
om Appropri
at e-t
o/for Ban(
ver
b)-(
sb)/
Alter
nat i
v e-
to Approve-of fr
om(st
h)
Amazed- at Apti
tude-for Bad-
at
Angry -
with/at(
sb) Aspi
re-to Bad-
for
(=har
mful)

68|
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 Bel
ieve-
in Conni v e-at /i
n( st h) Doubt (noun) /doubt ful(
a
Benefi
cial
-t
o Conni v e-wi th(sbd) dj)-about
Benefi
t-
by/fr
om Close- to Drenched- in/ with
Bl
ame- (
sbd/sth)/
for
(st
h) Compl ai n- Decl ine-in/ of
Bound-f
or to(sbd) / about ( sth) /of(st
h Eager -f
or
Burden(
noun)-to ) Engaged- i
n/ on(sth)
Engaged-
Burden(
verb)
-wi
th Cr ash- int o to(sb) =hav ing
Busy-wi
th Conv eni ent -
for (sb/ sth) agr eedt o
Ent husiasm-
Bear
ing-
on Conv er se- wi t
h for/about
Conv ict -
Campai gn-against/for (sb) of ( sth) Ent rust-(sbd) with
Capabl e-of Cur e( v er b) -(
sb) of (sth) Ent rust-(sth) to(sbd)
Concer n- f
or/about Cur e( noun) -
for Env ious/ jeal ous-of
Careful-for/about Concer n( noun) - Env y -
at
Caution- about/against about /f or /over Ent i
tle-to
Charge- with Concer ned( adj) - Essent i
al -
to/ for
Claim-on/ to about /f or /over (=wor ri
ed Excel -at/in
Clash- ) Except i
on- to
with(sbd) /over(st
h) Concer ned( adj) - Excuse- for
Comment -on about /wi th(=int erest ed Exempt i
on- f rom
Compar e-to(=t
oshow i
n) Expose- to
l
ikeness) Deal -in( =t rade) Encr oach- on/ upon
Compar e-with(=toshow Deal -wi th( =to take Expel -from
appr opr iat e
cont
rast
) act ion) Fail-in
Depr iv e-
Compassi on-for (sbd) of (st h) Faith- i
n
Compat i
ble-with Dest itut e- of Faithf ul-
to
Compensat ion-for Det riment al-t
o Famous- for
Compliance-wi t
h Dev iat e-f rom Fear ful-for(sbd)
Compliment -on Dev oi d- of Fear ful-of(st h)
Comply-with Diff er - Feed/ li
ve-on( =eat)
Conducive-t
o from( sbd/ sth) =di fferent Fight -
with( sbd) /about /for(s
Confi
de-in(=tr
ust ) from th)
Confi
de-to(=tell) Diff er - Fil
l-(sth)wi th
Confi
dence- i
n wi th( sbd) /about /on/ over( Fi l
l-in(sth)
Confi
dent -
of/about sth) Fit/unf i
t-for
Confi
ned- (
sb/st h)/
to(
sth) Diff er ent -from/ to/ than Fond- of
Connect(sth)/to(st
h) Disgust ed- at/by / with) Fondness- for
Consent-to Dispense- with Fright ened- at
Consist
-of Dispose- of Fuss- about / over
Contempor ary-with Die- of (=aper sondi edof Fedup- wi th
Contept-
for anacci dent ) Glad- about (=happy )
Contend-with(=tohavea Die- wi t h( =disease) e.g. Glad- of(=gr at eful)
Hedi edwi th
deal
wit
hapr
obl
em) cancer . Grief -
at/ ov er
69|
Page
 Cont
end-
for
(=compet
e Di
e-for(=purpose)
e.g. Guar
d-agai
nst
Hediedf orhis
wit
hsbd) wif
e. Guil
ty-
about
(feel
i
ng
Contr
ary-
to Di
ssent -f
rom ashamed)
Contr
ol-
over Dote-on/upon

70|
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 Guilty-of (=hav i
ngdone Lacki ng- i
n Refer -to
sthi l
legal ) Lament -
ov er Refer ence- to
Har mf ul /inj
ur i
ous-to Laugh- at Rejoice- at /ov er
Heir-to Lead- to Relat ed-t o
Heir-of (sbd) Leav e- f
or rel
y-on
Hint-at Liable- f
or (
legall
y Remi nd- of
Hope- for responsi blefor) Request -
f or
Hopef ul-about /of Liable- t
o( l
ikel
yt o be Resembl ance- to
Host ile-to puni shedf or) resolv e-on
Habi t-of Look/ gaze/ st
are-at Responsi bl e-for
Identical -with Mar ried- t
o Rest ricted- to
Ignorant -about /of Mar v el-
at Rid-of
Impose- on Medi tate/concentrate-
on Rob- of
Impr ess- with Nag- at Resign- from
Impr essi on- on/of Negl igent -
in Sear ch- for
Impr essed- by /
wi t
h Nerv ous- about/of Seek- for
Independent -of Not or i
ous- for Sensi tive- to/ about
Indifferent /
callous-t
o Obedi ent-to Sequel -t
o
Indispensabl e- Object /
obj ect
ion-to Shor t-of
to(sbd/ sth) Oblige- (sbd)wi t
h Similar -to
Smi l
e/ sneer /giggl e-
I
ndispensabl
e-for Obli
ged- to at
I
nfected-
with Obsess/ Obsessi
on-
wit
h Sorry -about / for
I
nfer-
from Passion-for Subject -
to
I
nfl
uence-over Pertain-
to Submi ssi on- t o
I
nfl
uence-on/upon Persist-
in/wi
th Suffuse- wi th
Succeed/ successi on-
I
nform- of Pl
eased-with i
n
I
nquiry-about
/int
o Pl
easing-t
o Succumb- to
I
nsight -
int
o Popular
-wit
h Suffer -fro
I
nsist-on Pref
er-t
o Super i
or /inf er i
or-to
I
nsistence-on Pret
ext-
for Surpr ised/ shocked- at
Suspect / suspi cious-
I
nter
act
-wi
th Pr
evai
l
-on(=per
suade) of
I
nter
est
ed-
in Pr
evai
l
-over(
=defeat
) Sympat hise- wi th
Thirst /hunger /desire-
I
nter
fere-
in(=get Pr
ide-
in for
i
nvol
ved) Pr
ior-
to ti
red- of
I
nter
fere-
wi t
h(=pr
event
) Pr
ohibit
-f
rom Victor y-ov er /agai nst
I
nvest-
in Pr
one-to Wi t
hdr aw- from
I
rr
especti
v e-of Pr
oud-of Thrive- on
Debat e-
Meddle-i
n Provi
de-
with on/about /ov er
Keen-on Pessi
misti
c-about
Kind/
cruel
-t
o Reconci
le-
to/wit
h
Lack-
of Recover
-fr
om

END REMARKS-
Iam great
ly conv
inced thatthisy etanotherblockbuster
compi
lat
ioni
sandwi
l
lremainofgr eathel
pt oallseniorhi
ghschoollearners
71|
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 and/
orGCEcandi
dat
eswhoar
esi
tt
ingf
ort
hei
rfi
nal
exams.

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