2 Probability

2 Sample Space

The set of all

possible outcomes
2 Event

Any outcome that

can occur
2 Event

Is a subset of a sample space

2 Probability

The chance or likelihood that

an event will happen
2 Probability

ℎ
𝑃=
ℎ+𝑓
“Probability numbers always range from 0
to 1 in decimals or from 0 to 100 in
percentages"
1. Calculate the probability of getting a jack
from 1 draw of a well shuffled deck of cards.
2. A pair of dice is tossed. Find the
probability of getting a sum of 6.
2 Notations for Probability

• Probability of event occurring at A

• Probability of the sample space
• Probability of Events A and B occurring
• Probability of Events A or B occurring
2 Probability of Event A Occurring

P(A)
2 Probability of the Sample Space

P(S)
2 Multiplication Theorem

The word ‘and’ is the key word that

indicates multiplication of the
individual probabilities.
2 Probability of Events A and B occurring

𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 , 𝑃(𝐴×𝐵)
2 Addition Theorem

The word ‘or’ is the key word that

indicates addition of the
individual probabilities.
2 Probability of Events A or B occurring

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
2 Properties of Probability

• Positiveness
• Probability of a sure event
• If ∅ is the empty set
2 Basic types of events

• Mutually exclusive events

• Non-mutually exclusive events
• Complementary events
• Conditional Events
• Independent Events
2 Mutually exclusive events

Events that cannot occur

at the same time.
2 Mutually exclusive events

The probability that two or

more mutually exclusive
events to happen is the sum of
their individual probability.
2 Mutually exclusive events

𝑃 𝐴∪𝐵 =𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐵
3. What is the probability of drawing a 4 or
a 7 from a shuffled deck of cards?
4. If a pair of dice is tossed, what is the
probability of getting a total of 6 or 12?
2 Sequence of mutually exclusive events

𝑃 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ ⋯ = 𝑃 𝐴1 + 𝑃 𝐴2 +…
5. If the probabilities are, respectively, 0.09, 0.15,
0.21, and 0.23 that a person purchasing a new
automobile will choose the color green, white, red,
or blue, what is the probability that a given buyer
will purchase a new automobile that comes in one
of these colors?
2 Non-mutually exclusive events

Events with
common outcome
2 Non-mutually exclusive events

𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
6. The probability that Paula passes Mathematics is
2/3, and the probability that she passes English is
4/9. If the probability of passing both courses is ¼,
what is the probability that Paula will pass at least
one of these courses?
7. In a deck of 52 cards, find the
probability of getting an ace or a heart
if one card is picked at random?
2 Complementary Events

Events that have two

possible outcomes
2 Complementary Events

Any event A and its

complementary event A’
are mutually exclsive
2 Complementary Events

!
𝑃 𝐴 +𝑃 𝐴 =1
8. If the probabilities that an automobile mechanic
will service 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, or more cars on any
given workday are, respectively, 0.12, 0.19, 0.28,
0.24, 0.10, and 0.07, what is the probability that he
will service at least 5 cars on his next day at work?
2 Conditional Events

Events that are

dependent on what
occurred previously
2 Conditional Events

𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃 𝐵 𝐴
𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐵 ×𝑃 𝐴 𝐵
9. Find the probability of drawing a 4 from a
shuffled deck of cards given that you have already
drawn a 7 from the deck.
10. APRIL 201 ECE BE QUESTION!
Let A and B be events with P(A) = 3/7, P(B) = 2/5,
and 𝑃 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 3/5. What is P(B /A)?
2 Independent Events

Are two or more events for

which the outcomes of one
does not affect the other
2 Independent Events

Events that are not

dependent on what
occurred previously
2 Complementary Events

𝑃 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ×𝑃(𝐵)
11. Two students: A and B, are playing with cards.
Student A drew a card at random with a replacement.
Then he asked Student B: ‘What are my chances of
drawing a Queen followed by a King?’. In order to be
correct, Student B must answer what?
12. A bag contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls. If two
balls are drawn in succession without replacement,
what is the probability that both balls are black?
Formative Assessment:
Answer the following:
1. Find the probability of getting a face card if a card is picked at
random from a deck of cards?
2. Two dice are tossed simultaneously, what is the probability of
getting a sum of 9?
3. Suppose a student is selected at random from 100 students where
30 are taking ECE, 20 are taking ECT, and 10 are taking ECE and
ECT. Find the probability that the student is taking ECE or ECT.
4. The probabilities that a service station will pump gas into 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
or 5, or more cars during a certain 30-minute period are 0.03, 0.18,
0.24, 0.28, 0.10, and 0.17, respectively. Find the probability that in
this 30-minute period, at most 4 cars receive gas.
5. A box contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. What is the
probability of getting one black and one white ball in two
consecutive draws without replacement from the box?