Answer all the questions.

1. Ibuprofen is a medicine used to relieve pain.

The structure of ibuprofen is shown below.

A standard tablet contains 200 mg of ibuprofen.

What is the amount, in moles, of ibuprofen in a standard tablet?

A 9.62 × 10–4
B 9.71 × 10–4
C 9.62 × 10–1
D 9.71 × 10–1

Your answer
[1]

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2. A twenty pence coin contains copper and nickel.

The copper used to make a batch of coins is analysed by mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum is shown
below.

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of the copper used to make the coins.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

relative atomic mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

(ii) One coin has a mass of 5.00 g and contains 84.0% of copper, by mass.

Calculate the number of copper atoms in one coin.

Give your answer in standard form and to three significant figures.

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 number of copper atoms = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

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3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the amount of water of crystallisation in the formula of hydrated
salt. The student intends to remove the water by heating the hydrated salt.

A diagram of the apparatus used by the student is shown below.

The student adds the hydrated salt to the crucible and weighs the crucible and contents.
The student heats the crucible and contents and allows them to cool.
The student weighs the crucible and residue.

The student's results are shown below.

Mass of crucible + hydrated salt / g 16.84

Mass of crucible + residue after heating / g 16.26

(i) The maximum error in each mass measurement using the balance is ±0.005 g.

Calculate the percentage error in the mass of water removed.

percentage error =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [1]

(ii) Suggest one modification that the student could make to their method to reduce the percentage error in the
mass of water removed.

[1]

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 (iii) The student is not sure that all the water of crystallisation has been removed.

How could the student modify the experiment to be confident that all the water of crystallisation has been
removed?

[1]

4. Combustion of coal, containing traces of FeS2, produces the acid gas, sulfur dioxide, SO2.

4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)

A batch of coal contains 3.00% by mass of FeS2.

Calculate the volume of SO2 gas, in m3, produced by combustion of 1.00 tonne of this coal at 50.0 °C and a
pressure of 100 kPa.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

volume = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m3[5]

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5. Methyl allyl chloride, MAC, is a chemical used in the production of insecticides. The structure of MAC is shown
below.

MAC

MAC is highly flammable. When MAC burns, one of the products formed is a toxic gas.

1.321 g of this gas occupies 1.053 dm3 at 100 kPa and 350 K.

Use the information provided to suggest the identity of the gas.

gas = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [4]

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6. An alcohol A contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The alcohol is a liquid at room temperature and
pressure but can easily be vaporised.

1.15 g of A produces 761 cm3 of gas when vaporised, measured at 100 kPa and 366 K.

Determine the molar mass of compound A and draw a possible structure for A.

Show all your working.

molar mass = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ g mol–1

[5]

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7. Hydrated strontium chloride, SrCl2·6H2O, has a molar mass of 266.6 g mol−1.

A student heats 5.332 g of SrCl2·6H2O.

The SrCl2·6H2O loses some of its water of crystallisation forming 3.892 g of a solid product.

Use the information above to determine the formula of the solid product.

Show your working.

formula of solid product = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

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8. A compound of thulium, atomic number 69, has the following composition by mass:

O 30.7% S 15.4% Tm 53.9%

(i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

[1]

(ii) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

Show your working.

Empirical formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

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9. This question is about compounds used in fertilisers.

A compound used as a fertiliser has the following composition by mass:

C, 20.00%; H, 6.67%; N, 46.67%; O, 26.66%.

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

empirical formula = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]

10. A salt of an organic acid has the following composition by mass:

C, 31.17%; H, 9.09%; N, 18.18%; O, 41.56%.

Calculate the empirical formula of the salt and deduce the formulae of the ions present.

Show your working.

empirical formula:

ions:
[3]

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11. A student carried out the reaction of zinc (Zn) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in a fume cupboard. The student
measured the volume of gas produced.

A mixture containing 0.27 g of powdered zinc and 0.38 g of powdered CaCO3 was heated strongly for two
minutes. The volume of gas collected in the 100 cm3 syringe was then measured. The experiment was then
repeated.

(i) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon monoxide, measured at room temperature and pressure, that
could be produced by heating this mixture of Zn and CaCO3.

Show all your working.

volume of carbon monoxide = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3[2]

(ii) The student did not obtain the volume of gas predicted in (i) using this procedure.

Apart from further repeats, suggest two improvements to the practical procedure that would allow the student
to obtain a more accurate result.

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 [2]

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12(a). An aqueous solution of aluminium chloride can be prepared by the redox reaction between aluminium metal and
dilute hydrochloric acid.

A student reacts 0.0800 mol of aluminium completely with dilute hydrochloric acid to form an aqueous solution of
aluminium chloride.

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 1.20 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid needed to react completely with 0.0800 mol of
aluminium.

volume = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm3[2]

(b). Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed, in dm3, at room temperature and pressure.

volume of hydrogen gas formed = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dm3[2]

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13. In the manufacture of ethyne, hydrogen is produced. To improve the atom economy of the process, it is
important to make use of the hydrogen. For example, hydrogen can be used in the extraction of some metals
from their ores.

State two other large-scale uses of the hydrogen.

[1]

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14. 1-Bromobutane (Mr, 136.9) can be made from a reaction of butan-1-ol, C4H9OH, as shown in the equation below.

C4H9OH + KBr + H2SO4→ C4H9Br + KHSO4 + H2O

(i) Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1-bromobutane in this reaction.

atom economy = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [1]

(ii) Suggest a reactant, other than a different acid, that could be used to improve the atom economy of making
1-bromobutane by the same method.

[1]

(iii) A student prepares a sample of 1-bromobutane.

5.92 g of butan-1-ol are reacted with an excess of sulfuric acid and potassium bromide. After purification,
9.72 g of 1-bromobutane are collected.

Calculate the percentage yield.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

percentage yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

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15. Butan-2-ol can be prepared using two different methods.

Comment on the atom economy of each method, giving your reasons.

[2]

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16. Butane, C4H10, is a highly flammable gas, used as a fuel for camping stoves. Butane reacts with oxygen as in the
equation below:

C4H10(g) + 6.5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

Alkane X can be used as a fuel.

Complete combustion of 0.0117 mol of X produces 2.00 × 10−3 m3 of carbon dioxide gas, measured at 24.0 °C
and 101 kPa.
Determine the molecular formula of X.
Show all your working.

molecular formula of X = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [4]

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17. This question is about several salts.

A hydrated salt, compound A, is analysed and has the following percentage composition by mass:

Cr, 19.51%; Cl, 39.96%; H, 4.51%; O, 36.02%.

Calculate the formula of compound A, showing clearly the water of crystallisation.

Show your working.

formula of compound A =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [3]

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18. 1.00 tonne of ammonia made through the Haber process is reacted with carbon dioxide to prepare the fertiliser
urea, NH2CONH2.

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(1)

1.35 tonnes of urea are formed.

Calculate the percentage yield of urea.

Show all your working.

yield = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ % [3]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 B 1

Total 1

2 i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 63.62 award 2 marks
_____________________________

ALLOW ECF for a correct calculation to 2

DP if:

OR 63.6166 OR 63.617 ✓
%s have been used with wrong
= 63.62 (to 2 DP) ✓
isotopes i.e.
IGNORE any units with Ar
OR
decimal places for ONE % have been
transposed,

i.e. 69.71 → 63.96; 30.38 → 63.32

Examiner's Comments

This part was mostly correct. Low-scoring

candidates sometimes produced errors in
averaging or rounding. Most final answers
were given to the required two decimal
places.

Answer = 63.62

ii FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
If answer = 3.97 × 1022 (from 63.62)
award 2 marks
If answer = 3.98 × 1022 (from 63.5) award SEE answer from 21b(i) at bottom of
2 marks answer zone
_____________________________
Using 63.62: correct Ar of Cu from 21(b)(i)
See bottom of answer zone

ALLOW correct answer from 3 SF up to

23 calculator value of 0.06601697579
Cu atoms = 0.0660 × 6.02 × 10 = 3.97 ×
23 1022 ✓
ALLOW incorrect n(Cu) × 6.02 × 1023
Must be calculated in standard form AND

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

to 3 SF
OR_____________________________
Using 63.5: Ar of Cu from periodic table
correctly
calculated to 3 SF AND in standard form
For ECF, Armust have been used for
n(Cu)
_____________________________

Cu atoms = 0.0661 × 6.02 × 1023 = 3.98 × ALLOW correct answer from 3 SF up to

1022 ✓ calculator value of 0.06614173228
Must be calculated in standard form AND
to 3 SF ALLOW incorrect n(Cu) × 6.02 × 1023
correctly calculated to 3 SF AND in
standard form For ECF, Armust have been
used for n(Cu)
_____________________________
Common errors
Using 63.62:

3.984 × 1022 1 mark (SF)

4.73 × 1022 1 mark (ECF:
omitting 0.840)
Using 63.5:

3.982 × 1022 1 mark (SF)

4.74 × 1022 1 mark (ECF:
omitting 0.840)

Examiner's Comments

This part was generally well answered with

most candidates processing the data
correctly. Candidates sometimes failed to
consider 84% or rounded incorrectly in
places.

Answer = 3.97 × 1022 atoms

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

3 i 1 ALLOW 2% OR 1.7% up to calculator

value of 1.724137931

Examiner's Comments

This part was poorly answered. Candidates

rarely seemed to understand the
relationship between the precision of the
balance and the uncertainly in taking two
readings – hence 0.86%, half of 1.72%,
was a common error.

Answer = 1.72%

ii Use balance weighing to 3/more decimal 1 ALLOW more precise/more accurate/

places more sensitive/higher resolution/smaller
division
OR
IGNORE ‘less error/smaller interval
balance’
Use a larger mass/amount □ ✓
IGNORE any reference to lid on crucible
(water can't escape)

IGNORE ‘weigh straight after heating’

IGNORE idea of repeating the experiment/

taking an average/ getting concordant
results /larger sample size, etc.

Examiner's Comments

Correct answers suggested using a larger

mass of the salt or a more accurate
balance with more decimal places. Many
responses instead discussed repeating the
experiment and taking an average, or
using a lid.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

iii Heat to constant mass ✓ 1 ALLOW response that implies heating to

constant mass,
e.g. Heat again until the mass does not
change

IGNORE ‘heat for longer’

Needs link to constant mass

Examiner's Comments

This was a good question to distinguish

practical ability. Many candidates
suggested simply ‘heating for longer’ or
‘until no further colour change’ but didn't
link this to the idea of heating to constant
mass.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

4 FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 1 If there is an alternative answer, check

ANSWER LINE to see if there is any ECF credit
IF answer = 13.4 (m3) award 5 marks possible
Amounts of FeS2 and SO2
ALLOW ECF from incorrect amount of
n(FeS2)= OR 250 (mol)✓ FeS2
e.g. incorrect M for FeS2 could still score 4
marks
____________________________

n(SO2) = 2 × 250 = 500 (mol) ✓ 1 Common Errors

No T conversion 4marks
V = 2.08 (m3)

Pressure unit conversion 1 No p conversion 4 marks

Use of p = 100 × 103 (Pa) ✓ V = 13 400 m3)

Ideal gas equation

No p AND T conversion 3 marks

OR V = 2080 m3

AND

Use of T = 323 K ✓ 1 No 3 SF 4 marks

V = 13.42711 (m3) OR 4 SF and more

Final answer 1 No × 2 for n(SO2) AND 3SF 4 marks

V = 13.4 (m3) ✓ V = 6.71 (m3)
Must be to 3 SF

Total 5

5 4

n = 0.0362 mol

Identity
HCl

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

6 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 5 If there is an alternative answer, check

ANSWER LINE to see if there is any ECF credit
IF answer = 46.0 (g mol–1) award 4 marks possible using working below.
for calculation

Rearranging ideal gas equation to make n

subject

(1)

Substituting all values taking into account

conversion to Pa and m3

(1)
1st mark may be implicit in direct
n = 0.0250 mol (1) substitution of correct values into
rearranged equation.
Calculation of M

(1)

Identification of A (1)

allow any unambiguous structure

allow C2H5OH
do not allow C2H6O

Total 5

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

7 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 Allow alternative methods

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = SrCl2•2H2O award 3 marks eg
M1 Correctly calculates
M1 Correctly calculates mol of SrCl2•6H2O as 5.332 / 266.6 =
Mol of SrCl2•6H2O = (5.332 / 266.6) = 0.02 0.02(00) mol
mol ✔ DO NOT ALLOW M1 if a second mass is
divided by 266.6

M2 Correctly calculates M2 Correctly calculates

Mol of water given off [(5.332 – 3.892) / 18] molar mass of partially hydrated product as
= 0.08 mol ✔ 3.892 / 0.02(00) = 194.6

M3 Correctly calculates
M3 Correctly calculates mass of H2O present as 194.6 – 158.6 =
0.08 / 0.02 = 4 mol of water lost from one 36.0
mol of AND
SrCl2•6H2O Therefore product is SrCl2•2H2O
Answer = SrCl2•2H2O ✔
ALLOW ECF for the third mark for showing
158.6 taken from an incorrect stated molar
mass leading to an ECF formula
OR
ALLOW 266.6 – 194.6 = 72.0 to find
amount of water lost

Examiner's Comments

Many of the more able candidates were

able to give the correct formula here and
did so with very clear working, which
revealed that they understood the path that
lay behind their calculations. Less able
candidates converted the mass of the
hydrate and the mass of water lost into the
respective mol of substance (0.02 and
0.08). This is perhaps not surprising as
these steps are common to the more
familiar problem of working out the number
of waters of crystallisation in a hydrated
salt that is then fully dehydrated by the
action of heat. However the degree of
difficulty caused many to become unclear
as to what to do with these numbers and
hence SrCl2•G4H2O was a common
incorrect answer.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

8 i The simplest whole number ratio of atoms 1 ALLOW smallest OR lowest for simplest
(of each element) present in a compound ✔ ALLOW molecule for compound

Examiner's Comments

This was a definition that appears directly

in the specification but has not featured
recently in F321 and as such presented a
significant number of candidates with a
challenge. Where this mark was not
secured the common errors were to either
omit the ‘whole number’ part of the
definition or to omit the idea that the
empirical formula is actually a ratio of
atoms.

For future calculations such as this,

centres need to be aware the common
errors to be avoided in are the use of the
atomic number in determining the number
of moles of Eu and an incorrect application
of a difficult 4:3 stoichiometric ratio.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

ii Check the answer line. 2 ALLOW 0.479 OR 0.48 for mol of S

If answer = O12S3Tm2 award 2 marks ALLOW 0.32 for mol of Tm

O = 30.7 / 16.0 S 15.4 / 32.1 Tm = 53.9 / DO NOT ALLOW Tm2(SO4)3 as empirical

168.9 formula
OR IGNORE Tm2(SO4)3 if seen in working.
1.9(2) mol 0.480 mol 0.319 mol ✔
Examiner's Comments
O12S3Tm2 ✔
This question perhaps demonstrated the
extent to which candidates rely upon rote
application of a ‘mathematical’ method
without fully understanding what they are
actually attempting to do.

Nearly all candidates were able to convert

a ratio by mass to a ratio by moles of
atoms, by dividing the mass ratios by the
relevant relative atomic masses. These
candidates were further able to obtain a
unit value for one atom by the
mathematical operation of dividing all
values by the smallest number.

This gave a formula of TmS1.5O6 and many

candidates were convinced that increasing
the value of S atoms from 1.5 to 2 (the
nearest whole number) would meet the
requirements that an empirical formula has
to have whole number values of atoms.
Only the stronger candidates were able to
realise that the initial ratio calculated
needed to be doubled to obtain integer
values which kept the same ratio of atoms.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

9 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE ALLOW 1.66 for C OR 1.66 for O
IF answer = CH4N2O award 2 marks
IGNORE Significant figures beyond the 3rd
significant figure.
(eg ALLOW 3.3335 for N OR 1.666 for C)

ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated

ratio of mol,
DO NOT ALLOW ECF from using an
to give CH4N2O ✔ atomic number OR any original sums
inverted (eg 12.00 / 20.00)
ALLOW any order of atoms

Examiner's Comments

Calculating empirical formulae is a skill

which most candidates are familiar with
and consequently the vast majority of
candidates were awarded both marks.

Total 2

10 3

= 2.5975 : 9.09 : 1.299 : 2.5975

=2:7:1:2

Formula = C2H7NO2
ALLOW C2H3O2– for CH3COO–
Ions: NH4+ and CH3COO–

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

11 i Determining limiting factor 2 evidence of 0.27/65.4 is required (or using

the mass ratio to predict 0.116g of CO from
n(Zn) 0.27/65.4 = 0.0041 mol 0.27g Zn)

AND

n(CaCO3) = 0.38/100.1 = 0.0038 mol

so Zn is in excess (1) or use of the mass ratio to predict 0.106g
CO from 0.38g CaCO3, and dividing by
28.0 to get 0.0038 mol CO
Determining volume of CO
ratio 1:1, so n(CO) = 0.0038 (mol)
allow 2 sig figs up to calculator answer
vol. CO = 0.0038 x 24.0 = 0.091 dm3 = 91 allow second and third marks for correct
(cm3) (1) final answer with no working
allow 2 marks for 99 cm3 from excess Zn
mass

ii heat until syringe stops moving / no further 2 allow heat for longer than two minutes
gas produced (1)
allow heat a greater mass
wait until the gas has cooled (to room
temperature) before measuring the volume
owtte (1)

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

12 a FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2 If there is an alternative answer, check to

ANSWER LINE see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF answer = 200(.0) cm3 award 2 marks using working below

Correctly calculates moles of HCl needed

= 0.0800 × 3 = 0.24(0) mol ✔ ALLOW ECF for incorrect mol of HCl ×
1000 / 1.20
Volume of HCl = 0.24(0) × 1000 / 1.2 = 200 ALLOW 66.7 (66.67 or 66.667 etc) for 1
cm3 ✔ mark
DO NOT ALLOW 66.6 (66.66 or 66.666
etc)

Examiner's Comments

Nearly all candidates were able to convert

the amount of hydrochloric acid into a
volume and so the common error in this
calculation occurred when the
stoichiometric ratio between aluminium and
the acid was not taken into account.

b FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 2.88 dm3 award 2 marks
ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated
Mol of H2 = 0.12 ✔ moles of H2
Volume of H2 = 0.12 × 24.0 = 2.88 dm3 ✔ 0.08 × 24 = 1.92 gets 1 mark

Examiner's Comments

Weaker candidates forgot to consider the

stoichiometric ratio between Al and H2 but
were still able to gain credit for the correct
use of the molar gas volume, leading to an
answer of 1.92 cm3, rather than the
expected 2.88 cm3.

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

13 ONE mark only 1

USE ONE TICK ONLY ✔
from TWO uses:

1. fuel cells IGNORE just ‘fuel’

2. manufacture of margarine IGNORE hydrogenation of margarine
OR hydrogenation of alkenes / unsaturated ALLOW hydrogenation of fats / oils
fats / unsaturated
oils / unsaturated molecules
3. making of ammonia OR Haber process
4. making of HCl / hydrochloric acid DO NOT ALLOW explosives OR fertilisers
5. making of methanol
Examiner's Comments

The vast majority of candidates were able

to provide two large-scale uses of
hydrogen with the production of ammonia,
manufacture of margarine and fuel cells
being the most common seen. The
examiners did allow ‘Haber process’ in
isolation, including phonetic spelling. Only
the weakest failed to score here, often
using guesses such as Contact process,
catalytic converters and even fire
extinguishers.

Total 1

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

14 i 1 ALLOW 47 up to calculator value correctly

rounded.
47.0 or 47.03 or 47.029 will be correct
common answers

IGNORE any working shown.

Examiner's Comments

This was a very well answered question

and most candidates were able to calculate
to the atom economy for the reaction.

ii NaBr OR LiBr ✔ 1 ALLOW correct name or formula

DO NOT ALLOW HBr (it is an acid)

Examiner's Comments

This novel question required candidates to

suggest a way of increasing the atom
economy by using an alternative reactant.
The most able correctly identified that
either sodium or lithium bromide would be
an appropriate replacement for potassium
bromide. The most common response was
HBr which was not credited as the question
specified a chemical other than an acid
should be suggested.

iii Look at answer if 88.8% AWARD 3 3 Answer MUST be to 3 significant figures.

marks if 88.75% AWARD 2 marks (not 3
sig. fig.) ALLOW ECF but do not allow a yield >
100%
Moles of butan-1-ol = 0.08(00) ✔
ALLOW Mass of 1-bromobutane expected
Moles of 1-bromobutane = 0.071(0) ✔ = 10.952 g

% yield = 88.8% ✔ Examiner's Comments

This was a very well answered question

and the majority of responses were clearly
laid out. Consequently most of the
candidates scored two or three marks.
Some candidates gave their final answer to
more than three significant figures, despite
the prompt in the question. Other
candidates decided to over-round the
actual yield of 1-bromobutane to one
significant figure which led to a yield of
87.5%.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Total 5

15 Method 1: 100% OR (only) one product OR 2

no waste product OR addition (reaction) ✔ ALLOW co-product or by-product for waste
product

Method 2: < 100% For ‘< 100%’ ALLOW not 100% OR

AND method 2 has a low(er) atom economy
two products (compared to method 1)
OR (also) produces NaBr
OR (There is a) waste product IGNORE produces Br– / Na+
OR substitution (reaction) ✔ DO NOT ALLOW incorrect waste products
e.g. Br2, HBr, Br, Na

ALLOW correctly calculated value of 42 or

41.8 up to calculator value of 41.83154324
correctly rounded for second mark

DO NOT ALLOW incorrect values for the

atom economy of method 2.

ALLOW ONLY 1 mark for a statement that

both methods have 100% atom economy.

Examiner's Comments

The majority of candidates recognised that

the preparation of butan-2-ol from
but-2-ene was an addition reaction with an
atom economy of 100%. Over half the
candidates appreciated the preparation of
butan-2-ol from 2-bromobutane resulted in
the formation of a by-product and stated
that the atom economy would be less than
100%, with the strongest candidates
providing a correctly calculated value of
41.8%. Some candidates incorrectly
identified the by-product as either Na or Br,
so did not receive the second mark. A
small proportion of candidates did not
interpret the reaction scheme sufficiently
and simply stated that both methods would
have an atom economy of 100%.

Total 2

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

16 Rearranging ideal gas equation to make n 4

subject

n = pV / RT (1)

Substituting all values taking into account allow 3SF up to calculator value of
conversion of units 0.08180595142, correctly rounded

allow ecf from incorrect n

(1)
n = 0.0818 … (mol) (1)

number of C atoms in alkane =

0.0818/0.0117 = 7

alkane = C7H16 (1)

Total 4

17 Initial ratios 3 NOTE: If only the correct answer of

CrCl3•6H2O is seen with no working, award
1 mark only

OR
Cr, 0.375; Cl,1.126; H,4.51; O, 2.25 ✓
IF there is no whole number ratio,
Whole number ratios ALLOW empirical formula: CrCl3H12O6
Cr, 1; Cl, 3; H, 12; O, 6 ✓
ALLOW ECF from incorrect whole number
ratio, provided ONLY Cl incorrect AND
Formula with water of crystallisation 6H2O, e.g. CrCl2•6H2O
CrCl3•6H2O ✓
Examiner's Comments

Many candidates were able to calculate the

empirical formula of the hydrated salt.
While the majority went on to shown the
formula as CrCl3•6H2O to score all three
marks, a significant minority failed to
convert 12 H and 6 O into 6H2O.

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

18 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 3 If there is an alternative answer, check

ANSWER LINE to see if there is any ECF credit
IF answer = 76.5 (%) award 3 marks possible using working below

n(NH3) = (1 × 106) / 17 = 5.88 × 104 allow up to full calculator display

(58824) (mol)

AND

Theoretical yield:
n(NH2CONH2) = 5.88 × 104 / 2 = 2.94 × 104
(29412) (mol) (1)

Actual yield: For 2nd and 3rd marks, allow calculation in

n(NH2CONH2) = 1.35 × 106 / 60 = 2.25 × mass.
104 (22500) (mol) (1)
Theoretical mass yield:
% yield = (2.94 × 104 / 2.25 × 104) × 100% m(NH2CONH2) = 60 × 5.88 × 104 / 2 =
= 76.5(%) (1) 1.764 tonne

% yield = (1.35 / 1.764) × 100 = 76.5%

allow 76% (2 sig figs) up to calculator

answer correctly rounded from previous
values
allow ecf from calculated actual and
theoretical yields

Total 3

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