Question bank on Unit III

1) Define energy conservation and energy efficiency.

2) Explain the measure to be taken to reduce the energy conservation in domestic
refrigeration. List any four measures.
3) How do you reduce the energy conservation in Air conditioning? List any four
measures.
4) What is energy efficiency? Write at least six practices that lead to increase in
efficiency of home appliances viz. mixer grinder, water heater, flour mill, electric
lighting, air conditioner, etc.
5) What do you mean by Energy Star Rating? Discuss how to improve energy
conservation during shopping and transportation.
Ans: The star rating is about energy efficiency – that is how efficient a model is
relative to other models of the same size. More stars means more efficient – when
compared to other models of the same size. Most products are given between 1 and 6
stars.

Energy saving tips in transportation

 Don't use your private vehicles extensively. Try to use public transportation
whenever possible.
 Remove extra BOOT weight in the car. Unwanted items like a flat tyre, unwanted
luggage in the vehicle, especially heavy ones, can reduce the vehicle’s mileage. The
reduction is based on the percentage of extra weight (relative to the vehicle’s
weight) and affects smaller vehicles more than the bigger ones.
 Keep automobiles fuel filters clean and save the fuel.
 Don't forget to keep your vehicle tuned up. When a vehicle is running well, it uses
nine per cent less fuel and thus emits fewer toxic and noxious fumes.
 Don't use clutch pedal as footrest.
 Beyond one minute, it is more fuel - efficient to restart your car.
 Maintain recommended tyre pressure.
Energy saving tips in Shopping
1. Say goodbye to Incandescent bulbs
 Replace your lighting with the latest LED tubes or bulbs.
 2. Benchmark your building
 Nowadays, it is imperative that all building and enterprise owners get their
buildings audited by an energy auditing firm. This will show you where you stand in
terms of energy usage and inform you on how you should improve your energy
efficiency.
 3. Energy Capacity scheduling
 Another reason why your mall might be underperforming compared to others in
terms of energy savings is energy capacity scheduling. Evaluate and monitor the
number of hours a day the systems are left on. If your mall is open for about 12
hours a day, you should not be consuming energy for more than 12 hours a day.
 4. Motion Sensors in lifts, restrooms, and corridors
  Having motion sensor to turn on the lighting when a person walks by or enters the
area could have a huge impact on how much energy you consume. Instead of
keeping lift lights, restrooms lights and corridors lights turned on all the time, install
motion sensors at entrances and key areas to detect the presence of a person and
turn on the lights for a minute or so.
 5. Upgrade the HVAC system
 Invest in energy efficient HVAC systems to replace the existing system. This would
have a huge impact on the energy savings of the entire building. Additionally, if you
have a relatively new HVAC system, you can do a systematic and regular cleaning of
ducts, filters, and vents to improve airflow and reduce the load on the system.
 6. Renewable Energy
 With the increasing popularity in Solar and Wind technology, it is ideal to set up a
rooftop solar (photovoltaic) system or wind turbines atop the shopping mall. These
systems can offset your energy demand by more than 50% and reduce your
operating costs immensely.
 7. Natural Lighting
 Having a skylight or many glass panels to allow sunlight to come into the mall will
allow for lesser usage of artificial lighting and will give that space a vibrant, open
look.
 8. Invest in an energy management system
 An energy management system will help you actively monitor and manage energy
consumption of each component of your building. The system will not only provide
you with the energy consumption data for your entire facility, but give segmented
data as well. Knowing exactly where your energy is being used can help identify
inefficiencies, and you can work on correcting them.

Question bank on Unit IV

1) What is the difference between primary and secondary air pollutants? Give some
examples of each. List some illnesses that are caused by dirty air.
2) What are the major indoor pollutants? Where do the following indoor pollutants
come from? Radon, smoke, asbestos, molds, formaldehyde.
Ans: The main indoor air pollutants include NOx, volatile and semi-volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), SO2, O3, CO, PM, radon, toxic metals, and microorganisms. Some
of them can be present in both indoor and outdoor environments, while others
originate from the outdoor environment. The sources and health effects of some
common pollutants are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Common indoor pollutants and their effects on human health.

Pollutants Sources
Outdoor environment, cooking, combustion
activities (burning of candles, use of
fireplaces, heaters, stoves, fireplaces and
PM
chimneys, cigarette smoking), cleaning
activities
Paints, stains, varnishes, solvents, pesticides,
adhesives, wood preservatives, waxes,
polishes, cleansers, lubricants, sealants, dyes, - Headaches, loss of coordination and
air fresheners, fuels, plastics, copy machines,
VOCs
printers, tobacco products, perfumes, dry-
cleaned clothing, building materials and
furnishings
NO2 Gas-fueled cooking and heating appliances
Outdoor sources, photocopying, air
O3
purifying, disinfecting devices
SO2 Cooking stoves; fireplaces; outdoor air
Cooking stoves; tobacco smoking; fireplaces;
COx generators and other gasoline powered
equipment; outdoor air
Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, As, Ni, Hg, Mn, Fe
Heavy Outdoor sources, fuel-consumption
metals products, incense burning, smoking and
building materials
Tobacco smoke, building materials,
Aerosols consumer products, incense burning,
cleaning and cooking
Health Impacts
Premature death in people with heart
or lung disease, nonfatal heart attacks,
irregular heartbeat, aggravated asthma,
decreased lung function, increased
respiratory symptoms
 - Eye, nose and throat irritation
nausea
 - Damage to liver, kidney and central
nervous system
 - Some organics can cause cancer
 - Enhanced asthmatic reactions
 - Respiratory damage leading to
respiratory symptoms
DNA damage, lung damage, asthma,
decreased respiratory functions
 - Impairment of respiratory function
 - Asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), and
cardiovascular diseases
Fatigue, chest pain, impaired vision,
reduced brain function
- Cancers, brain damage
 - Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects:
respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular
deaths
Cardiovascular diseases, respiratory
diseases, allergies, lung cancer,
irritation and discomfort
Pollutants Sources Health Impacts

Radon (Rn) Soil gas, building materials, and tap water
Outdoor air
 - Termiticides, insecticides, rodenticides,
fungicides, disinfectants and herbicides
Pesticides
 - Building materials: carpet, textiles, and
cushioned furniture
 - Outdoor environment
Lung cancer
Irritation to eye, nose and throat;
Damage to central nervous system and
kidney;
Increased risk of cancer

House dust, pets, cockroaches, Asthma and allergies

Biological Respiratory infections, sensitization,
mold/dampness, pollens originating from
allergens respiratory allergic diseases and
animals, insects, mites, and plants
wheezing
Microorgan Bacteria, viruses, and fungi are carried by Fever, digestive problems, infectious
ism people, animals, and soil and plants diseases, chronic respiratory illness

3) Write short note on particulate Matter.

4) What is sick building syndrome? How do you prevent it? Write any four corrective
steps for making air free from lead as a particulate matter pollutant.
5) What are the sources of air pollution?
6) What are the control measures of air pollution?

Effect of Oil spillage:

Because oil spills are localized, they can severely contaminate beaches and
sediment, and cause serious harm to marine wildlife. Oil spills can suffocate
fish, get caught in the feathers of birds and mammals and block light from
photosynthetic plants in the water.