Safety of Display Lasers

SAFETY OF DISPLAY LASERS
1st Edition - April 2016 1

Foreword - HSE
This Safety of Display Lasers Guidance has been written by representatives from leading trade
organisations, venues and laser companies in the UK.
Its aim is to help those procuring and using temporary or permanent lighting displays make
health and safety improvements.
The Health and Safety Executive was consulted in the production of this guidance.
This publication is based on guidance previously published by

HSE; HS(G)95 ‘The Radiation Safety of Lasers Used for Display Purposes’,
which has now been withdrawn.
2
Acknowledgements
This guidance has been prepared with the assistance of the following
Authorities, Trade Organisations, Venues & Laser Companies:
AC Lasers
BBC
Definitive Special Projects Ltd
ER Productions
Hart District Council
Human Applications Ltd
ITV
Laser Hire Ltd
Laser Hire London Ltd
Laser Grafix Ltd
Olympia London
PLASA
Royal Albert Hall
South Staffordshire Council
Tim Fothergill Productions Ltd
Wandsworth Borough Council
Yutree Insurance Ltd.
Prosight Speciality Insurance Ltd
With special thanks to the Health and Safety Executive and Public Health England
for their invaluable support and advice.
3
Index
Safety of Lasers
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5
About this guide ...................................................................................................................... 5
Why do you need this guidance? ............................................................................................. 5
Risk from the laser beam hazards ............................................................................................ 5
Chapter 1 6
Laser Beam Hazards: How to Reduce Their Risk
Laser Beam Hazards – Optical ................................................................................................ 6
Laser Beam Hazards – Skin Burns and Fire Risks .................................................................... 7
Other Laser Beam Hazards ..................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2 9
Managing Laser Safety
Plan, Do, Check and Act ......................................................................................................... 9
Roles and Responsibilities ....................................................................................................... 9
Liaising with Others ............................................................................................................... 11
Competency .......................................................................................................................... 11
Emergencies/Contingencies .................................................................................................. 11
Eye injury - Actual or Perceived.............................................................................................. 11
Chapter 3 12
Show Planning and System Design
What is the creative brief?...................................................................................................... 13
Where the effects will be used? ............................................................................................. 13
When Laser will be used? ...................................................................................................... 13
How will it be done? .............................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 4 16
Installation and Alignment
Installation ............................................................................................................................. 16
Alignment ............................................................................................................................. 18
Programming......................................................................................................................... 18
Rehearsal .............................................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 5 19
Pre show checks
Assessing for safety ............................................................................................................... 19
Visual checks ........................................................................................................................ 19
Physical checks ..................................................................................................................... 19
Sign off .................................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 6 21
Operation
Monitoring the show .............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 7 21
Post show
Show complete ..................................................................................................................... 21
Dismantle and removing ........................................................................................................ 21
Appendices 22
Appendix A: Glossary of Laser Terms .................................................................................... 22
Appendix B: Types of Lasers ................................................................................................. 27
Appendix C: Laser Classification............................................................................................ 28
Appendix D: Case Studies .................................................................................................... 29
Appendix E: Contacts ............................................................................................................ 33
Appendix F: Amsler Grid and instructions .............................................................................. 34
4 Appendix G: Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 35
Safety of Lasers
Introduction (Whether you are the laser operator, the client who
is arranging the display, organiser of an event, or the
A laser light show can be a truly entrancing
owner/operator of the venue).
spectacle. The sight of sheets, waves, cones and
beams of light choreographed to music or in free Following this guidance is not compulsory, unless
form can inspire and delight audiences. Graphics specifically stated, as some elements go further
and written messages can seem to appear from than the minimum you need to do to comply with
nowhere and enhance an event like no other form of workplace health and safety law. If in doubt you
special effect or lighting type. Using the information should refer to the requirements of the law at
in this guidance to supplement other sources of www.hse.gov.uk/
information and training should help to ensure safe
and enjoyable laser light shows for all. Enforcing authorities may use this guidance to help
decide if applicable methods and controls have been
About this guide applied in the planning and management of a laser
display.
This guidance has been produced for all those
involved in the safe use of lasers as part of
a temporary or permanent laser light display; from
Why do you need this guidance?
the small village hall disco through to an arena When display lasers are wrongly used, they can
performance. It is structured to inform anyone be hazardous – they can cause injury or damage.
involved with the production of a laser display either Some of the hazards are common to many sorts
as a more permanent installation within a venue of equipment; others are specific to using lasers.
or as a temporary aspect of an event or touring This guide focuses on hazards which are specific to
production of the hazards with display laser use and display lasers, for guidance on hazards which are
to provide information on how to ensure the safety of not covered in this guide you should refer to one of
any laser display. the many other sources of safety information. If you
are unsure of any aspect of the laser installation or
The layout and style of the document is intended to operation you should seek additional advice.
provide advice and information avoiding the use of
over technical terms. Where used, those terms will Risk from the laser beam hazards
be defined in the glossary. • Permanent eye damage;
• Skin burns;
The guide is organised to take you through a
• Source of ignition; and
number of stages, from planning, risk assessment,
• Distraction, dazzle and glare.
arranging a display, display performance and post
show and at each stage highlight safety critical
considerations enabling the reader to understand
the required safety management responsibilities.
5
Chapter 1
Laser Beam Hazard: How to Reduce Their Risks
Control Measures to Consider When Managing Laser Beam Risks

Health and safety law requires that these measures are considered in an order that reflects their reliability i.e.
avoidance (using an alternative safer light source), then measures to control exposure. In practice, it may be
necessary to apply a combination of these measures to adequately control laser beam risks. (The suggested
controls in this guidance are non-exhaustive).
Laser Beam Hazards – Optical relevant MPE under reasonably foreseeable

Risks failure conditions. Use blanking plates to
Laser products used in the entertainment industries ensure that site crew and other people are
have high radiant powers (typically from 200mW to not exposed to potentially harmful beams.
40W+ i.e. Class 3B and 4). These laser products Always follow the suggested safe system(s) of
can produce visible laser beams (400-700nm) which work as described in this guidance document.
pose significant risks to the human eye perhaps
over 100s of meters and can lead to permanent eye
Risk
damage.
Some laser products available for entertainment
purposes can produce non-visible wavelengths in
Control measure their laser beam outputs (less than 400nm and more
Always consider the power of the laser than 700nm), either by design or as a by-product.
product to the size of the venue and the These wavelengths are potentially far more hazardous
display area over which the planned laser than the visible wavelengths. These wavelengths may
effects are required. Adhere to the other burn/damage the human eye, as it can’t react to the
control measures listed. wavelengths in the beam it can’t see.
Risks Control measure

Laser beams can cause serious injury to the eye. Always ensure only visible wavelengths are in
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) levels are set the laser beam(s) of the laser products being
by International Bodies to represent the maximum used. Refer to manufactures specifications
exposure at the front of the eye at which no injury to to confirm that only visible wavelengths are
the eye will occur. present. If further doubt remains, seek expert
advice.
Control measure
Always ensure that one or more safety Risk
measures such as scanning failure safety Beams from laser products with scanned x-y
systems, safer programming techniques, outputs may pose less risk of eye injury than static
electronic failure safety response systems beams, as the beam movement reduces exposure
and/or firmware programming are used, time. However, exposures from scanned effects
when intentional optical exposure to scanned across a display area may still produce hazardous
effects are planned. Any laser beams exposures if the beams are repeatedly viewed in
intended to be directed at people should be one location or if fault conditions arise that produce
measured and confirmed to not exceed the concentrated, unexpected ‘failed’ effects into an
6 audience/working area.
Laser Beam Hazards – Skin Burns

Control measure
and Fire Risks
Always use scan failure systems with safe
programming techniques for any occupied Risks
area exposed to laser beams. Onsite If the laser output power is greater than 500mW
measurements should confirm that exposures skin burn and fire can be a significant risk. Laser
are below that of the MPE level under normal products which produce ultraviolet radiation
and simulated failure conditions. (less than 400nm) create an additional exposure
risk to skin over extended periods. In certain
circumstances, due to heat that can be created
Risk
with a laser beam, the beams can cause unsuitable
Reflected laser beams can be equally as hazardous
material (e.g. reflective or combustible) within the
as direct laser beams. There are also different
optical path to ignite (internal or externally of the
types of diffractive (split beam) effects from which
laser system housing).
exposure to the beams can also cause injuries.
Control measure
Control measure
Always ensure the specification for the laser
Always ensure that any reflection from
used for audience or worker exposure is
mobile or static reflective surfaces, including
verified only to have visible wavelengths.
fixed mirrors or mirror balls that enter an
Exposures to skin above the skin MPE should
occupied area are correctly evaluated and
not be permitted. Ensure when installing laser
any secondary laser beams are assessed
systems that they are securely mounted and
through suitable irradiance measurements
outputs terminate on suitable surfaces (e.g.
and compared with the appropriate MPE.
non-reflective or non-combustible).
Risk
Q-switched and other pulsed laser products should
not be used where the possibility of exposure
of people (audience, workers or performers) is
intended or likely under reasonably foreseeable fault
conditions.
Control measure
Exposure of people with pulsed lasers is, by
default, not acceptable.
7
Other Laser Beam Hazards For example, unexpected laser beams may dazzle
or disorientate motorists and aircraft pilots. There
Risks
is also the risk of confusion with air traffic control
Laser products and all associated effects devices
navigational lights and traffic signals on roads and
should be secure against inadvertent displacement
railways.
or misalignment using suitable securing equipment,
mechanisms or restrictive positioning. Careful
considerations should be given as part of any risk Control measure
assessment to identify the possible inadvertent It is good practice to ensure that beams are
movement of the system by performers, crew or projected away from airports, flight paths
scenery moves etc. and motorists. The display organiser should
ensure that the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
is notified - see Appendix E for contact
Control measure
information. Exposure of a pilot may be an
If identified as a possibility to cause a hazard,
offence under the Air Navigation Order (Refer
preventative control methods should be
to CAA CAP 736).
employed. This may include relocation of the
equipment or the use of barriers. The potential
for movement of equipment emphasises the This guidance acknowledges that the installation
importance of pre-performance checks. and removal of laser systems will expose workers to
other hazards that are not laser-beam related such
as electricity at work, trip hazards and working at
Risks
height etc. Guidance on these and other workplace
In outdoor displays, even when accessible beams
safety related issues can be found on the Health and
are considered to be below the applicable MPE, the
Safety Executive’s website at www.hse.gov.uk
presence of laser beams may still cause distraction
to people unaware that a display is taking place.
A laser effects head (photos courtesy of Michael Sollinger)
8
Chapter 2
Managing Laser Safety
Plan, Do, Check and Act Supplier

Display installations should be set up in accordance Companies or individuals responsible for the safe
with a safe system of work. Therefore, it is important installation and operation of the laser products in
that key people involved with the laser display know a venue or at an event, normally as a temporary
what they are expected to do and each participant is installation for a touring production or show.
aware of their responsibilities.
Laser Safety Officer (LSO)
Roles and Responsibilities The LSO will be responsible for evaluating and
The following participants will have a role in laser managing laser risks, and implementing the laser
safety during laser displays and are mentioned safety precautions specified by the supplier, venue
throughout this guide. Not all roles will exist in all or site safety officers.
situations as clients/organiser/venue may be one
Operator or Programmer
and the same.
The operator or programmer will be responsible for
the safe operation of the laser effects.
Client
The client will be responsible for ensuring those Laser Safety Adviser
retained to organise, install or produce a laser In addition to the LSO, the Laser Safety Adviser is
display are competent to carry out the required a person who is usually independent but who has a
work and able to demonstrate to them that the sound and fundamental knowledge of laser hazard
installation/display will be safe during the installation, concepts and hazard prevention strategies, is aware
alignment, use, in case of an emergency and of the legal responsibilities and requirements and
removal. is able to understand and assess a laser display
installation. The LSA is an advisory role and does not
Organiser
have an executive mandate.
The organiser will be responsible for ensuring the
various safety management processes for the safe Organisation
use of lasers is implemented, that everyone involved From an early stage, organisers should ensure
is aware of their responsibilities and that the required that clearly defined roles and responsibilities exist
communications and liaisons arrangements are in in relation to safety, addressing both normal and
place. emergency situations. Whatever management
structure is chosen, organisers will need to decide
Venue
who is responsible for the various safety duties,
The venue management will be responsible for
making sure there are no gaps and ensuring everyone
ensuring the installation and operation of any
understands their own responsibilities. If a number of
laser display on the premises is safe and does
people are involved, there will need to be close liaison
not constitute a risk to those at work or to those
and good communication between them.
entering the premises when a laser display is in
operation. It is good practice for suppliers to appoint a laser
safety officer (LSO) for all installations. The LSO
Installer
should have executive rather than just advisory
Companies or individuals responsible for the safe
responsibility for this work. He/she should also be
installation of the laser products into a venue,
involved in the examination and audit of engineered
normally as a permanent system.
and administrative safety provisions before hand-
over of a new installation to the user. 9
An installation should not be used by the operator/ unruliness, safety management system issues
programmer until the hand-over documentation has or other environmental variations.
been completed and if necessary any pre-show
d) Be aware of any special arrangements for
procedures have been completed. In addition, for
ensuring safety, such as restricted areas and
any installation, the operator(s) need to prove that
where the audience should be standing to view
they are fully competent and understand the safety
a particular display.
procedures in the hand-over documentation. The
operators also need to show that they can maintain e) The laser safety assessment is normally carried
these safety procedures and operate the installation out by an LSO, but everyone else involved in
safely, over the time of the installation, unless the the display should understand the assessment
operator and the installer are one and the same. and their role in implementing it.
Operators, Laser Safety Officers and (if consulted) Plan

any Laser Safety Adviser, should be able to evaluate As early as possible and before arriving on site the
the hazard level posed appropriate to the complexity following should be considered:
of the display, and have the following responsibilities
as required for each installation: a) Identify who needs to be supplied with
information and whether there are specific
a) they should possess a detailed knowledge requirements;
of the laser systems being used for each
b) Outline information about the laser display
installation i.e:
including venue, dates, type of laser display
• the laser type and model; and details of the installer;
• radiant power and beam divergence;
c) Ensure adequate insurance arrangements;
• beam wavelengths (and colours);
d) Determine how the installation, alignment,
• the effect capabilities, accessible beam levels
performance and dismantling will be managed;
and the exposure hazards by different effects,
scanner models/speeds and modes; and e) Determine whether audience or performer
• have a thorough knowledge of the operating exposure to the laser beams is intended.
control systems and any safety control systems Provide details of how personal exposures to
adopted. laser beams will be assessed and controlled;
f) Confirm details of staff, chains of accountability,

b) For temporary and long-term installations,
and contact details;
operators should complete a log of the daily/
weekly alignment checks. These should g) Provide stage drawing of the intended laser
include beam alignment checks using mirrors installation with dimensions or scale diagrams
or other ‘targets’ and regular checking of any specific to the venue; and
emergency shutdown systems/procedures or
other safety systems and materials. h) Provide a record of risk assessments and
emergency plans.
c) All those involved in the laser display operation
must understand their role in an emergency After installation and before the first performance,
situation and the emergency shutdown it is good practice to have sign-off documentation
from the installer or supplier confirming all of the
10 procedure after equipment failure, audience
above. Subsequent performances should be should have executive rather than an advisory
checked and reviewed. responsibility for the day-to-day management,
operation and maintenance of such installations.
After the performance, the supplier or the venue
should record the details and decide what did and Emergencies/Contingencies
did not go well, and what could be done differently
next time. In the event of an adverse incident, ensure Equipment
full details are recorded. When an emergency stop button (E-stop) is used,
the laser and/or laser products must be restarted
Liaising with Others by the deliberate action of the operator or other
Organisers should consider external bodies or specifically trained person. It is important for the
organisations such as the local authority and E-stop to be tested before each performance to
emergency services. There should be effective ensure that it provides the required protection, and
liaison arrangements in place on health and safety the results of the test recorded.
matters and sharing of safety-related information,
e.g. emergency plans. High quality safety related control systems (SRCS),
operating on scan failure detection may be used
Many entertainment venues, including outdoor as part of a safety system. However, such control
events, require a licence from the local authority. systems should not be relied upon as the only safety
There may be specific requirements relating to measure and should form part of a number of safety
public safety in the use of lasers and information devices to ensure personnel safety.
that needs to be supplied in relation to laser safety.
Any duty holder should ensure that they comply with Eye Injury - Actual or Perceived
these requirements to ensure that such events are Actual eye injuries should be treated as medical
properly organised and that competent personnel emergencies. The casualty should be managed
supervise the activities. The licence holder will be through the venue’s arrangements and taken to the
able to advise you what these requirements are and nearest accident and emergency hospital. Details of
for further advice contact the Environmental Health the laser beam should accompany the casualty.
department and/or licensing section at the local
When there is no obvious injury, this is unlikely to
authority in which the venue is situated.
be a medical emergency. If there was no intended
In the case of outdoor displays, other regulatory exposure of people to laser beams and no known
bodies may need to be consulted. These include incident that had resulted in exposure, reassurance
the maritime and harbour authorities, the Police, the may be all that is required. If all of the laser beams
Highways Agency and the Civil Aviation Authority at the event are in the visible spectrum (400 to
(CAA). 700nm) a simple reading test can be used to assess
possible damage to the retina. It is also possible to
Competency use an Amsler Grid, which is a tool to assess retinal
Users and those responsible for safety at events and function (see Appendix F). If there is concern that
venues should ensure that an LSO has sufficient an injury may have occurred, the casualty should
skills, knowledge and experience in the evaluation ideally be taken to an eye hospital with full details of
and management of laser risks. They must also be the type of laser in use at the time of exposure. This
capable of implementing the laser safety precautions should ideally be done within 24 hours of the alleged
specified by the supplier or the venue. The LSO incident.
11
Chapter 3
Show Planning and System Design
A laser display is produced by static or moving laser Display installations that expose people to laser
beams. The beams are moved by the following: beams should have the following safe programming
techniques:
a) A pair of galvanometer-mounted mirrors
oscillating at right angles to each other a) Multiple scanning components, so that failure
(scanning). Scanning device control is normally of any single component results in either no
achieved by some form of programmable accessible beam or one that remains below
controller (PC); the MPE for the eye because of the continued
operation of other components within the
b) Diffraction effects are produced when the laser system. Scanned patterns generated by
beam is split into many beams on passing separate optical components, moving at right
through a transmission grating or on being angles to each other, are a good example of
reflected from a reflection grating; this technique. If one scanner fails, the resulting
line scan pattern produced by the other
c) A pattern may also be produced by moving
scanner must be designed to be below the
other types of reflective surfaces or devices;
MPE for the eye;
d) Some scanning applications present a viewing
b) Similar principles apply to diffraction effects
condition whereby a beam is perceived as a
intended to target people. Particular
series of pulses as it passes across the eye;
consideration should be given to the location of
e) Laser beams are moved around by scanners the zero diffracted order;
and the speed and frequency they pass over
c) A control system that does not produce
the eye is the most important factor in deciding
hazardous beams when faults in its operation
the safety of the effect.
occur;
Scanning frequency is therefore an important
d) Scan-failure detection devices that effect
determinant of injury threshold and as such, requires
automatic system shutdown in the shortest
careful evaluation before a scanned display can be
reasonably practicable time. Shutdown speeds
considered safe to view.
of no more than a few milliseconds should be
readily achievable.
Installations intended to expose audiences should

never be left unattended.
12
Figure 1. Show
planning flow chart
What is the creative brief? The accuracy of exposure hazard calculation for
A creative brief is the client’s initial vision of the laser a particular laser beam ultimately depends upon
display. the accuracy and correct use of product data
supplied by the manufacturer of the installation,
Where the effects will be used? especially the manufacturer of the incorporated
Some of the factors to be considered when identifying laser system(s). In this respect, the criteria used
the locations of hazardous laser beams are: by laser system manufacturers to specify laser
beam parameters need careful attention. This
a) The personal exposure risks arising from
is because they vary from manufacturer to
reasonably foreseeable fault conditions;
manufacturer and even between products marketed
by the same manufacturer. For example, beam
b) The extent to which potential target materials
divergence may be given as a half angle instead
are reflectors;
of the more common full angle. Exposure hazard
c) Whether, in the case of diffuse reflectors such calculations should always be based upon full
as matt-painted surfaces, specular reflection angle considerations. Note that the use of optical
occurs following illumination at high angles of components along the path of the laser beam may
incidence; and increase or reduce the hazard. On site verification of
any calculations where personal exposure is likely to
d) In instances where all the laser effects cannot occur should be carried out.
be seen by the operator, additional e-stop
operators will be required. When the Laser will be used?
This may be a discrete and rigid time plan or
Specular behaviour should be assumed in all cases dependent on other show factors but should at
where there is any doubt about a surface’s reflective least outline when the hazard will be present.
property. It should never be assumed that buildings, Where possible the approximate time and duration
roofs and walkways etc. close to or within the of the effects should be detailed. This should
display area are unoccupied; people may appear include alignment and rehearsals schedules. This
unexpectedly. information should be communicated to any relevant
authorities (e.g. the CAA). 13
How will it be done? g) Operator competency and training

The locations of hazardous accessible beams requirements;
(i.e. those that exceed the applicable MPE value)
h) The supplier’s address and telephone number
arising during normal operation and following fault
or those of its LSO; and
conditions should be identified and pointed out to
the operator before installation commissioning and i) Any special conditions to be observed.
hand-over.
For temporary installations, it is recognised that the
For permanent installations, it is reasonable to level of available detail about the laser installation
expect a high level of planning for the installation increases as the installation date approaches and, in
in advance of the equipment arriving. Time should some circumstances, may not be finalised until the
be allowed for the provision of detailed information installation commences. However, installers should
where the installation develops before the first attempt to minimise such uncertainty. Information
performance. The venue management should be may be requested by the organiser, venue, regulatory
provided with sufficient information (as contained authority and, where appointed, an adviser.
in the list below) to assess the risks from the use of
the laser. The level of detail will depend on the level Users and operators need to structure their work
of continued involvement of the installer. However, it schedules themselves in an effective system of work
is recommended that the venue should ensure that including maintenance, installation procedures,
they have sufficient information to safely operate the alignment checks and safety checks. Any
laser in the event of closure of the laser installer. dismantling details (to avoid equipment damage)
are also useful. These systems of work should
In addition to the requirements in Chapter 2, also include the use of PPE and controlled access
Information should contain the following: to potential areas of hazard during alignment,
programming and safety system testing, as stated
a) Clear instructions on the use and effect of
on the risk assessment. Special attention should
display controls;
be given to ensure that minimum safety separation
b) Details of all permissible display effects, their distances, in each site assessment, are observed
safety implications and the constraints on their and maintained during operation.
use;
The aim of the safety assessment is to provide
c) Information on manual shutdown and assurance that the laser beams produced during a
monitoring requirements; display cannot lead to personal exposures above the
applicable MPE value in both normal operation and
d) Information on automatic emergency shutdown following fault conditions. Table 1 below summarises
systems, their mode of operation, maintenance the criteria that apply to MPE selection for various
requirements and function verification; exposure situations and figure 2, the safety
assessment flow chart shows schematically the
e) Details of routine servicing and maintenance
major questions that need to be answered in a safety
procedures, their frequency, who should carry
assessment. Appendix A contains the MPE data
them out, and details of protective eyewear
published in the current British Standard relevant to
and/or clothing required;
the current UK legislation.
f) Details of all routine adjustment and alignment

checks to be carried out by the user, to include
frequency, record keeping and corrective action
requirements: external optical component
checks are especially important;
14
Table 1
Accessible emissions that arise MPE relaxations following reasonably

in normal operations foreseeable fault conditions
Audience The applicable MPE should The applicable MPE time base should
(i.e. . members of be based on continuous, either match the response time of any
the public and/or direct ocular exposure to the safety-related control system, designed
audience) emission(s) for at least 10 to terminate emission upon detection
seconds. of a fault, or match the time taken for
the emission to be manually terminated.
Employees Generally as for audience For intentional exposures, the minimum
(of supplier/installer or except that, where specific time base should be 10 seconds. For
user) safety training is given, the faults that cause Continuous Wave (CW)
applicable MPE for CW beams emission, the applicable MPE may be
may be based on the eye based on the eye aversion response
aversion response time of 0.25 time of 0.25 seconds.
seconds, e.g. during setting up
procedures.
Performers As for employees but the training should include the use of stage
(e.g. actors, dancers, choreography as a means of assuring that ocular exposure risk is negligible.
musicians etc.) Where an emission, although accessible, is not able to be viewed by the eye,
the applicable MPE may be based on the appropriate skin exposure value. An
example of this situation would be where the angle of illumination by the laser
and the part of the performer’s body being exposed (e.g. the feet) make ocular
exposure a practical impossibility.
Figure 2. Safe or Unsafe Flow Chart
15
Chapter 4
Installation and Alignment
Installation all Areas’ passes and it may be necessary to use

If employers use hazardous sources of light, they appropriately trained security staff.
must put in place control measures to reduce the
Members of the audience should not be able to
risk of harm to the eyes and skin of their workers,
expose either themselves or others in excess of
to as low as is reasonably practicable. This is the
the applicable MPE value through irresponsible
key legal requirement of the Control of Artificial
behaviour, e.g. by climbing furniture to gain a better
Optical Radiation at Work Regulations 2010.
view of performers or by placing reflective objects
Any areas where accessible beams could lead
in beam paths. Therefore it is good practice for
to personal exposure in excess of the applicable
supervised installations to be designed so that
Maximum Permissible Exposure value (MPE) must
hazardous emissions are not accessible at any
be assessed and an action plan devised, comprising
point less than 3m above and 2.5m laterally from
technical and organisational measures designed to
any location at which a member of the audience
prevent exposure exceeding the MPE. The action
or public may gain access during a display (see
plan should be part of hand-over documentation.
Figures 3 and 4). For unsupervised installations,
The duties in these regulations, while not directly
the vertical separation should increase to 6m (see
applying to volunteers or members of the public,
figure 5). In circumstance where any of the above
extend the general duties set out in the Health and
distances cannot be achieved, any deviation should
Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, which require the
be considered in a more detailed assessment to
safeguarding of the health and safety of people who
ensure that persons are not put at risk. The security
are not at work.
and robustness of external targets is particularly
These locations should be designated by important in open air displays because they are
warning signs as laser hazard areas, and entry affected by weather, vibrations from traffic and,
to them restricted to authorised people, who will sometimes, deliberate interference and vandalism.
take appropriate precautions, e.g. wearing eye Remember that at typical outdoor event projection
protection. Consideration should also be given distances, even small misalignment of external
to how to manage access for staff with ‘Access optical components or of the laser beam itself can
result in a grossly mis-targeted hazardous emission.
Figure 3. Separation distances
16
Figure 4. View of monitored laser installation separation distances
Figure 5. View of unmonitored laser installation separation distances
17
Ensure that mirrors external to the laser projector are Any changes to an existing laser system installation
securely mounted and inaccessible to unauthorised such as repositioning the systems or altering of the
people. Clamping mechanisms should be tamper- control system or the programmed effects should
proof and, so far as is practicable, designed to be only be carried out with the agreement of the LSO.
fail-safe. Any part of the installation that would shine For long-term installations and touring productions
hazardous beams into public areas if misaligned any foreseeable adjustments and programming
should be masked to restrict reflection angles to a alterations should be included in the original hand-
range that minimises this risk. over documentation. Any other alterations will need
to be justified for safety considerations which are
Where a beam is intended to be viewed or where checked and agreed with an LSO.
viewing is likely because the necessary separation
distances cannot be maintained, personal exposure Where a laser beam is directed at an external optical
should be constrained to the applicable MPE component, such as a mirror-ball, the incident beam,
value. The time required for this should not be unlike the reflected beam, is often not intended to
underestimated; it is likely to take a number of be accessible and so, provided that the advice given
hours, particularly in a large venue or with complex in this guidance about separation distances and
installations. the provision of masking is implemented, exposure
evaluation is not necessary. However, if the reflected
Alignment beam is accessible, it should be assessed for
Laser output should take place within a viewing safely.
predetermined area. This is best achieved by
masking the effects head to confine beam Programming
movement. Masking materials should be rigidly Where practicable, programming should be carried
mounted and made of black-painted steel or out prior to installation and confirmed on site. If
aluminium, software blanking or, where there is no programming is carried out at the venue, unless all
fire hazard, similarly treated block board. If software beam effects are directed into areas where workers
blanking will be used to control masking, it should will not be located, the area should be cleared of all
not be used as the sole safety measure. personnel.
Alignment of lasers can be hazardous and access Rehearsal

to display areas should ideally be restricted to The operator should be particularly vigilant during
alignment personnel only. Where practicable, rehearsals to ensure that all effects are as intended.
beams should be reduced to below the MPE It may be appropriate to have an additional operator
during alignment. If this is not possible, provisions with access to the E-stop, especially if the effects
should be put in place to control the risk to people, involve exposure of performers to laser beams.
including those not involved with the alignment
process, from being exposed to above the MPE.
18
Chapter 5
Pre Show Checks
Assessing for Safety scanning fails should be based upon measurement

This chapter deals with the requirements for the and computation of worst-case exposure
safety checks that should be undertaken before a conditions.
display laser installation is put to use.
Calculation accuracy should be confirmed, wherever
Visual Checks practicable, by suitable measurements of accessible
The supplier should specify in the hand-over beams within the defined laser display area. This
documentation, the type and frequency of external should be done both during and upon completion
optical component checks to be carried out by the of equipment installation. Adequate time should be
user. Checks for correct alignment of all optical allowed for any measurements to be carried out,
elements, such as mirrors, should be carried out and in complex installations this may take several
daily according to a specified procedure. hours.
Physical Checks Confirmatory measurements are particularly

All display laser products should be designed to important where there is a risk of hazardous
prevent unauthorised use. Typical systems used exposure to scanned laser beams following fault
to control the operation of the laser will be a pass conditions, or where there is the potential for
key control or password entry control system. reflection off of surfaces that have indeterminate
In addition, consideration should be given to the reflective properties.
siting of the control console away from accessible
If a laser installation is not being operated manually
areas. It is recognised that the laser itself may
and monitored continuously during the operational
be key controlled but, due to its location, it is not
period, then a rigorous hourly or daily testing
reasonable for the individual laser key to be the
system needs to be monitored and managed by
primary security control.
trained operators throughout the period of an event
Display laser installations should be provided with or permanent installation. Also, for those events
one or more clearly identifiable and easily operated requiring a repeating laser system(s) installation, the
emergency stop controls (E-stop). The frequency initial design should be carried out by experienced
of maintenance and correct operation checks of laser suppliers or LSOs, along with the safety
these controls should also be specified. Ideally the monitoring system for such installations. It is
E-stop(s) should be tested before each performance recommended that a laser system installation should
and importantly, when the E-stop has been used not be operated entirely automatically and that
during a performance it should be not be possible to safety procedures are checked and tested daily. It is
automatically re-start the laser product(s). recommended that extra safety over-rides are used
for ‘automated’ installations and that these systems
Demonstration of an installation’s ability to achieve are tamper-proof.
compliance with the applicable MPE value when
19
Sign Off it could be by exchanging documents which are

The successful completion of the different stages dated, timed and signed by the parties involved.
of designing, installing and operating a laser show Sign-off documents can usefully include a summary
should be recorded. It is essential to do this where of the checks that have been carried out at each
control of equipment passes from one person to stage. Written confirmation of hand-over is not
another and it is useful to record that those involved necessary where, for example, the installer and
have been told what is expected of them and that the user are one and the same, but a document
they have understood this. recording the checks that have been carried out at
each stage will still be useful.
For example:
It is good practice for the LSO to be involved in the
• The installer should confirm that the installation
preparation of hand-over documentation for the
is safe to use and should provide description of
user. The laser display suppliers are responsible for
the operating and maintenance procedures to
ensuring that pre-performance checks are carried
the organiser/venue;
out (and recorded), that the laser performance
• The organiser/venue should confirm that they proceeds as planned and safety systems terminate
have understood this; and the laser effect(s) in the event of unsafe conditions.
• The event manager and the venue operators It is also good practice for suppliers to agree the
should be given the information they need in necessary supervision with the installation user.
order for the display to go ahead, and confirm These details should be included in hand-over
that they have received it and that they give documentation.
permission for the display to go ahead.
The safety assessment must be appropriate to the
These various agreements and exchanges of viewing conditions that are likely to arise both during
information should be recorded. For small-scale normal operation of the display installation and
events this might be by the exchange of messages following faults in its operation.
or emails. For larger and more complex events
20
Chapter 6
Operation
Monitoring the Show system(s) is modified to produce additional effects,

Members of the audience should not be able to or increase the power, or scan angles outside this
expose either themselves or others in excess of specification, then the operator/organiser/venue
the applicable MPE value through irresponsible should ensure that the installation is re-assessed
behaviour, e.g. by climbing furniture to gain a better and any safety overrides and systems are suitable
view of performers or by placing reflective objects in for the new modifications.
beam paths.
When operating laser system installations manually,
The operator should be fully aware of the full range operators need to be vigilant so that if there is
of adjustments and other operational modes, such equipment failure during operation, or if audience
as diffraction motors, that are built into each system. unruliness or any unsafe conditions occur, the
If any part of the equipment including the control display/effect should be stopped.
Chapter 7
Post Show
Show Complete Dismantling and Removal

It is good practice to place on record either that the Although out of the scope of this guidance, the risk
show went without incident, or to record anything assessment should consider any particular risks
unplanned. This can be on a section of the pre-show associated with activities at the end of the show.
check document. The record should be dated, timed For a temporary show, this may involve dismantling
and signed by the operator. equipment when staff are tired, it may be dark (for
outdoor events) and there may be time pressures.
21
Appendix A: Glossary of Laser Terms
Accessible Emission The defined power levels used in the laser classification system. See Appendix C.
Limit (AEL)
Alignment The process of setting up laser beam path parameters in the following ways:
a) Aligning optics and laser beams within the internal components of the laser product
(normally carried out off site);
b) Aligning projection zones and areas where the effects will be projected; and
c) Alignment of external optics and effects
Amsler Grid A viewing grid of horizontal and vertical lines to monitor a person’s central visual field. It is a diagnostic tool
that aids the detection of visual disturbances cause by changes in the retina, in particular the macular and
optical nerve. (See Appendix F for an Amsler grid and instructions).
Aperture An opening through which radiation can pass.
Aperture Stop A device or method preventing the beam output from a laser product.
Applicable Maximum The Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at Work Regulations 2010 refers to exposure limits for workers
Permissible Exposure who may be exposed to laser beams or other optical radiation. The term Maximum Permissible Exposure
(MPE) Value is used for exposures to laser beams. The MPE is the maximum amount of laser beam to which a person
may be exposed without the risk of an injury. Different values generally apply for eye exposure and for skin
exposure.
The MPE value that satisfies this criterion will depend on:
a) The wavelength of laser beam being considered;
b) The viewing condition which applies to the accessible laser beam, i.e. whether the beam is viewed
directly or following diffuse reflection and whether it is scanned, pulsed or continuous wave; and
c) The applicable exposure time base. This should be based on a fully justifiable assessment of the
maximum time any person can or is likely to view an accessible emission. In this regard, it may be
justifiable to assume that exposure will be curtailed by eye aversion responses and/or automatic
emergency shutdown devices for performers. However, for deliberate exposure of the eyes of the
audience, an exposure duration of 10 seconds minimum should be assumed.
A detailed assessment of MPEs is beyond the scope of this Guide. However, it is possible to simplify the
assessment by using an MPE of 10W/m2 (equivalent to 1mW/cm2) for all wavelengths from 400nm to
700nm. However, where the performance is intended for children, the MPE level should be reduced by a
factor of 10 for wavelengths below 500nm.
The MPE applies to the peak power of the laser beam and should not be modified for scanning effects or
beam modulation (switching on and off quickly).
The laser beam can be compared with the MPE by measurement if the measurement instrument has an
aperture of 7mm diameter. All values need to be normalised to mW/cm2 or W/m2.
However, the instrument must be capable of assessing whether the laser beam is pulsed or modulated and
must be able to record the peak laser beam power.
The skin MPE value should be considered as 200mW/cm2 as this is the 10 second or greater value so
poses no skin hazard for durations of less than 10 seconds. The table below shows applicable MPE values
for common time bases in the visual spectrum for eye exposure.
Time Base (seconds) Eye (mW/cm2)

0.25 2.54
1 1.80
3 1.37
10 1.01
22
Attenuation The decrease in energy (or power) as a beam passes through an absorbing or scattering medium.
Aversion Response Movement of the eyelid or the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant, bright light. It can occur
within 0.25 seconds, and it includes the blink reflex time.
Beam A collection of rays that may be parallel, convergent, or divergent.
Beam Divergence Angle of beam spread measured in radians or milliradians (1 milliradian = 3.4 minutes of arc). For small an-
gles where the cord is approximately equal to the arc, the beam divergence can be closely approximated
by the ratio of the cord length (beam diameter) divided by the distance (range) from the laser aperture.
This is the value that defines the increase in the diameter of the laser beam with distance from the exit
aperture. The value gives the full angle at the point where the laser radiant exposure or irradiance is e-1 or
e-2 of the maximum value, depending upon which criteria is used.
Blanking Plate Non-flammable materials used to blank, mask or terminate laser emissions.
Blink Reflex See Aversion Response.
Brightness The visual sensation of the luminous intensity of a light source. The brightness of a laser beam is most
closely associated with the radio-metric concept of radiance.
CAA CAP 736 The UK Civil Aviation Authority’s policy and supporting guidance for commercial organisations and individu-
als planning to operate directed light, fireworks, toy balloons and lanterns within UK airspace.
Cornea The transparent outer coat of the human eye, covering the iris and the crystalline lens. The cornea is the
main refracting element of the eye.
Coherence A term describing light as waves which are in phase in both time and space. Monochromaticity and low
divergence are two properties of coherent light.
Collimated Light Light rays that are parallel. Collimated light is emitted by many lasers. Diverging light may be collimated by
a lens or other device.
Continuous Wave (CW) Constant, steady-state delivery of laser power.
Control Programming Programming the laser effects to the display parameters which includes safety, in advance of the display.
Controlled Area Any locale where the activity of those within are subject to control and supervision for the purpose of laser
radiation hazard protection.
Diffuse Reflection Takes place when different parts of a beam incident on a surface are reflected over a wide range of angles.
Diffracted Beams The process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing
through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave
forms produced.
Diffraction Grating An optical component that splits emission laser beam into a number of beams or fingers of light. When
used in conjunction with diffusely reflective or transmissive optics, a broad swathe of light or wash effect,
often multi-coloured, can be produced. Diffraction effects may be projected statically or scanned.
Direct Ocular Viewing Exposure of the eye directly, or after specular reflection, to all or part of a laser beam.
Display Laser Installation The installation as a whole; includes the laser product, the effects head, any external optical components
such as mirrors and mirror-balls, and any other devices or components which form part of the laser display
equipment.
23
Display Laser Product Any laser product that is designed to project static or scanned emissions at imaging screens or into free
space for the purpose of entertainment, and which achieves this by either integral and/or external optical
components.
Divergence The increase in the diameter of the laser beam with distance from the exit aperture. The value gives the
full angle at the point where the laser radiant exposure or irradiance is e-1 or e-2 of the maximum value,
depending upon which criteria is used.
Effects Head An arrangement of optical processing components such as scanning devices, mirrors, filters and diffraction
gratings that usually forms an integral part of the laser product incorporated within a display installation.
Electronic Failure Safety A device that works in harmony with the laser system and control software in order to limit or prevent the
Response System emission of hazardous beams into a predefined or programmed area. These can take the form of straight
up analogue devices that monitor laser power and positions, to firmware masking and emission prevention.
Due to the nature of these devices, emission times during fault conditions can often be down as low
as microseconds and emissions can often be altered as required at the time to allow higher powers in
restricted zones and safe powers in audience zones.
Emission The visible and non-visible light output produced by a laser.
Energy (Q) The capacity for doing work. Energy is commonly used to express the output from pulsed lasers and it is
generally measured in Joules (J). The product of power (watts) and duration (seconds). One watt second =
one Joule.
Erythema The medical term for redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries.
Exposure Duration The total amount of time the ocular structures or skin are exposed to the laser beam.
External Optical Component Any optical processing device that forms part of a display laser installation but which is located or mounted
externally to the incorporated laser product and any associated effects head (mirrors, mirror balls etc.)
Fail-safe Interlock An interlock where the failure of a single mechanical or electrical component of the interlock will cause the
system to go into, or remain in, a safe mode.
Firmware programming The programming of non-volatile devices such as ROM, EPROM and Flash memory devices.
Full angle/Half angle Properties of a laser beam that define divergence. Any beam will have both properties and they are
inherently linked. (It is important to know which angle a particular manufacturer uses in order to perform the
required calculations.)
Galvanometer See Scanner
Iris The annular pigmented structure that lies behind the cornea of the human eye. The iris forms the pupil.
Intrabeam Viewing The viewing condition whereby the eye is exposed to all or part of a direct laser beam or a specular
reflection.
Irradiance (E) Radiant flux (radiant power) per unit area incident upon a given surface. Units: watts per square centimetre.
(Sometimes referred to as power density, although not exactly correct). Joule (J) is a unit of energy (1 joule
= 1 watt-second).
Laser An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It produces an intense beam of light
with the unique properties of coherency, collimation and monochromaticity.
Laser Classification Lasers are classified in BS EN 60825 Part 1, to provide information on the laser beam hazard and the
necessary control measures to reduce the risk from the laser beam hazard. (See Appendix D for further
information.)
24
Laser System An assembly of electrical, mechanical and optical components which includes a laser.
Lens A curved piece of optically transparent material which, depending on its shape, is used to either converge
or diverge light.
Light See Visible Radiation.
Limiting Aperture The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged when determining
safety hazards.
Macula The small, uniquely pigmented and specialized area of the retina.
Maintenance Performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in user information provided by the
manufacturer with the laser or laser system, which are to be performed by the user to ensure the intended
performance of the product.
Maximum Permissible See Applicable Maximum Permissible Exposure Value

Exposure (MPE)
Nanometre A unit of spatial measurement that is 109 meter, or one billionth of a meter. A measurement of the
wavelength of laser light generally measured from peak to peak.
Nominal Ocular Hazard Dis- This describes the distance within which the level of the direct, reflected, or scattered radiation during
tance (NOHD) normal operation exceeds the applicable MPE. Exposure levels beyond the boundary of the NOHD are
below the appropriate MPE level.
Ocular Fundus The back of the eye. The ocular fundus may be seen through the pupil by use of an ophthalmoscope.
Optical Radiation Ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation (0.35-1.4 μm) that falls in the region of transmittance of the human
eye.
Output Power The energy per second measured in watts emitted from the laser in the form of coherent light.
Power The rate of energy delivery expressed in watts (joules per second). Thus: 1 watt = 1 joule / 1 sec.
Programmable Controller A software controlled programmable electronic device that controls a display laser installation.
Protective Housing A device designed to prevent direct access to radiant power or energy.
Pulse A discontinuous burst of laser, light or energy, as opposed to a continuous beam. A true pulse achieves
higher peak powers than that attainable in a CW output.
Pulsed Laser A Laser which delivers energy in the form of a single or train of pulses.
Q-Switch A device that produces very short (~10-250ns), intense laser pulses by enhancing the storage and
dumping of electronic energy in and out of the lasing medium.
Radiant Energy (Q) Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves usually expressed in units of joules (watt-seconds).
Radiant Exposure (H) The total energy per unit area incident upon a given surface. It is used to express exposure to pulsed laser
radiation in units of J/cm2.
Reflection The return of radiant energy (incident light) by a surface, with no change in wavelength.
Refraction The change of direction of propagation of any wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, when it passes
from one medium to another in which the wave velocity is different. The bending of incident rays as they
pass from one medium to another (e.g., air to glass).
25
Retina The sensory tissue that receives the incident image formed by the cornea and lens of the human eye.
The retina lines the posterior eye.
Scanned Laser/ A laser having a time-varying direction, origin, or pattern of propagation with respect to a stationary frame
Scanned Effects of reference. Generally created using scanners to position beams rapidly using X-Y coordinates in free
space.
Scanner A device with an oscillating mirror that directs the reflected beam backwards and forwards. Normally used
in tandem with a second galvanometer/scanner producing X & Y outputs to create laser-drawn shapes.
Secure Enclosure An enclosure to which casual access is impeded by an appropriate means (e.g. door secured by lock,
magnetically or electrically operated latch, or by screws).
Semiconductor Laser A type of laser which produces its output from semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Source The term source means either laser or laser-illuminated reflecting surface, i.e., source of light.
Spectator An individual who wishes to observe or watch a laser or laser system in operation and who may lack the
appropriate laser safety training.
Specular Reflection A mirror-like reflection.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between soft X-rays and visible violet light, often broken down
into UV-A (315-400nm), UV-B (280-315nm), and UV-C (100-280nm).
Visible Radiation Electromagnetic radiation which can be detected by the human eye. It is commonly used to describe
wavelengths in the range between 400nm and 700-780nm.
Watt (W) The unit of power or radiant flux (1 watt = 1 joule per second).
Wavelength The distance between concentric oscillations of the light wave, usually measured from peak to peak, which
determines its colour. Common units of measurement are the micrometer (micron), the nanometer and
(earlier) the Angstrom.
Zero Diffracted Order The reflected beam from a diffraction grating that is following the path that a beam would follow if the
diffraction grating were a mirror. Typically the order with the highest incident/reflected power.
26
Appendix B: Types of Lasers
OPSL (Optically Pumped Air-cooled laser diode producing powers in the range of 1W > 12W. Typically very good beam profile with
Semiconductor Laser) low divergence. Wavelengths from 460nm > 639nm. These diodes are often combined in laser projectors
to give white light laser projectors up to 30W or even higher.
DPSS (Diode Pumped Air-cooled laser diode, normally 200mW > 10W. This laser produces 532nm green laser light, not as
Solid State) common since diodes are now available and are more stable.
Diode (Direct output From 1mW up to 2W, normally used in arrays to create more power. Up to 48 diodes creating in excess of
from a diode) 30W in a laser projector.
Pulsed laser Pulsed lasers are lasers which emit light not continuously, but rather in the form of optical pulses. The term
is most commonly used for Q-switched lasers emitting nanosecond pulses.
Some older lasers that may still be found in use
Gas Water-Cooled Tube-style laser, either glass or ceramic. These lasers can be mixed gas, Krypton or Argon giving constant
laser output. These are not commonly used in temporary installations anymore, although they may still be
found in fixed installations. Water-cooled lasers would normally be installed into a beam table or used to
feed remote fibre optic heads. Power of water-cooled lasers can range from 100mW to 35W.
27
Appendix C: Laser Classification
Class Basis for Classification
Class 1 Lasers which are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation. Generally a
SAFE product that contains a higher class laser system but access to the beam is controlled by
Visible/non visible engineering means.
Class 1C Lasers intended for use directly on people’s skin, for applications such as hair removal. Not
SAFE WITHOUT VIEWING AIDS relevant for laser displays.
Visible/non visible
Class 1M Safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation. Laser beams are collimated but
SAFE WITHOUT VIEWING AIDS with a large diameter. May be hazardous if user employs optics within the beam.
302.5 to 4000nm
Class 2 For CW lasers, protection of the eyes is normally provided by the natural aversion response,
LOW POWER including the blink reflex, which takes approximately 0.25 seconds. (These lasers are not
Visible laser beams only inherently safe.)
Accessible Emission Limit = 1mW for a continuous wave laser.
Class 2M Protection of the eyes is normally provided by the natural aversion response, including the
SAFE WITHOUT VIEWING AIDS blink reflex, which takes approximately 0.25 seconds. Beams are collimated but with a large
Visible laser beams only diameter.
May be hazardous if user employs optics within the beam.
Class 3R Risk of injury is greater than for the lower classes but not as high as for class 3B. Up to 5
LOW/MEDIUM POWER times the Accessible Emission Limit for Class 1 or Class 2.
Visible/non-visible
Class 3B Direct intrabeam viewing of these devices is always hazardous. Viewing diffuse reflections
MEDIUM/HIGH POWER is normally safe provided the eye is no closer than 13cm from the diffusing surface and the
Visible/non-visible exposure duration is less than 10 seconds.
Accessible Emission Limit = 500mW for a continuous wave laser.
Class 4 Direct intrabeam viewing is hazardous.

HIGH POWER
Specular and diffuse reflections are hazardous. Eye, skin and fire hazard.
Visible/non-visible
TREAT CLASS 4 LASERS WITH CAUTION
28
Appendix D: Case Studies
Case Study 1 - Outdoor Music Festival
Type of venue: Outdoor music festival with one stage in open Laser supplier’s safety checks and programming: The
farmland away from major roads laser supplier confirmed the programmed scanned effects in
the audience area were at or below the expected or intended
Time of year: Mid-June MPE level at the masking and output zones and at the nearest
audience locations by using a laser power meter to measure a
Laser equipment to be used: 4x10W full colour laser systems divergent single laser beam. The scan fail software on the control
to produce flat lines, cones and waves and other aerial effects systems was disabled for the test and each laser beam was
installed by a single laser supplier contracted by the organisers of measured. The readings were recorded on an LSO report form
the festival. by the operator (who, for the purposes of the show was fulfilling
the role of the LSO). The recorded measurements were then
Festival organiser: The festival organiser that had contracted analysed and alterations to the output were made to maintain
the laser supplier to provide the effects for the show, provided the required safety conditions before programming the required
the supplier with details regarding the site, surrounding hazards effects continued. Prior to the programming being carried out,
and the site plans which included stage, other structures and the scan fail software was re-enabled and tested to ensure any of
audience areas. the concentrated effects and single beam effects were blanked
instantly.
Laser Suppliers pre-site actions (without any prior site visit):
The supplier pre-programmed the effects the organisers and Laser supplier’s pre-show checks: On the day of the show and
artists requested and tested the laser systems that would be prior to the audience entering the area in front of the stage, the
used for the show. Confirmation of other details such as rigging laser locations and installation were checked, including reference
and positioning of the lasers was carried out using the site plan beams and effects in each scanning zone. It was found that one
that the organisers had supplied. Based on the plan an evaluation of the laser systems had been accidently been moved due to
of the appropriate MPE levels was calculated. All information extra lighting being added to the truss next to the laser projector
regarding the planned laser use was then passed to the CAA. overnight. Discussions followed whether to use the method of
blanking the output and moving the system by adjusting the
Laser supplier’s installation: The four laser projectors were clamps holding the fixture, then use a safer low power reference
secured on to lighting trusses above the stage the day before beam from the laser projector to realign the beam to the original
the show. An E-stop ‘key operated’ button was tested and then location. The show power setting could then be reapplied to the
installed alongside the controller for use during the alignment, laser. As there was little time remaining before the site would be
programming and the show operation of the laser projection. opened to the public and the light levels during the daytime would
Before any laser was powered, laser hazard warning signs were make alignment difficult with low power settings, the decision
placed at all entrances to the stage. was taken that the system could not be realigned safely in the
time available. So the laser projector was disconnected from the
Laser supplier’s alignment process: After completing the installation and not used for the show.
laser systems installation, including securing all cabling, the
audience and other work areas were cleared of any people for the Laser supplier’s operation for the show: The remaining
alignment process. The laser scanning zones were aligned using three laser systems are then used as intended with the pre-
the lowest possible output powers and stored on the controller. programmed sequences and effects being triggered by the
Safety scan lenses for the lower audience ‘windows’ were fitted operator throughout the show. For the full duration of the show
to the laser system output to ensure the laser beams directed the operator monitored the laser systems and the control
towards the audience were suitably diverged. To stop any system and at the end of the event, the system was shut down
unintended scanning of areas such as follow spot, FOH or dance completely.
platforms, metallic masking was applied to the laser projectors. All
cameras and projectors that could be affected by the laser beam Laser supplier’s show report: The laser supplier operated a
were moved or masked. policy for recording any events that occurred during the laser
display. The issues encountered on this install were recorded on
Festival organiser: As requested by the laser supplier, the festival the show file to be analysed and acted upon as part of the show
organiser assisted the process of preventing any other persons planning routine for further installs.
working on the site, being in the areas where the alignment
process was to be carried out.
29
Case Study 2 - Indoor Corporate Awards Dinner Event
Type of venue: Indoor arena with stage presentation area for an was fulfilling the role of the LSO). The recorded measurements
awards ceremony with stage performers and an after party for the were then analysed and alterations to the output were made
guests. to maintain the required safety conditions before programming
the required effects continued. Prior to the programming being
Time of Year: November. carried out, the scan fail software was then re-enabled and tested
to ensure any of the concentrated effects and single beam effects
Laser equipment to be used: The show was to use 3 x 6W were blanked instantly.
full colour and 2 x 5W Green laser systems to produce flat lines,
However, due to the closeness of the performers during one
cones and waves and other aerial effects.
section of the evening entertainment, the effects were re-
programmed in another zone and extra blanking was added for
Organiser of the event: The organiser supplied some details
their performance.
of the venue to the laser supplier regarding the areas within the
arena to be used and seating plans etc. However, they failed to The laser supplier briefed the client that with better advanced
inform the laser supplier that there would be performers on stage planning, the laser supplier could have positioned the laser
during the laser display and an addition of a riser for the DJ. systems in locations that would not be impaired by performers.
In this instance, the repositioning of some of the laser systems
Laser supplier pre-site actions: The supplier pre-programmed away from the stage or rigging the laser systems at the front or
the effects the organiser requested and tested the laser systems far enough ‘up’ stage, would have been preferred positions to
that would be used for the show. They confirmed the installation reduce interference. This approach would also have improved the
details including the seating arrangement and the room plan with overall safety of the stage area, and would also have allowed for
the details provided by the organiser. An evaluation of the areas any last-minute alterations. In addition, the laser systems could
where the MPE measurements need to be confirmed through have been rigged higher in relation to the height of the venue.
measurement was undertaken and recorded. Other details such
as rigging and positioning of the lasers was planned as part of Laser supplier’s pre-show checks: After the programming and
this process. safety checks had been completed, the show was rehearsed
and before each run through, the reference beams or effects
The five laser system units were installed, two secured to truss
were checked to ensure the laser systems had not moved by the
that surrounded the projection screens in the stage set, three
vibrations from the bass of the sound system set at maximum.
on heavy duty stands with barriers around the stands to prevent
Small alterations or movement were noticed and with time in hand
access by other staff and the audience. The installation was
before the guests arrived there was time to adjust those laser
carried out overnight as access to the arena was limited due to
systems.
a concert the previous evening. The E-stops were tested prior to
programming to ensure that if any of the projectors, controllers, or The dancers who were part of the opening show were briefed
scan fail systems failed during alignment or programming periods prior to the rehearsals by the laser operator and told not to use
the outputs would be rapidly blanked. the front area of the stage marked with white masking tape on the
stage floor while a laser effect was being projected down on to
Laser supplier’s alignment process: After ensuring that the the front of the stage for a certain period during the show.
installation had been safely completed including cable runs and
other equipment being stowed, the remaining arena security staff Laser supplier’s operation for the show: The opening part of
were asked to leave the area and briefed as to what work was the show and presentation ceremonies went to plan. The operator
going to be undertaken. Then the alignment of laser scanning was then notified that during the interval a replacement band
zones was carried out at the lowest visible power. The required who had been booked at the last moment were going to put up
metal blanking plates were then fitted to the output window of the two backdrops, one either side of the stage with the rest of their
laser systems. equipment. This resulted in two of the laser systems at the back
of the stage having half of their scan areas covered and musicians
Laser supplier’s safety checks and programming: The laser performing in front of the remaining section of their outputs. The
supplier’s safe system of work confirmed and checked that all the operator decided the two laser systems at the rear of the stage
planned scanned effects into the audience areas were safe for should be switched off during the band’s performance. In addition
viewing in simulated failure conditions. The MPE readings for each to this change, the DJ was positioned on a riser in the front of the
laser system output were taken at the nearest audience location stage for the remainder of the evening, this was noted on the pre-
for each of the laser systems. Any adjustments that were required show checks and a planned shutdown of the central laser on the
were carried out prior to programming effects that were to be mid truss above the stage was scheduled.
used for this event. The laser supplier confirmed the programmed
Once the band had cleared the stage and with strict access
scanned effects in the audience area were at or below the
controls and security in place at the stage, the two laser systems
expected or intended MPE level at the masking and output zones
disabled during the band’s performance were switched on.
at the nearest audience locations by using a laser power meter
to measure a divergent single laser beam. The scan fail software
Laser supplier’s show report: The laser supplier compiled a
on the control systems was disabled for the test and each laser
show report which noted the issue with the introduction of the
beam was measured. The readings were recorded on an LSO
replacement band and the unplanned use of a riser for the DJ at
30 report form, by the operator (who, for the purposes of the show
the front of the stage.
Case Study 3 - Permanent Installation of a Laser System in a Nightclub
Type of Venue: Nightclub with a 300-person capacity. Lighting company’s installation: The laser was positioned on
a lighting truss above the DJ. It was aligned to only project above
Laser equipment to be used: An owner of a nightclub in need of head height which included the provision of a person being
refurbishment, contacted a lighting company to supply and install carried on another’s shoulders. The output window of the laser
a lighting system that includes a 2W RGB laser system to be was masked using black foil so that in the event of a failure, it
installed following extensive works. would not be possible for the laser to project into the public area.
The system programming was tested and checked and
Lighting company planning: The lighting company visited the hand-over paper work was prepared.
venue to ascertain the most suitable laser product to use. During
the visit the client informed the lighting company that he wanted Lighting company’s handover and training: All the relevant
the laser to project the beams into the area of the dance floor paper work was handed over to the client including reference to
and bar area. The company carried out a risk assessment which the PLASA Laser Guidance. Operator training was given on the
demonstrated that this could be done but that the installation safe operation of the system, emergency stops and any daily
would require specialist knowledge and assessments in order to checks required and suggestions made to the client that any
ensure safe use of the laser. The lighting company and client also checks or incidents involving the laser system are recorded. The
discussed the proposed installation and licensing arrangements client was also advised that a permanent LSO be appointed from
with the council. those that had received the training to ensure the laser operated
in the agreed design and installation parameters.
Lighting company’s design: Following advice from a laser
specialist, the lighting company informed the client that the laser
beams should be terminated away from the public area. They
explained that if audience scanning was still a requirement,
a detailed assessment would need to be completed. With the
requirements of enhanced training, operator competency and
detailed daily checks required for a show that included audience
scanning, it was agreed with the client that the laser beams would
be terminated away from the public and not scan the dance floor
or bar area. In response to these design decisions it was decided
that the control system would be a dedicated laser controller with
an E-stop connected to the laser.
31
Case Study 4 - Mobile Disco Hired for a Private Function
Type of Venue: Single story village community centre used for At the end of the evening the first piece of equipment the DJ
private hire and functions. turned off was the laser projector.
Laser Equipment to be used: Mobile DJ with a small lighting rig Key simple rules to ensure safety for low power systems in
and a 500mW laser bought from a high street store. smaller venues (pubs, clubs and village halls etc.)
Pre-show actions: The DJ arrived on site to set up in a small, • Ensure that the person responsible for the laser has an
single-storey village community centre to play at a wedding understanding of laser safety.
reception. The DJ met with the client to decide where to set
up. The DJ set up the laser on the small goalpost truss over the • Ensure that the laser projector is functioning correctly.
decks above head height so the lasers could not be handled
by any of the guests. He turned on the laser and positioned the • Ensure that the laser projector is installed above head height
beams on to the ceiling. He then turned off the laser whilst setting to reduce close up viewing.
up the rest of his decks, lighting and sound equipment.
• Ensure that the laser projector is securely mounted to
During the reception: As the reception got underway, the client prevent accidental misalignment.
asked the DJ to move the lasers so they would shine on to the
dance floor for the bride and groom’s first dance. The DJ refused, • Ensure that the laser projector is monitored at all times when
explaining that it may be potentially unsafe to the guests and in use.
their children to stare directly into the laser beams. Later the
truss over the deck was accidentally moved by a guest and the • Ensure that the laser projector can be switched off in the
laser position moved enough to shine down in to the hall. The case of failure or misuse.
DJ immediately stopped the laser and re-aligned it before turning
it back on. As a safety measure the DJ switched off the laser
whenever he left it unattended.
32
Appendix E: Contacts
Civil Aviation Authority

Aviation House
Gatwick Airport South
West Sussex
RH6 0YR
Main Switchboard: 01293 567171

www.caa.co.uk
To download form DAP1918: Notification of Outdoor Laser, Searchlight, Firework,

Helium-Filled Toy Balloon or Sky Lantern event.
Use the link below:
http://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=11&mode=detail&id=4366
Local authorities
To identify the local authority you need to consult regarding laser displays, licencing etc.,
follow the UK government link below:
www.gov.uk/find-your-local-council
British Standards Institute (BSI)

389 Chiswick High Road
London
W4 4AL
Tel: 020 8996 9000

www.bsigroup.co.uk
To buy British Standards use the link to the BSI shop, enter the standard you require and
identify the version you wish to buy. Standards can be downloaded in PDF file format.
http://shop.bsigroup.com/
NB: Please contact PLASA if any of the links on the contacts page do not work.
Tel: 01323 524120 | www.plasa.org
33
Appendix F: Amsler Grid
How to test using the Amsler Grid 4. Ask the person if they can see all corners and sides of the
If the person being tested needs reading glasses, they should be grid.
worn whilst using the Amsler Grid. The grid should be held at your
usual reading distance. 5. Repeat the above process for the other eye.
1. The person taking the test is required to cover one eye and 6. Instruct the person being tested to mark on the grid any
then instructed to focus on the dot in the centre. areas of the chart that they are not seeing properly.
2. Ask the person if any of the lines look wavy, blurred or VERY IMPORTANT: Should the person being tested report any
distorted. (All lines should be straight, all intersections should of the listed irregularities above they should be instructed to
form right angles and all the squares should be the same report to an optometrist immediately. The marked grid should be
size.) given to the person so that they can take it with them to the eye
examination.
3. Ask the person if there are any missing areas or dark areas
in the grid.
34
Appendix G: Bibliography
Should you wish to obtain any of the documents listed below, the links
on this page will take you to the websites that host web versions or
download facilities for copies of the documents.
The BSI shop link will open the purchase page of the BSI website, where
the document number can be entered into the search facility and the
document then purchased online.
UK Health and Safety

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Scanned PDF version available
Managing for Health and Safety

Online & PDF available
The Control of Artificial Optical Radiation at work Regulations 2010

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992

Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992

Risk Assessment
European Directives & Standards

Directive 2006/42/EC Machinery Directive
Directive - 2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive

BS EN ISO 12100-1:2003 + Amendment 1:2009 Safety of machinery.

Basic concepts, general principles for design.
Basic terminology, methodology
BSI Shop
BS EN ISO 12100-2:2003 + Amendment 1:2009 Safety of machinery.

Basic concepts, general principles for design.
Technical principles
BSI Shop
BS EN 60825-1:2014 Safety of laser products. Equipment classification

and requirements
BSI Shop
Other publications
Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources
D Sliney, M Wolbarsht, 1980, Plenum Press
Lasers, Festival and Entertainment Lighting Code

Institution of Lighting Professionals, 2012
35

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SAFETY OF DISPLAY LASERS

SAFETY OF DISPLAY LASERS

1st Edition - April 2016 1

This publication is based on guidance previously published by

Control Measures to Consider When Managing Laser Beam Risks

Laser Beam Hazards – Optical relevant MPE under reasonably foreseeable

Risks Control measure

Laser Beam Hazards – Skin Burns

A laser effects head (photos courtesy of Michael Sollinger)

Plan, Do, Check and Act Supplier

Operators, Laser Safety Officers and (if consulted) Plan

f) Confirm details of staff, chains of accountability,

Installations intended to expose audiences should

How will it be done? g) Operator competency and training

f) Details of all routine adjustment and alignment

Accessible emissions that arise MPE relaxations following reasonably

Figure 2. Safe or Unsafe Flow Chart

Installation all Areas’ passes and it may be necessary to use

Figure 3. Separation distances

Figure 4. View of monitored laser installation separation distances

Figure 5. View of unmonitored laser installation separation distances

Alignment of lasers can be hazardous and access Rehearsal

Assessing for Safety scanning fails should be based upon measurement

Physical Checks Confirmatory measurements are particularly

Sign Off it could be by exchanging documents which are

Monitoring the Show system(s) is modified to produce additional effects,

Show Complete Dismantling and Removal

Appendix A: Glossary of Laser Terms

Aperture An opening through which radiation can pass.

Time Base (seconds) Eye (mW/cm2)

Beam A collection of rays that may be parallel, convergent, or divergent.

Blink Reflex See Aversion Response.

Continuous Wave (CW) Constant, steady-state delivery of laser power.

Appendix A: Glossary of Laser Terms

Emission The visible and non-visible light output produced by a laser.

Galvanometer See Scanner

Light See Visible Radiation.

Maximum Permissible See Applicable Maximum Permissible Exposure Value

Appendix A: Glossary of Laser Terms

Specular Reflection A mirror-like reflection.

Appendix B: Types of Lasers

Some older lasers that may still be found in use

Appendix C: Laser Classification

Class Basis for Classification

Accessible Emission Limit = 1mW for a continuous wave laser.

May be hazardous if user employs optics within the beam.

Accessible Emission Limit = 500mW for a continuous wave laser.

Class 4 Direct intrabeam viewing is hazardous.

Appendix D: Case Studies

Case Study 1 - Outdoor Music Festival

Appendix D: Case Studies

Case Study 2 - Indoor Corporate Awards Dinner Event

Appendix D: Case Studies

Case Study 3 - Permanent Installation of a Laser System in a Nightclub

Appendix D: Case Studies

Case Study 4 - Mobile Disco Hired for a Private Function

Civil Aviation Authority

Main Switchboard: 01293 567171

To download form DAP1918: Notification of Outdoor Laser, Searchlight, Firework,

British Standards Institute (BSI)

Tel: 020 8996 9000

Appendix F: Amsler Grid

UK Health and Safety

Managing for Health and Safety