Pak Studies Guess

Short Questions
1: What is meant by Monjodaro?

Monjodaro is a Sindhi word that means "Mound of the Dead." It is the modern name for
the ancient Indus Valley Civilization city of Mohenjo-daro, which is located in Pakistan's
Sindh province. The site was discovered in the 1920s and is one of the most important
archaeological sites in the world.

The name "Monjodaro" is thought to have originated from the fact that the site was
originally covered in mounds of ruins. The Sindhi word "mohan" means "mound" and
"jodaro" means "dead." So, Monjodaro literally means "Mound of the Dead."

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2: What is Deen-e-Elahi?

Din-e-Elahi is a syncretic religion that was founded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in
1582. It was an attempt to combine the best elements of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity,
Zoroastrianism, and Jainism. The religion was never very popular, and it died out after
Akbar's death.

Here are some of the key beliefs of Din-e-Elahi:

 There is only one God, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe.

 All people are equal in the eyes of God, regardless of their religion or social status.

 The goal of life is to achieve spiritual enlightenment.

 This can be achieved through a combination of good deeds, meditation, and worship.

Din-e-Elahi was a very tolerant religion. It allowed for a wide range of beliefs and
practices, and it did not require its followers to give up their original faith. This made it
 attractive to many people, but it also led to accusations that Akbar was trying to create a
new state religion.

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3: Division Of Bengal?

Bengal was divided twice in history. The first partition took place in 1905, when the
British Raj separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western
areas. This partition was motivated by administrative reasons, but it was also seen by
many as a way to appease the growing Muslim population in Bengal. The partition was
met with widespread protests from Bengali Hindus, and it was eventually reversed in
1911.

The second partition of Bengal took place in 1947, as part of the Partition of India. This
time, the partition was based on religious lines, with the largely Muslim eastern areas
becoming East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and the largely Hindu western areas
becoming West Bengal (now a state of India). The partition of Bengal was a highly
contentious event, and it led to widespread violence and displacement.

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4: Objectives Of Muslim League:

The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 with the following objectives:

 To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British

Government.

 To safeguard the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before
the Government in mild and moderate language.

 To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without
any harm to the objectives of the League.

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5: When 1962 constitution passed? Who Passed it?

The 1962 Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 1 March 1962 by President

Ayub Khan. It was the second constitution of Pakistan, and it was in effect until it was
abrogated in 1969.

The constitution was drafted by a commission appointed by President Ayub Khan. The
commission was headed by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin. The constitution
introduced a presidential system of government, with the president having extensive
powers. It also gave Islam a special status in Pakistan.

The 1962 Constitution was controversial from the start. Some people argued that it was
too authoritarian, while others argued that it did not give enough power to the provinces.
The constitution was eventually abrogated in 1969, after widespread protests.

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Long Questions
1: Ayub Khan 1962 Constitution:

The Constitution of 1962 was the fundamental law of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
from 8 June 1962 until martial law was declared in 25th March 1969. It was abrogated
on 25th March 1969 by President Yahya Khan.

The constitution was promulgated by President Ayub Khan on 1 March 1962 after he
had dissolved the Constituent Assembly in 1958 and imposed martial law. The
constitution was drafted by a commission headed by Justice Mohammad Shahabuddin.

The constitution provided for a presidential form of government with a unicameral

National Assembly. The president was elected by an electoral college consisting of
Basic Democrats, who were elected by local councils. The president had extensive
 powers, including the power to appoint the prime minister, dissolve the National
Assembly, and declare martial law.

The constitution also guaranteed fundamental rights, including freedom of speech,

assembly, and religion. However, these rights were subject to certain restrictions, such
as the need to maintain public order and the Islamic character of the state.

The constitution of 1962 was controversial from the start. Critics argued that it was too
heavily influenced by President Ayub Khan and that it did not give enough power to the
people. The constitution was also criticized for its lack of safeguards for fundamental
rights.

Despite the controversy, the constitution of 1962 remained in force for seven years. It
was finally abrogated by President Yahya Khan in 1969, after widespread protests
against his rule.

Here are some of the key features of the Constitution of 1962:

 Presidential form of government

 Unicameral National Assembly

 Electoral college for president

 Extensive powers for the president

 Guarantee of fundamental rights

 Islamic character of the state

The Constitution of 1962 was a significant development in the political history of

Pakistan. It was the first constitution to be promulgated after the country's independence
in 1947. The constitution also marked a shift away from the parliamentary system of
government that had been in place since 1956.

The constitution was not without its flaws, but it did provide a framework for political
stability in Pakistan for a period of seven years. The constitution was ultimately
 abrogated by President Yahya Khan in 1969, but it remains an important part of
Pakistan's constitutional history.

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2: Separation Of East Pakistan:

The separation of East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, was a complex event with a
long history. The following are some of the key factors that led to the separation:

 Cultural and linguistic differences. East Pakistan was inhabited by Bengalis, while West
Pakistan was inhabited by Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Balochis. The two regions
had different languages, cultures, and histories.
 Economic disparities. East Pakistan was the poorer of the two regions, and its people
felt that they were not getting their fair share of resources from the central government.
 Political marginalization. East Pakistanis were underrepresented in the Pakistani
government, and they felt that their voices were not being heard.
 Military crackdown. In March 1971, the Pakistani military launched a crackdown on
Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan. This crackdown led to widespread violence and
the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.
 Indian intervention. India intervened in the conflict on the side of the Bengali
nationalists. This intervention helped to tip the balance in favor of the Bangladeshis, and
led to the surrender of the Pakistani military in December 1971.

The separation of East Pakistan was a major turning point in the history of South Asia. It
led to the creation of a new independent state, Bangladesh, and it had a significant
impact on the balance of power in the region.

Here are some additional details about the separation of East Pakistan:

 The war between India and Pakistan lasted from March to December 1971.

 The Indian military intervened in the conflict after the Pakistani military launched a
crackdown on Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan.

 The Pakistani military surrendered to the Indian military on December 16, 1971.
 The territory of East Pakistan was handed over to India, and in the Simla Agreement it
became the newly independent state of Bangladesh.

 The separation of East Pakistan was a major victory for the Bengali nationalists, and it
led to the creation of a new independent state.

The separation of East Pakistan was a complex and tragic event, but it also led to the
creation of a new independent state. Bangladesh is now a thriving democracy with a
population of over 160 million people.

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3: Foreign Policies Of Pakistan:

The foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the following principles:

 Peace: Pakistan seeks to promote peace and stability in the region and the world. It is a
founding member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Pakistan has also been a strong
supporter of the United Nations and its peacekeeping missions.
 Security: Pakistan's security is closely linked to the security of the region. It has fought
two wars with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir, and it has also been a target
of terrorism. Pakistan's foreign policy is therefore focused on maintaining its security
and deterring threats from its neighbors.
 Economic development: Pakistan is a developing country with a large population. Its
foreign policy is also focused on promoting economic development. Pakistan has signed
free trade agreements with a number of countries, and it is seeking to attract foreign
investment.
 Islam: Pakistan is an Islamic country, and its foreign policy is also influenced by Islamic
values. Pakistan has supported the Palestinian cause and other Muslim-majority
countries. It has also been critical of the United States' policies in the Middle East.

The following are some of the key objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy:

 To promote peace and stability in the region and the world.

 To safeguard Pakistan's national security and geo-strategic interests.
 To promote economic development and prosperity.
 To project Pakistan as a moderate and progressive Islamic country.
 To build strong relations with all countries of the world, especially major powers and
immediate neighbors.

Pakistan's foreign policy has evolved over time in response to changing circumstances.
However, the principles and objectives outlined above have remained constant.

Here are some of the major challenges facing Pakistan's foreign policy today:

 The Kashmir dispute with India.

 The threat of terrorism.
 The unstable security situation in the region.
 The economic challenges facing Pakistan.
 The rise of China and its impact on Pakistan's relations with the United States.

Pakistan's foreign policy is a complex and challenging one. However, the country has
made significant progress in recent years in promoting peace and stability in the region.
It is also working to address its economic challenges and to build stronger relations with
other countries.

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4: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a Muslim scholar, educationist, and reformer who is widely
regarded as one of the founding fathers of Pakistan. He is best known for his work in
promoting modern education among Muslims in India, and for his advocacy of a
separate Muslim homeland.

Sir Syed's contributions to the making of Pakistan can be summarized as follows:

 He founded the Aligarh Movement, which was a major force for social and educational
reform among Indian Muslims.
 He established the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College), which later
became Aligarh Muslim University. MAO College was the first Muslim university in
South Asia, and it played a vital role in training the Muslim intelligentsia who would later
lead the Pakistan movement.

 He promoted the adoption of Urdu for Indian Muslims. This helped to unite the Muslim
community and to create a sense of common identity.

 He argued that Muslims and Hindus could not live together in a single country, and that
a separate Muslim homeland was necessary. This was the basis of the two-nation
theory, which was one of the main ideological underpinnings of the Pakistan movement.

Sir Syed's work had a profound impact on the course of South Asian history. He helped
to lay the foundations for the creation of Pakistan, and his ideas continue to influence
Muslim thought and politics to this day.

Here are some specific examples of Sir Syed's work that helped to lay the foundations
for Pakistan:

 In 1863, he founded the Scientific Society, which was dedicated to translating

Western scientific and technological works into Urdu. This helped to introduce Muslims
to modern ideas and to prepare them for the challenges of the modern world.

 In 1875, he founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College),

which later became Aligarh Muslim University. MAO College was the first Muslim
university in South Asia, and it played a vital role in training the Muslim intelligentsia
who would later lead the Pakistan movement.

 In 1883, he published his book The Causes of the Indian Revolt, which argued that
the 1857 Indian Rebellion was not a religious war, but rather a political uprising against
British rule. This helped to dispel the myth that Muslims were inherently disloyal to the
British, and it paved the way for greater cooperation between Muslims and the British.
 In 1888, he founded the All India Muslim League, which was the first major political
party to represent the interests of Indian Muslims. The Muslim League played a leading
role in the Pakistan movement, and it eventually became the government of Pakistan
after independence.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's work was a major force in the making of Pakistan. He was a
brilliant scholar, a gifted educator, and a visionary leader. His ideas and his institutions
helped to transform the Muslim community in India, and they laid the foundations for the
creation of a new Muslim homeland.

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5: Lahore Resolution (Ideology of Pakistan):

The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was a landmark
document in the history of Pakistan. It was passed by the All India Muslim League on
March 23, 1940, at the Lahore session of the League. The resolution called for the
establishment of an independent state for Muslims in the north-western and eastern
regions of India, which would be known as Pakistan.

The resolution was introduced by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the chief minister of undivided
Bengal, and was seconded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman from the United Provinces,
Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan from North-West Frontier
Province, and Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh. Qazi Muhammad Essa from
Balochistan and other leaders announced their support.

The resolution was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. It
marked the beginning of the formal political movement for the creation of Pakistan. The
resolution was also significant because it was the first time that the concept of a united
homeland for Muslims had been articulated in such a clear and unambiguous way.

The Lahore Resolution was met with mixed reactions. Some Hindus and Sikhs opposed
the resolution, arguing that it would divide India and create instability in the region.
However, the resolution was supported by the majority of Muslims in India. They saw
the resolution as a way to protect their religious and cultural identity.

The Lahore Resolution was ultimately successful. In 1947, India was partitioned into two
independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The northwestern and eastern regions of
India, which were predominantly Muslim, became the new state of Pakistan.
 The Lahore Resolution is a significant document in the history of Pakistan. It marked the
beginning of the formal political movement for the creation of Pakistan and ultimately led
to the creation of the new state. The resolution is also significant because it articulated
the concept of a united homeland for Muslims in a clear and unambiguous way.

Here are some of the key points of the Lahore Resolution:

 The resolution called for the establishment of an independent state for Muslims in the
north-western and eastern regions of India.

 The resolution stated that the new state would be called Pakistan.

 The resolution declared that the new state would be a sovereign state.

 The resolution stated that the new state would be a federation of provinces.

 The resolution declared that the new state would be a secular state.

The Lahore Resolution was a landmark document in the history of Pakistan. It marked
the beginning of the formal political movement for the creation of Pakistan and
ultimately led to the creation of the new state. The resolution is also significant because
it articulated the concept of a united homeland for Muslims in a clear and unambiguous
way.

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6: Constitution Of 1973; Objectives Resolution:

The Constitution of 1973 is the current constitution of Pakistan. It was adopted on April
10, 1973, by the National Assembly of Pakistan, and came into effect on April 14, 1973.
The constitution was drafted by a committee of elected representatives, and it is the first
constitution of Pakistan to be framed by elected representatives.

The constitution establishes Pakistan as an Islamic republic, and it guarantees

fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to life, liberty, equality, and freedom
of speech. The constitution also establishes a bicameral legislature, with a National
Assembly and a Senate. The president is the head of state, but the prime minister is the
head of government.
 The constitution has been amended a number of times since it was adopted. The most
significant amendment was the Eighth Amendment, which was passed in 1985. The
Eighth Amendment gave the president more power, and it also made it more difficult to
amend the constitution.

The constitution of 1973 is the supreme law of Pakistan, and it is the basis of the
country's legal system. The constitution has been praised for its commitment to
democracy and human rights, but it has also been criticized for its religious provisions
and its complex amendment process.

Here are some of the key features of the Constitution of 1973:

 It establishes Pakistan as an Islamic republic.

 It guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens.

 It establishes a bicameral legislature.

 The president is the head of state, but the prime minister is the head of government.

 The constitution has been amended a number of times since it was adopted.

The Constitution of 1973 is a complex document, and it has been the subject of much
debate and controversy. However, it remains the supreme law of Pakistan, and it is the
basis of the country's legal system.

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7: Fourteen Points Of Jinnah:

The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were a set of demands made by Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
the founder of Pakistan, in 1929. They were a response to the Nehru Report, which had
been proposed by the Indian National Congress as a blueprint for the future constitution
of India.

The Fourteen Points included the following demands:

 A federal form of government, with the residuary powers vested in the provinces.
 A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
 All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the
definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province
without reducing the majority in any province to minority or even equality.
 In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third.
 Separate electorates for Muslims shall be maintained in the Central and Provincial
Legislatures.

 In the Central Legislature, there shall be a provision for the appointment of Muslim
members in the proportion of their population to the total population of India.

 The representation of communal groups in the services shall be in proportion to their

population.

 The safeguards provided for the protection of Muslim culture, religion, and educational
interests shall be adequately safeguarded.

 No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three-
fourths of the members of any community object to it on the ground that it is against
their interests.

 Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.

 The North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan should be given full autonomy in
regard to internal affairs.

 Full religious freedom should be granted to all communities.

 The protection of the religious, cultural, educational, and language rights of Muslims
should be guaranteed.

The Fourteen Points were not accepted by the Indian National Congress, and they
played a role in the eventual partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.

Here is a table that summarizes the differences between the Nehru Report and the
Fourteen Points:

Nehru Report Fourteen Points

 Proposed a federal government with more
Proposed a strong central government.
autonomy for the provinces.

Did not guarantee separate electorates for

Guaranteed separate electorates for Muslims.
Muslims.

Did not guarantee that Muslims would have Guaranteed that Muslims would have one-third
one-third of the seats in the central legislature. of the seats in the central legislature.

Did not guarantee that Muslims would have a Guaranteed that Muslims would have a
majority in the North-West Frontier Province majority in the North-West Frontier Province
and Baluchistan. and Baluchistan.

The Fourteen Points were a significant turning point in the history of the Indian
independence movement. They marked the beginning of a more assertive approach by
the Muslim League, and they helped to pave the way for the eventual creation of
Pakistan.

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