(SIGNED) B10-CAL-Structrual Calculation For Aluminium Window & Door - 2022.08.21 - Submission Revision 03

STRUCTURAL CALCULATION
FOR
ALUMINIUM WINDOW & DOOR
AT
新城 A 區 B10 地段公共房屋建造工程
Revision: 03
Date: Aug 21, 2022
審批 / Endorsed By
澳門土地工務運輸局註冊工程師
DSSOPT REGISTERED ENGINEER
TOU CHON HOU

杜俊豪 5623/2015
Contents
Design Criteria 1
Principle of Choosing Window 3
Section 01 Calculation of Wind Load 7
Section 02 Calculation for Glass 9
Section 03 Calculation of Mullion A 17
Section 04 Calculation of Mullion B 34
Section 05 Calculation of Mullion C 45
Section 06a Calculation of Mullion G1 62
Section 06b Calculation of Mullion G2 71
Section 06c Calculation of Mullion G3 91
Section 07 Calculation of Mullion E 111
Section 08 Calculation of Mullion F 127
Section 09 Calculation for Multilocking Point 136
Section 10 Design Requirement of Watertightness, Air Permeability

& Wind Resistance
140
Design Criteria
1. Load Data
Dead load
Aluminium: 2700 kg/m3 ρ�� = 26.48 kN/m�
Steel: 7850 kg/m3 ρ�� = 76.99 kN/m�
Glass: 2560 kg/m3 ρ�� = 25.11 kN/m�
Wind Load
Refer to: Section 01 – Calculation of Wind Load
2. Material Property
Aluminium
Refer to <BS 8118-1991>
Mullion 6063-T6
Transom 6063-T6
Unit (MPa) Bending (po) Shear (pv) Local capacity (pa)

6063-T6 160 MPa 95 MPa 175 MPa
Modulus of elasticity E = 70000 MPa

Shear modulus G = 27000 MPa
Poisson’s ratio v = 0.3
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α = 23 × 10�� per ℃
More information refers to calculation detail
2.1. Steel
Q 235, Minimum yield strength p� = 235 MPa

Modulus of elasticity E = 210000 MPa
�
Shear modulus G= ≈ 81000 MPa
�(��)
Poisson’s ratio in elastic stage v = 0.3

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α = 12 × 10�� perK (for T ≤ 100℃)
More information refers to calculation detail
Page 1 of 167
2.2. Glass
Refer to <ASTM E1300-2016>
Probability of breakage (breaks per 8/1000 lites), 3-second duration allowable stress
Allowable surface stress of fully tempered glass 93.1 MPa
Allowable surface stress of heat strengthened glass 46.6 MPa
Allowable surface stress of annealed glass 23.3 MPa
3. Load Combinations
1. 1.35 DL + 1.50 WL for Ultimate Limit State
2. 1.00 DL + 1.00 WL for Serviceability Limit State
4. Permissible Deflection
Refer to < 建築物玻璃窗安全設計指引 >
The governing permissible deflection is as below:
For Aluminium frame of windows and doors:

<1> The lesser of Span/180 or 20mm --Clause 7.4
For Glass unit due to wind load:

<1> The lesser of Short Side/60 --Clause 6.4
5. Reference Codes and Standards

< 建築物玻璃窗安全設計指引 >
< 公共房屋設計及建造規定 2021 >
56/96/M, Regulation of safety and actions on structures of buildings and bridges, Macau
BS 8118-Structural Use of Aluminium (Part1:1991)
BS 5950-Structural Use of Steelworks in Building-(Part1:2000)
BS EN 755-2:2016 Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Extruded rob/bar, tube and profiles mechanical properties
ASTM E1300-2016 Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
EN 1999-1-1:2007 Design of aluminium structures – Part 1-1: General structural rules
Relative drawings and specifications
Page 2 of 167
Mullion (A-E) - Principle of Choosing Window
Wind Linear Max. Bending Wind Linear Max. Bending
Squence Mullion Left Panel Right Panel Design Wind Load Width Load Width
Window Code. Alu. GMS Notes Span Load Moment Load Moment
(Left to Right) Classification Width Width Load x-x y-y
x-x x-x y-y y-y
(mm) (mm) (kPa) (mm) (mm) (kN/m) (kNm) (mm) (kN/m) (kNm)
PW.2 1 100x100x3mm Alu. SHS NA Mullion G3 1150 1390 90°陽角 3.27 2800 575 1.88 1.84 695 2.27 2.23
PW.3 1 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x5mm GMS RHS Mullion C 1315 1315 3.27 2800 1315 4.30 4.21 0 0.00 0.00
PW.3 2 φ100x3mm Alu. CHS φ90x5mm GMS CHS Mullion B 1315 830 74度陽角 3.27 2800 1073 3.51 3.44 1073 3.51 3.44
PW.6 2 φ100x3mm Alu. CHS φ90x5mm GMS CHS Mullion B 1260 1060 106°陰角 3.27 2800 1160 3.79 3.72 1160 3.79 3.72
PW.7 1 φ100x3mm Alu. CHS NA Mullion F 1260 1470 3.27 2800 1365 4.46 4.37 0 0.00 0.00
PW.8 2 φ100x3mm Alu. CHS φ90x5mm GMS CHS Mullion B 1540 1163 106°陰角 3.27 2800 1352 4.42 4.33 1352 4.42 4.33
PW.12 1 φ100x3mm Alu. CHS φ90x5mm GMS CHS Mullion B 1489 1489 3.27 2800 1489 4.87 4.77 0 0.00 0.00
PW.15 1 EBQ7003 NA Mullion E 2290 2290 3.27 1870 2290 7.49 3.27 0 0.00 0.00
GW.2 1 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x5mm GMS RHS Mullion C 2000 2000 3.27 1300 2000 6.54 1.38 0 0.00 0.00
RW.4 1 100x100x3mm Alu. SHS NA Mullion G1 740 1000 90°陽角 4.59 1150 370 1.70 0.28 500 2.30 0.38
CW.6 1 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x3mm GMS RHS Mullion A 1230 900 4.59 2030 1065 4.89 2.52 0 0.00 0.00
CW.6.1 1 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x3mm GMS RHS Mullion A 910 910 4.59 1580 910 4.18 1.30 0 0.00 0.00
Page 3 of 167
Mullion (A-E) - Principle of Choosing Window
Wind Linear Max. Bending Wind Linear Max. Bending
Squence Mullion Left Panel Right Panel Design Wind Load Width Load Width
x-x x-x y-y y-y
CW.10 1 100x100x3mm Alu. SHS NA Mullion G2 1410 1350 90°陽角 4.59 2183 705 3.24 1.93 675 3.10 1.85
CW.14 1 100x100x3mm Alu. SHS NA Mullion G3 990 740 90°陽角 4.59 1100 495 2.27 0.34 370 1.70 0.26
Page 4 of 167
Mullion (F) - Principle of Choosing Window
Squence Mullion Left Panel Right Panel Design Wind Load Width Wind Linear Max. Bending Load Width Wind Linear Max. Bending
x-x x-x y-y y-y
PW.15 1 EBQ7002 NA Mullion F 1145 1145 開啟扇中梃 3.27 800 1145 3.74 0.30 0 0.00 0.00
PW.15 2 EBQ7002 NA Mullion F 1145 1145 開啟扇中梃 3.27 800 1145 3.74 0.30 0 0.00 0.00
RW.4 1 EBQ7002 NA Mullion F 500 500 開啟扇中梃 4.59 850 500 2.30 0.21 0 0.00 0.00
CW.1 1 EBQ7002 NA Mullion F 600 600 開啟扇中梃 4.59 855 600 2.75 0.25 0 0.00 0.00
Page 5 of 167
MULLION SUMMARY
Design Wind Load (kPa)

PW, GW 3.27
CW, RW, SW 4.59
SUMMARY for x-x moment

Window Code. Squence Max. Bending Moment x-x
(Left to Right) (kNm)
Mullion A CW.12 4 4.83
Mullion B PW.12 1 4.77
Mullion C GW.4 1 4.33
Mullion D PW.2 1 4.07
Mullion E PW.15 1 3.27
Mullion F CW.2 1 0.43
Mullion G1 RW.6 2 0.71
Mullion G2 CW.10 1 1.93
Mullion G3 PW.2 1 1.84
SUMMARY for y-y moment

Window Code. Squence Max. Bending Moment y-y
(Left to Right) (kNm)
Mullion A NA NA NA
Mullion B PW.8 2 4.33
Mullion C NA NA NA
Mullion D CW.10 1 1.85
Mullion E NA NA NA
Mullion F NA NA NA
Mullion G1 RW.6 1 0.71
Mullion G2 CW.10 1 1.85
Mullion G3 PW.2 1 2.23
LEGEND
Mullion Classification Alu. GMS
Mullion A 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x3mm GMS RHS
Mullion B φ100x3mm Alu. CHS φ90x5mm GMS CHS
Mullion C 90x50x3mm Alu. RHS 80x40x5mm GMS RHS
Mullion D 100x100x3mm Alu. SHS NA
Mullion E EBQ7003 95x5mm GMS Plate
Mullion F EBQ7002 NA
Mullion G1 EBQ70C1 NA
Since Mullion B & Mullion D are symmetrical, only one direction of moment (either x-x or y-y) is needed to be checked.
In this calculation, moment x-x of Mullion B & Mullion D are both greater than moment y-y. Thus, moment y-y can be not calculated.
Page 6 of 167
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 01 Calculation of Wind Load
1 Code and Specifications

According to 56/96/M - 屋宇結構及橋樑結構之安全及荷載規章
2 Calculation of Podium Wind Load

Ground height Hg  5m
Podium height Hp  18.6m
Effectove height He.p  Hp  Hg  13.6m
  0.12 
  He.p m 1  m m
Wind gust velocity (type 1) v kh.p  46    19  66.73
  10  s s
 
2
v  m 1 s   kPa
Normal wind pressure wkh.p 
 kh.p   2.73 kPa
1632
External pressure
Cne  1.2
coefficient for corner area
Table 5
External pressure
Cne.t  0.8
coefficient for typical area
Table 5
External pressure
Cpe  0.8
coefficient for windward
area Table 5
The negative pressure of

conrner area  
Ppn_c  Cne  wkh.p  3.27 kPa

typical area  
Ppn_t  Cne.t  wkh.p  2.18 kPa
The postive pressure  

Ppp  Cpe  wkh.p  2.18 kPa
Design Wind Load (Podium) 

wk.p  max Ppn_c  Ppn_t  Ppp   3.27 kPa
Page 7 of 167
2 Calculation of Tower Wind Load
Ground height Hg  5 m
Tower height Ht  96.9m
Effectove height He.t  Ht  Hg  91.9 m
  0.12 
  He.t m 1  m m
Wind guest velocity (type 1) v kh.t  46    19  79.03
  10  s s
 
2
v  m 1 s   kPa
Normal wind pressure wkh.t 
 kh.t   3.83 kPa
1632
External pressure
Cne  1.2
coefficient for corner area
Table 5
External pressure
Cne.t  0.8
coefficient for typical area
Table 5
External pressure
Cpe  0.8
coefficient for windward
area Table 5

conrner area  
Ptn_c  Cne  wkh.t  4.59 kPa

typical area  
Ptn_t  Cne.t  wkh.t  3.06 kPa
The postive pressure  

Ptp  Cpe  wkh.t  3.06 kPa
Design Wind Load (Tower) 

wk.t  max Ptn_c  Ptn_t  Ptp   4.59 kPa
Page 8 of 167
Section 02 Calculation for Glass
1. Calculation for Glass 1

1.1. Code and Specifications
REF < ASTM E1300-2016 Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings>
1.2. Glass Configuration

The largest glass panel in Podium is found to be GW.4, which located on the ground floor of Podium and the area of
the glass panel is 5.2 m2.
Window code PW.12

Glass code G8
Glass configuration 8FT + 12AS + 6FT
Glass type of out pane GTo = “FT”
Glass type of inner pane GTi = “FT”
Nominal thickness of out pane to = 8 mm
Nominal thickness of inner pane ti = 6 mm
Height h = 2430 mm
Width b = 2150 mm
Shorter Side a = 2150 mm

Longer Side b = 2430 mm
Four sides supported

Elastic modulus of glass Eg = 71700 MPa
According to ASTM E1300-2016,

Allowable surface stress of FT glass σa_FT = 93.1 MPa
Allowable edge stress of FT glass σae_FT = 73.0 MPa
Page 9 of 167
1.3. Loads
Wind Load:
Non-factored wind load wk.p = 3.27 kPa
1.4. Check for Glass

1.4.1. Non-Factored Load
For 6mm & 8mm glass
Use <ASTM E1300-2016> - Fig.A1.7 & A1.8 (upper chart).
Short Dimension a = 2150 mm

Long Dimension b = 2430 mm
The outer pane is defined as #1; The inner pane is defined as #2.
Non-Factored Load 1 NFL1 = 1.60 kPa

1.4.2. Glass Type Factor

Use <ASTM E1300-2016> - Table 2
GTF for Double Glazed Insulating Glass (IG), Short Duration Load,
Glass Type Factor 1 GTF1 = 3.6

1.4.3. Load Share Factor

Load Share Factors for Double Glazed Insulating (IG) Units,

Load Share Factor 1 LSF1 = 0.704
Page 10 of 167
1.4.4. Load Resistance
Load Resistance of outer pane LR1 = NFL1 x GTF1 / LSF1
= 1.60 x 3.6 / 0.704
= 8.18 kPa
> wk
> 3.27 kPa PASS
Load Resistance of inner pane LR2 = NFL2 x GTF2 / LSF2
= 1.13 x 3.6 / 0.296
= 13.74 kPa
> wk
> 3.27 kPa PASS
1.4.5. Deflection
For outer pane (8mm):
Aspect Ratio AR = b/a
= 2430/ 2150
= 1.13
Area A = h×b
= 2430x 2150
= 5.22 m2
Load x Area2 = wk × LSF1 × 5.222
= 62.73 kN.m2
Use <ASTM E1300-2016> - Fig.A1.8 (lower chart),
Maximum Deflection dmax = 31.6 mm

The deflection limit dlimit1 = Shorter Side/60
= 2150/60 mm
= 35.83 mm
> dmax PASS
For inner pane (6mm):

= 2430/ 2150
= 1.13
Area A = h×b
= 2430 x 2150
= 5.22 m2
= 23.37 kN.m2

= 2150/60 mm
= 35.83 mm
> dmax PASS
Page 11 of 167
The largest glass panel in the tower is found to be CW.11, which located in the tower and the area of the glass panel is
3.06 m2.
Window code CW.11

Glass code G8
Glass configuration 8FT + 12AS + 6FT
Glass type of out pane GTo = “FT”
Glass type of inner pane GTi = “FT”
Height h = 2300 mm
Width b = 1330 mm



Page 12 of 167
2.2. Loads
Wind Load:

For 6mm & 8mm glass
Use <ASTM E1300-2016> - Fig.A1.7 & A1.8 (upper chart).
Short Dimension a = 1330 mm

Long Dimension b = 2300 mm
The outer pane is defined as #1; The inner pane is defined as #2.


GTF for Double Glazed Insulating Glass (IG), Short Duration Load,

2.3.3. Load Share Factor

Load Share Factors for Double Glazed Insulating (IG) Units,

Page 13 of 167
Load Resistance of outer pane LR1 = NFL1 x GTF1 / LSF1
= 2.00 x 3.6 / 0.704
= 10.23 kPa
> wk
> 4.59 kPa PASS
Load Resistance of inner pane LR2 = NFL2 x GTF2 / LSF2
= 1.52 x 3.6 / 0.296
= 18.49 kPa
> wk
> 4.59 kPa PASS
2.3.5. Deflection
For outer pane (8mm):
= 2300/ 1330
= 1.73
Area A = h×b
= 2300 x 1330
= 3.06 m2
= 30.26 kN.m2

= 1330/60 mm
= 22.17 mm
> dmax PASS
For inner pane (6mm):

= 2300/ 1330
= 1.73
Area A = h×b
= 2300 x 1330
= 3.06 m2
= 12.72 kN.m2

= 1330/60 mm
= 22.17 mm
> dmax PASS
Page 14 of 167
3.1. Code and Specifications
REF < ASTM E1300-2016 Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings>

The largest glass panel in Podium is found to be PW.15, which located on the 1F of Podium and the area of the glass
panel is 2.45 m2.
Window code PW.12

Glass code J8
Glass configuration 8FT + 1.52PVB + 6FT
Glass type GT = “FT”
Nominal thickness of glass panel to = 14 mm
Height h = 1070 mm
Width b = 2290 mm



Page 15 of 167
3.3. Loads
Wind Load:

According to design considerations, the thickness of the glass is considered to be 12mm for conservative reason,
Use <ASTM E1300-2016> - Fig.A1.33 (upper chart).
Plate length a = 1070 mm

Plate width b = 2290 mm
Non-Factored Load NFL = 3.7 kPa

GTF for a Single Lite of Monolithic or Laminated Glass (LG), short Duration Load
Glass Type Factor GTF = 4

Load Resistance of glass plane LR = NFL x GTF
= 3.7 x 4
= 14.8 kPa
> wk
> 3.27 kPa PASS
3.4.4. Deflection
= 2290/ 1070
= 2.14
Area A = h×b
= 2290 x 1070
= 2.45 m2
Load x Area2 = wk × 2.452
= 19.63 kN.m2
Maximum Deflection dmax = 11 mm

The deflection limit dlimit = Shorter Side/60
= 1070/60 mm
= 17.83 mm
> dmax PASS
Page 16 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 03 Calculation of Mullion A
1 Basic Infomation
1.1 Code and Specifications
REF : BS 8118:Part1:1991 Structural use of aluminum
BS 5950:Part1:2000 Structural use of steelwork in building
56/96/M 屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋屋
Drawing No. <SFKKFTW-B10-SD-AR-2416>, Window/Door Code: CW.12
90°陽角
6975 1491
25 6750 20080 1386 25
1055 900 1205 1205 1205 1180
25
25
1055
1880
2280
2330
2455
執手高度：1000
1225
525 25
25400
25
125
125
1080 5695 20080 1411
1.2 Loads
Wind load Wk := 4.59⋅ KPa
−3 −3
Gravity density Gg := 2560⋅ kg⋅ m Gs := 7850⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gal := 2700⋅ kg⋅ m
1.3 Information of mullion
Span of mullion Ls := 2280mm
Left panel width B1 := 1198mm
Right panel width B2 := 1198⋅ mm
( B1 + B2)
Space between mullions Bs := = 1198⋅ mm
2
Page 17 of 167
2 Calculation for Resistance
-------------
2.1 Mullion 1
Alloy condition Alloy := "6063-T6"
Bending strength p o := Strength_ ( Alloy) p o = 160 ⋅ MPa
Shear strength p v := Shearstrength_( Alloy) p v = 95⋅ MPa
Bearing strength p a := Bearingstrength_ ( Alloy) p a = 175 ⋅ MPa

4
Elastic moduli Eal = 7 × 10 ⋅ MPa
Poisson's ratio υ := 0.333
Material factor γm := 1.2
Eal 4
Shear Modulus Ga := = 2.63 × 10 ⋅ MPa
2 ⋅ ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion A1

3 22 22 3
2
An1 := 804mm
3
Net area Element A
Bounding box xc := 25mm

42
xo := −25mm x
Element B
yc := 45mm
42
yo := −45mm
4
3
Ix1 := 864252mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 341212mm
Ix1
γx := = 32.79⋅ mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 20.6⋅ mm
An1
I I
Page 18 of 167
Ix1 4 3 Ix1 4 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm Znx2 := = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm
Iy1 4 3 Iy1 4 3
Zny1 := = 1.36 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 1.36 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 1.36 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2⋅ Znx = 2.3 × 10 ⋅ mm Sny := 1.2⋅ Zny = 1.64 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
2.1.2 Section classification(Unwelded)---consider local buckling
Design Strength p o = 160 ⋅ MPa
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Elastic Modulus Eal = 7 × 10 ⋅ MPa 3 22 22 3
3
Element A
Consider the case for bending moment about X-X axis
For element A
42
y
Type : Internal, Unreinforced flat element, & under uniform compression
x
Element B
Element width b := 44mm
t := 3mm
42
Element thickness
b
Slenderness parameter β := β = 14.67
t
3
Limiting values of β β1 := 18ε βo := 22ε

(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Element classification ElementA := "fully compact" if β ≤ β1
"semi-compact" if β1 < β ≤ βo
"slender" if β > βo
ElementA = "fully compact"
Page 19 of 167
A
β
Local buckling factor χ := χ = 11.73
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAx⋅ t teff = 3⋅ mm
For element B
3 22 22 3
Type : Internal, Unreinforced flat element, & under stress gradient
3
Element A
Distance from N.A to the yc := 42mm

more compressed edge
42
y
Distance from N.A to the yo := −42mm
other edge Element B
x
42
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 84⋅ mm
3
Element thickness t := 3mm
yo yo
Stress gradient coefficient g := 0.7 + 0.3⋅ if −1 < <1 g = 0.4
yc yc
0.8 yo
if ≤ −1
 yo  yc
1 − yc

 
g⋅ d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Element classification ElementB := "fully compact" if β ≤ β1
ElementB = "slender"
Page 20 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLBx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBx⋅ t teff = 3⋅ mm
Consider the case for bending moment about Y-Y axis

3 22 22 3
For element A
3
Element A
yc := 22mm
42
Distance from N.A to the
y
x
Distance from N.A to the yo := −22mm Element B
other edge
42
3
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if ≤ −1
 yo  yc
1 − 
yc
 
g⋅ d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 21 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAy := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAy = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAy⋅ t teff = 3⋅ mm
For element B 3 22 22 3
3
Element A
42
y
x
Element B
b
Slenderness parameter β := β = 28
t
β1 := 18ε βo := 22ε
42
Limiting values of β
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
3
β
curve C ε
kLBy := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLBy = 0.99
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBy⋅ t teff = 2.97⋅ mm
Page 22 of 167
2.1.3 Bending moment Resistance
The effective elastic section modulus is calculated by multiply the buckling coefficient to the elastic section modulus
for conservative purpose.
Buckling coefficient about (

kmLx := min kLAx , kLBx = 1 )
x-x axis

kmLy := min kLAy, kLBy = 0.99 )
y-y axis
Section classification
Section_classification_x := "slender"
about x-x axis
Section_classification_y := "slender"
about y-y axis
2
Net area An1 = 804 ⋅ mm
2
Effective area Ae. := An1⋅ kmLx = 804 ⋅ mm
4 3
Elastic net section Znx = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3
Zny = 1.36 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3
Plastic net section Snx = 2.3 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.64 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx⋅ Znx = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm
section modulus
4 3
Zeny := kmLy⋅ Zny = 1.35 × 10 ⋅ mm
p o⋅ Zenx
The factored moment M Rsx1 := = 2.56⋅ kN⋅ m
resistance for bending γm
po ⋅ Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 1.8⋅ kN⋅ m
γm
Page 23 of 167
2.1.4 Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance
Judgement of the lateral torsional buckling analyse
Bending axis Bending_axis := "Major axis"
Effective length Leff := Ls = 2.28 m
Radius of gyration (
γ := min γx , γy ) γ = 20.6⋅ mm
Quantity ε ε = 1.25
Judge Buckling_checking := "is not needed" if Leff ≤ ( 40⋅ ε ⋅ γ)

(BS8118-4.5.6.2)
"is needed" if Leff > ( 40⋅ ε ⋅ γ)
Buckling_checking = "is needed"
The lateral torsional buckling slenderness parameter λ

Leff
Conservative value λ := λ = 110.68
(BS8118-4.5.6.6) γ
The lateral-torsional buckling stress ps

  E  0.5 Foregone
BS 8118  al 
p s = N⋅ p 1 if λ > λ'1 ⋅ π  S := Snx
Annex - K  p  
  1  4 3
p1 S = 2.3 × 10 ⋅ mm
p o = 160 ⋅ MPa
p 1 := p o p 1 = 160 ⋅ MPa
in which :
λ = 110.68
 1  γm = 1.2 γf := 1.2
N = ψ⋅  1 − 1 − 
2 2
 λ' ⋅ ψ 
 1 − c⋅ λ'1 
⋅1 + 
1 c
ψ= +
in which : 2  λ' 2 
 λ' 
and where : λ p1
λ' := ⋅ λ' = 1.68
π Eal
Get Get
λ'1 := 0.6 c := 0.1

so : the perry factor
 1 − c⋅ λ'1 
⋅1 + 
1 c
ψ := + ψ = 0.695
2  λ' 2 
 λ' 

N := ψ⋅  1 − 1 −
1  N = 0.33
2 2
 λ' ⋅ ψ 
Page 24 of 167
2 2
 λ' ⋅ ψ 
  E 0.5
 al  
p's := N⋅ p 1 if λ > λ'1⋅ π  p's = 53.34⋅ MPa
 p  
therefore
  1 
p1 otherwise
(
p s := min p's , p 1 ) p s = 53.34⋅ MPa
p s⋅ Snx
The factored moment M Rby1 := M Rby1 = 1.02⋅ kN⋅ m
capacity for buckling γm
2.1.5 Shear Resistance
Overall depth of web d w1 := 90mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Overall depth of flange d f1 := 50mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Thickness of web tw1 := 3mm
Thickness of flange tf1 := 3mm

0.8⋅ d w1⋅ tw1
The factored shear capacity VRy1 := p v⋅ VRy1 = 17.1⋅ kN
γm
Page 25 of 167
2.2 Steel Stiffener A2
Steel grade Steel := "Q235"
Design strength Py_235 := 235MPa
Elastic moduli Es := 210000MPa
Poisson's ratio υs := 0.3
Material factor γms := 1
Es 4
Shear Modulus Gs := = 8.08 × 10 ⋅ MPa
(
2 ⋅ 1 + υs ) 40
3
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener A2
2
An2 := 660.823mm
Net area y
x
80
xo := −20mm
yc := 40mm
yo := −40mm 3
4
Moment of inertia Ix2 := 522505.6487mm
4
Iy2 := 175555.5671mm
Ix2
γx := = 28.12⋅ mm
Radius of An2
gyration
Iy2
γy := = 16.3⋅ mm
An2
Ix2 4 3 Ix2 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.31 × 10 ⋅ mm
Iy2 3 Iy2 3
Zny1 := = 8777.78 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 8777.78 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 8777.78 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus
Page 26 of 167
2.2.2 Section classification
Refer to Clause 3.5.2 of BS 5950
Design Strength Py_235 = 235 ⋅ MPa
275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5
Elastic Modulus Es = 2.1 × 10 ⋅ MPa

Type : CF RHS, Flange, Compression due to bending

b
t
Limiting values of β β0 := 26ε β1 := 28ε β2 := 35ε
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86
Element classification Elementflange := "plastic" if β ≤ β0
"compact" if β0 < β ≤ β1 Elementflange = "plastic"

"semi-compact" if β1 < β < β2
"slender" if β > β2
Type : CF RHS, Web, Neutral axis at mid-depth
Element depth d := 80mm

d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Element classification Elementweb := "plastic" if β ≤ β0
"compact" if β0 < β ≤ β1
Elementweb = "plastic"
Since section is "plastic". Moment capacity will not be reduced due to local buckling.
Page 27 of 167
Overall depth of section D := 80mm
Overall width of section B := 40mm
Shear area taken as : (c) rectangular hollow sections, load parallel to web - CI.4.2.3 of BS 5950
An2⋅ D 2
Shear area Av2 := Av2 = 440.55⋅ mm
( D + B)
Material factor γms = 1
0.6⋅ Av2
The factored shear capacity VRy2 := Py_235⋅ VRy2 = 62.12⋅ kN
γms

Section classification Section_classification := Elementweb = "plastic"
Refer to Clause 4.2.5.2 of BS 5950

2
Net area An2 = 660.82⋅ mm

4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.05 × 10 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
resistance for bending γms
Py_235⋅ Sny
The factored moment M Rsy2 := = 2.48⋅ kN⋅ m
Page 28 of 167
Refer to Clause 4.3.6.1 of BS 5950 - Judgement of the lateral torsional buckling analyse
D
Ratio Ratio := Ratio = 2
B
Effective length Leff = 2280⋅ mm
Radius of gyration of γy = 16.2991 ⋅ mm

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 139.8847
γy
Limiting := 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
Limiting values  Limiting = 397.87
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340 ⋅ 
Judge 275MPa 
Buckling_checking := "is not needed" if 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
Buckling_checking = "is not needed"
2.3 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion A1
The factored moment M Rsx1 = 2.56⋅ kN⋅ m M Rsy1 = 1.8⋅ kN⋅ m

capacity for bending
The factored moment M Rby1 = 1.02⋅ kN⋅ m

capacity for buckling
The factored moment M Rsx1 = 2.56⋅ kN⋅ m

capacity
( )
M Rsy1 := min M Rsy1, M Rby1 = 1.02⋅ kN⋅ m
The factored shear capacity VRy1 = 17.1⋅ kN
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener A2

Page 29 of 167
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
Design wind load Wk = 4.59⋅ kPa
−1
Wind linear load q w := Wk⋅ Bs = 5.5⋅ kN⋅ m
Load Factors for Alu.
Load factors for Dead Load γad := 1.35
Load factors for Wind Load γaw := 1.5
Load Factors for Steel
Load factors for Dead Load γsd := 1.35
Load factors for Wind Load γsw := 1.5
1 2
Max. bending moment M ux := ⋅ qw⋅ Ls M ux = 3.57⋅ kN⋅ m
8
1
Max. shear force Vuy := ⋅ q w⋅ Ls Vuy = 6.27⋅ kN
2
Page 30 of 167
3.2 Check for Ultimate Limit State
Based on Load Share Method
Ix1
Bending moment on M ux_1 := M ux⋅ = 1.27⋅ kN⋅ m
mullion A1 Es
Ix1 + ⋅I
Eal x2
Es
⋅I
Eal x2
Bending moment on steel M ux_2 := M ux⋅ = 2.3⋅ kN⋅ m
stiffener A2 Es
Ix1 + ⋅I
Eal x2
An1
Shear force on Vuy_1 := Vuy⋅ = 3.44⋅ kN
mullion A1 An1 + An2
An2
Shear force on steel Vuy_2 := Vuy⋅ = 2.83⋅ kN
stiffener A2 An1 + An2
3.2.1 Check for Moment

γaw⋅ M ux_1
Mullion A1 rate km1 := = 0.74
M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M ux_2
Steel Stiffener A2 rate km2 := = 0.94
M Rsx2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
3.2.2 Check for shear
γaw⋅ Vuy_1
Mullion A1 rate kv1 := = 0.3
VRy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK")
γsw⋅ Vuy_2
Steel Stiffener A2 rate kv2 := = 0.07
VRy2
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK")
Page 31 of 167
3.3 Check for Serviceability Limit State
4
5q w⋅ Leff
Max. deflection ∆x := ∆x = 11.37⋅ mm
 Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + ⋅ Ix2
Eal
 
 Leff 
Limited deflection ∆lim_x := min , 20mm ∆lim_x = 12.67⋅ mm
 180 
∆x
Ratio of deflection k := k = 0.9
∆lim_x
Result >> HENCE_( k < 1 ) = "OK"
Page 32 of 167
4. Check for Connection - Fixing lugs & nail
Total width of Window B := 8466mm
Total height of Window H := 2330mm
Fixing lugs section width b := 30mm
Fixing lugs thickness t := 1.5mm
Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
Number of fixing lugs n := 2⋅  n = 72
 c 
Coefficient β := 1.25
Shear at each fixing lug Fv1 :=

(β⋅ Wk⋅ B⋅ H) Fv1 = 1.57 kN
n
Fv1
Shear stress τ1 := τ1 = 34.94 MPa
b⋅ t
Shear strength of fixing fv_st := 125MPa

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.28
fv_st
Diamater of nail d := 4mm
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7⋅ t⋅ d ⋅ Py_235 Fv_d = 5.22 kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.3
Fv_d
Page 33 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 04 Calculation of Mullion B
1 Basic Infomation
Drawing No. <SFKKFTW-B10-SD-AR-2404>, Window/Door Code: PW.12
11960
25 11910 25
1489 1489 1489 1489 1489 1489 1489 1489

25
2850
2800
25
1.2 Loads
−3 −3
Gravity density Gg := 2560⋅ kg⋅ m Gs := 7850⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gal := 2700⋅ kg⋅ m

( B1 + B2)
Space between mullions Bs := = 1489⋅ mm
2
Page 34 of 167
-------------
2.1 Mullion B1

4
Eal 4
2 ⋅ ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion B1

2
An1 := 914.2035mm
Net area
xo := −50mm
y
00
?1 x
yc := 50mm
yo := −50mm
3
4
Ix1 := 1076246.0259mm ---------------- REGIONS ----------------
Moment of inertia Area: 914.2035

Perimeter: 609.4690
Bounding box: X: -50.0000 -- 50.0000
Y: -50.0000 -- 50.0000
Centroid: X: 0.0000
4
Iy1 := 1076246.0259mm
Y: 0.0000
Moments of inertia: X: 1076246.0259
Y: 1076246.0259
Product of inertia: XY: 0.0000
Radii of gyration: X: 34.3111
Ix1 Y: 34.3111
γx := = 34.31⋅ mm
Principal moments and X-Y directions about centroid:
I: 1076246.0259 along [0.8678 -0.4968]
Radius of An1 J: 1076246.0259 along [0.4968 0.8678]
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 34.31⋅ mm
An1
I I
Page 35 of 167
Ix1 4 3 Ix1 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm
Iy1 4 3 Iy1 4 3
Zny1 := = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Elastic Modulus Eal = 7 × 10 ⋅ MPa
Consider the case for bending moment about X-X axis &
YY-axis
y
00
?1 x

3
b
Slenderness parameter β := β = 33.33 ---------------- REGIONS ----------------
t Area:
Perimeter:
914.2035
609.4690
Bounding box: X: -50.0000 -- 50.0000
Limiting values of β β1 := 18ε βo := 22ε Centroid:
Y: -50.0000 -- 50.0000
X: 0.0000
Y: 0.0000
(BS8118: Table 4.3) Moments of inertia: X: 1076246.0259
Y: 1076246.0259
Product of inertia: XY: 0.0000
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5 Radii of gyration: X: 34.3111

Y: 34.3111
Principal moments and X-Y directions about centroid:
I: 1076246.0259 along [0.8678 -0.4968]
J: 1076246.0259 along [0.4968 0.8678]
ElementA = "slender"
Page 36 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAx = 0.89
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAx⋅ t teff = 2.67⋅ mm
kLBx := kLAx = 0.89
kLAy := kLAx = 0.89
kLBy := kLAx = 0.89


kmLx := min kLAx , kLBx = 0.89 )
x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
2
Effective area Ae. := An1⋅ kmLx = 814.21⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
Elastic net section Znx = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny = 2.15 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3 4 3
Plastic net section Snx = 2.58 × 10 ⋅ mm Sny = 2.58 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3 4 3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx⋅ Znx = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm Zeny := kmLy⋅ Zny = 1.92 × 10 ⋅ mm
section modulus
p o⋅ Zenx po ⋅ Zeny
The factored moment M Rsx1 := = 2.56⋅ kN⋅ m M Rsy1 := = 2.56⋅ kN⋅ m
resistance for bending γm γm
Page 37 of 167
Resistance to lateral torsional buckling need not be checked separately for CHS
2
Shear area of round tube Av := 0.6An1 = 548.52⋅ mm
Av
The factored shear capacity VRy1 := p v⋅ VRy1 = 43.42⋅ kN
γm
2.2 Steel Stiffener B2

Es 4
(
2 ⋅ 1 + υs )
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener B2
Page 38 of 167
2
An2 := 1335.1769mm
Net area

y
xo := −45mm
? 90
x
yc := 45mm
yo := −45mm
5
4 ---------------- REGIONS ----------------
Moment of inertia Ix2 := 1210004.0455mm Area: 1335.1769
Perimeter: 534.0708
Bounding box: X: -45.0000 -- 45.0000
Y: -45.0000 -- 45.0000
4
Iy2 := 1210004.0455mm Centroid: X: 0.0000
Y: 0.0000
Moments of inertia: X: 1210004.0455
Y: 1210004.0455
Ix2 Product of inertia: XY: 0.0000
γx := = 30.1⋅ mm
Radii of gyration: X: 30.1040
Y: 30.1040
Radius of An2 Principal moments and X-Y directions about centroid:
I: 1210004.0455 along [0.8219 0.5696]
gyration J: 1210004.0455 along [-0.5696 0.8219]
Iy2
γy := = 30.1⋅ mm
An2
Ix2 4 3 Ix2 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 2.69 × 10 ⋅ mm
Iy2 4 3 Iy2 4 3
Zny1 := = 2.69 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 2.69 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 2.69 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus

275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5
Consider the case for bending moment about X-X axis & Y-Y axis
Type : CHS, Compression due to bending
Page 39 of 167
b
t
2 2 2
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 46.81 β1 = 58.51 β2 = 163.83

Page 40 of 167
Shear area taken as : (g) circular hollow sections - CI.4.2.3 of BS 5950
2
Shear area Av2 := 0.6⋅ An2 Av2 = 801.11⋅ mm
0.6⋅ Av2
The factored shear capacity VRy2 := Py_235⋅ VRy2 = 112.96⋅ kN
γms

Section classification Section_classification := Elementflange = "plastic"

2
Net area An2 = 1335.18 ⋅ mm

4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 3.23 × 10 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
Py_235⋅ Sny

Resistance to lateral torsional buckling need not be checked separately for CHS
2.3 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion B1

Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener B2

Page 41 of 167
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
−1
Wind linear load q w := Wk⋅ Bs = 4.87⋅ kN⋅ m
1 2
Max. bending moment M ux := ⋅ qw⋅ Ls M ux = 4.77⋅ kN⋅ m
8
1
Max. shear force Vuy := ⋅ q w⋅ Ls Vuy = 6.82⋅ kN
2

Ix1
mullion B1 Es
Ix1 + ⋅I
Eal x2
Es
⋅I
Eal x2
stiffener B2 Es
Ix1 + ⋅I
Eal x2
An1
mullion B1 An1 + An2
An2
stiffener B2 An1 + An2
Page 42 of 167
γaw⋅ M ux_1
Mullion B1 rate km1 := = 0.64
M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M ux_2
Steel Stiffener B2 rate km2 := = 0.73
M Rsx2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw⋅ Vuy_1
Mullion B1 rate kv1 := = 0.1
VRy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ Vuy_2
Steel Stiffener B2 rate kv2 := = 0.05
VRy2
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
Leff := Ls = 2.8 m
4
5q w⋅ Leff
 Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + ⋅ Ix2
Eal
 
 Leff 
Limited deflection ∆lim_x := min , 20mm ∆lim_x = 15.56⋅ mm
 180 
∆x
∆lim_x
Page 43 of 167
Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
 c 

(β⋅ Wk⋅ B⋅ H) Fv1 = 1.41⋅ kN
n
Fv1
Shear stress τ1 := τ1 = 31.36⋅ MPa
b⋅ t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.25
fv_st
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7⋅ t⋅ d ⋅ Py_235 Fv_d = 5.22⋅ kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.27
Fv_d
Page 44 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 05 Calculation of Mullion C
1 Basic Infomation
Drawing No. <SFKKFTW-B10-SD-AR-2407>, Window/Door Code: GW.4
4050
25 4000 25
2000 2000
25
2480
2430
25
VAR
1.2 Loads
Wind load Wk := 3.27 KPa
-3 -3
Gravity density Gg := 2560 kg m Gs := 7850 kg m
-3
Gal := 2700 kg m

Right panel width B2 := 2000 mm
( B1 + B2)
Space between mullions Bs := = 2000 mm
2
Page 45 of 167
-------------
2.1 Mullion 1
Bending strength p o := Strength_ ( Alloy) p o = 160  MPa
Shear strength p v := Shearstrength_( Alloy) p v = 95 MPa
Bearing strength p a := Bearingstrength_ ( Alloy) p a = 175  MPa

4
Elastic moduli Eal = 7  10  MPa
Eal 4
Shear Modulus Ga := = 2.63  10  MPa
2  ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion C1

3 22 22 3
2
An1 := 804mm
3
Net area Element A

42
xo := -25mm x
Element B
yc := 45mm
42
yo := -45mm
4
3
Ix1 := 864252mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 341212mm
Ix1
γx := = 32.79 mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 20.6 mm
An1
I I
Page 46 of 167
Ix1 4 3 Ix1 4 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 1.92  10  mm Znx2 := = 1.92  10  mm
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.92  10  mm
Iy1 4 3 Iy1 4 3
Zny1 := = 1.36  10  mm Zny2 := = 1.36  10  mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 1.36  10  mm
4 3 4 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2 Znx = 2.3  10  mm Sny := 1.2 Zny = 1.64  10  mm
modulus
Design Strength p o = 160  MPa
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Elastic Modulus Eal = 7  10  MPa 3 22 22 3
3
Element A
For element A
42
y
x
Element B
t := 3mm
42
Element thickness
b
t
3

(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Element classification ElementA := "fully compact" if β  β1
"semi-compact" if β1 < β  βo
Page 47 of 167
A
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ  22
kLAx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAx t teff = 3 mm
For element B
3 22 22 3
3
Element A
Distance from N.A to the yc := 42mm

42
y
Distance from N.A to the yo := -42mm
other edge Element B
x
42
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 84 mm
3
yo yo
Stress gradient coefficient g := 0.7 + 0.3 if -1 < <1 g = 0.4
yc yc
0.8 yo
if  -1
 yo  yc
1 - yc

 
g d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Element classification ElementB := "fully compact" if β  β1
Page 48 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ  22
kLBx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBx t teff = 3 mm

3 22 22 3
For element A
3
Element A
yc := 22mm
42
Distance from N.A to the
y
x
Distance from N.A to the yo := -22mm Element B
other edge
42
3
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 44 mm
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if  -1
 yo  yc
1 - 
yc
 
g d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 49 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAy := 1 if χ  22
kLAy = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAy t teff = 3 mm
For element B 3 22 22 3
3
Element A
42
y
x
Element B
b
t
β1 := 18ε βo := 22ε
42
Limiting values of β
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
3
β
curve C ε
kLBy := 1 if χ  22
kLBy = 0.99
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBy t teff = 2.97 mm
Page 50 of 167

x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
Net area An1 = 804  mm
2
Effective area Ae. := An1 kmLx = 804  mm
4 3
Elastic net section Znx = 1.92  10  mm
modulus
4 3
Zny = 1.36  10  mm
4 3
Plastic net section Snx = 2.3  10  mm
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.64  10  mm
4 3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx Znx = 1.92  10  mm
section modulus
4 3
Zeny := kmLy Zny = 1.35  10  mm
p o Zenx
The factored moment M Rsx1 := = 2.56 kN m
po  Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 1.8 kN m
γm
Page 51 of 167
γ := min γx , γy ) γ = 20.6 mm
Judge Buckling_checking := "is not needed" if Leff  ( 40 ε  γ)

(BS8118-4.5.6.2)
"is needed" if Leff > ( 40 ε  γ)

Leff
(BS8118-4.5.6.6) γ

BS 8118  al 
p s = N p 1 if λ > λ'1  π  S := Snx
  1  4 3
p1 S = 2.3  10  mm
p o = 160  MPa
p 1 := p o p 1 = 160  MPa
in which :
λ = 117.96
 1  γm = 1.2 γf := 1.2
N = ψ  1 - 1 - 
2 2
 λ'  ψ 
 1 - c λ'1 
1 + 
1 c
ψ= +
in which : 2  λ' 2 
 λ' 
and where : λ p1
λ' :=  λ' = 1.8
π Eal
Get Get
λ'1 := 0.6 c := 0.1

 1 - c λ'1 
1 + 
1 c
ψ := + ψ = 0.674
2  λ' 2 
 λ' 

N := ψ  1 - 1 -
1  N = 0.29
2 2
 λ'  ψ 
Page 52 of 167
2 2
 λ'  ψ 
 E  0.5
  al 
p's := N p 1 if λ > λ'1 π  p's = 47.17 MPa
 p  
therefore
  1 
p1 otherwise
(
p s := min p's , p 1 ) p s = 47.17 MPa
p s Snx
The factored moment M Rby1 := M Rby1 = 0.91 kN m

0.8 d w1 tw1
The factored shear capacity VRy1 := p v VRy1 = 17.1 kN
γm
Page 53 of 167
2.2 Steel Stiffener C2
Es 4
Shear Modulus Gs := = 8.08  10  MPa
(
2  1 + υs )
40
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener C2
5
2
An2 := 1035.6194mm
Net area y
x
80
xo := -20mm
yc := 40mm 5
yo := -40mm
---------------- REGIONS ----------------
4 Area: 1035.6194
Moment of inertia Ix2 := 751087.2786mm Perimeter: 414.2478
Bounding box: X: -20.0000 -- 20.0000
Y: -40.0000 -- 40.0000
Centroid: X: 0.0000
4
Iy2 := 245925.0527mm Moments of inertia:
Y: 0.0000
X: 751087.2786
Y: 245925.0527
Ix2 Product of inertia:
Radii of gyration:
XY: 0.0000
X: 26.9305
γx := = 26.93 mm Y: 15.4100
Radius of An2 Principal moments and X-Y directions about centroid:
gyration I: 751087.2786 along [1.0000 0.0000]
J: 245925.0527 along [0.0000 1.0000]
Iy2
γy := = 15.41 mm
An2
Ix2 4 3 Ix2 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.88  10  mm
Iy2 4 3 Iy2 4 3
Zny1 := = 1.23  10  mm Zny2 := = 1.23  10  mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 1.23  10  mm
4 3 4 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2 Znx = 2.25  10  mm Sny := 1.2 Zny = 1.48  10  mm
modulus
Page 54 of 167
Design Strength Py_235 = 235  MPa
275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5
Elastic Modulus Es = 2.1  10  MPa


b
Slenderness parameter β := β=8
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86
Element classification Elementflange := "plastic" if β  β0
"compact" if β0 < β  β1 Elementflange = "plastic"


d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Element classification Elementweb := "plastic" if β  β0
"compact" if β0 < β  β1
Page 55 of 167
An2 D 2
Shear area Av2 := Av2 = 690.41 mm
( D + B)
0.6 Av2
The factored shear capacity VRy2 := Py_235 VRy2 = 97.35 kN
γms


2
Net area An2 = 1035.62  mm

4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.48  10  mm
Py_235 Snx
Py_235 Sny
The factored moment M Rsy2 := = 3.47 kN m
Page 56 of 167
D
B
Effective length Leff = 2430 mm
Radius of gyration of γy = 15.41 mm

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 157.6903
γy
Limiting := 340  
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340  
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340  
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
2.3 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion C1
The factored moment M Rsx1 = 2.56 kN m M Rsy1 = 1.8 kN m

The factored moment M Rby1 = 0.91 kN m

The factored moment M Rsx1 = 2.56 kN m

capacity
( )
M Rsy1 := min M Rsy1, M Rby1 = 0.91 kN m
The factored shear capacity VRy1 = 17.1 kN
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener C2

Page 57 of 167
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
Design wind load Wk = 3.27 kPa
-1
Wind linear load q w := Wk Bs = 6.54 kN m
1 2
Max. bending moment M ux :=  qw Ls M ux = 4.83 kN m
8
1
Max. shear force Vuy :=  q w Ls Vuy = 7.95 kN
2
Page 58 of 167
Ix1
Bending moment on M ux_1 := M ux = 1.34 kN m
mullion C1 Es
Ix1 + I
Eal x2
Es
I
Eal x2
Bending moment on steel M ux_2 := M ux = 3.49 kN m
stiffener C2 Es
Ix1 + I
Eal x2
An1
Shear force on Vuy_1 := Vuy = 3.47 kN
mullion C1 An1 + An2
An2
Shear force on steel Vuy_2 := Vuy = 4.47 kN
stiffener C2 An1 + An2

γaw M ux_1
Mullion C1 rate km1 := = 0.78
M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw M ux_2
Steel Stiffener C2 rate km2 := = 0.99
M Rsx2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw Vuy_1
Mullion C1 rate kv1 := = 0.3
VRy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK")
γsw Vuy_2
Steel Stiffener C2 rate kv2 := = 0.07
VRy2
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK")
Page 59 of 167
Leff := 0.96 Ls
4
5q w Leff
Max. deflection ∆x := ∆x = 11.56 mm
 Es 
384Eal  Ix1 +  Ix2
Eal
 
 Leff 
Limited deflection ∆lim_x := min , 20mm ∆lim_x = 12.96 mm
 180 
∆x
∆lim_x
Page 60 of 167
Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
Number of fixing lugs n := 2  n = 44
 c 

(β Wk B H) Fv1 = 0.94 kN
n
Fv1
Shear stress τ1 := τ1 = 20.96 MPa
b t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.17
fv_st
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7 t d  Py_235 Fv_d = 5.22 kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.18
Fv_d
Page 61 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 06a Calculation of Mullion G1
1 Basic Infomation
Drawing No. <SFKKFTW-B10-SD-AR-2409>, Window/Door Code: RW.6
90°陽角 90°陽角
425 1170 425

25 400 400 25
25
300
1450
1150
25
1.2 Loads
−3
Gravity density Gg := 2560⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gs := 7850⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gal := 2700⋅ kg⋅ m
Right panel width B2 := 400 ⋅ mm
( B1)
Space between mullions Bs.x := = 585 ⋅ mm
in x direction 2
( B2)
Space between mullions Bs.y := = 200 ⋅ mm
in y direction 2
Page 62 of 167
-------------
2.1 Mullion G1

4
Eal 4
2 ⋅ ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion G1

2 2.3
An1 := 775.074mm
2.3
2.3
2.3
Net area
Element B
y
Bounding box xc := 44.911mm 3 3

Element A
xo := −48.089mm
yc := 46.012mm
3
3
yo := −46.988mm
4
Ix1 := 421080.75mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 485816mm
Ix1
γx := = 23.31⋅ mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 25.04⋅ mm
An1
Page 63 of 167
Ix1 3 Ix1 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 8961.45 ⋅ mm Znx2 := = 9151.54 ⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 8961.45 ⋅ mm
Iy1 4 3 Iy1 4 3
Zny1 := = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 1.08 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Consider the case for bending moment about X-X axis & YY-axis
For element A

b
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Page 64 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
For element B
Distance from N.A to the yc := 21.5mm

Distance from N.A to the yo := −21.5mm
other edge
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if ≤ −1
 yo  yc
1 − y 
 c
g⋅ d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
ElementB = "fully compact"
Page 65 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLBx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
kLBy := kLBx = 1 kLAy := kLAx = 1


x-x axis

kmLy := min kLAy, kLBy = 1 )
y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
2
3
Elastic net section Znx = 8961.45 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3
Zny = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.21 × 10 ⋅ mm
3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx⋅ Znx = 8961.45 ⋅ mm
section modulus
4 3
Zeny := kmLy⋅ Zny = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
p o⋅ Zenx
po ⋅ Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 1.35⋅ kN⋅ m
γm
Page 66 of 167
Resistance to lateral torsional buckling need not be checked separately for square RHS

0.8⋅ d w1⋅ tw1
The factored shear capacity VRx1 := p v⋅ VRx1 = 8.17⋅ kN
γm
2.2 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion G1

The factored shear capacity VRy1 := VRx1 = 8.17⋅ kN
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
−1
Wind linear load for q wx := Wk⋅ Bs.x = 2.69⋅ kN⋅ m
x-direction
−1
Wind linear load for y q wy := Wk⋅ Bs.y = 0.92⋅ kN⋅ m
direction
Page 67 of 167
1 2
Max. bending moment for M ux := ⋅ qwx⋅ Ls M ux = 0.71⋅ kN⋅ m
x-x axis 8
1 2
Max. bending moment for M uy := ⋅ qwy⋅ Ls M uy = 0.24⋅ kN⋅ m
y-y axis 8
1
Max. shear force for x-x Vux := ⋅ q wx⋅ Ls Vux = 1.95⋅ kN
axis 2
1
Max. shear force for y-y Vuy := ⋅ q wy⋅ Ls Vuy = 0.67⋅ kN
axis 2

γaw⋅ M ux
Mullion G1 rate for km1 := = 0.89
x-x axis M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M uy
Mullion G1 rate for km2 := = 0.27
y-y axis M Rsy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw⋅ Vux
Mullion G1 rate for kv1 := = 0.36
x-x axis VRx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ Vuy
y-y axis VRy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
Page 68 of 167
3.3.1 Check for x-x axis
4
5qwx⋅ Ls
384Eal⋅ Ix1
∆lim_x := min , 20mm

Ls
Limited deflection ∆lim_x = 8.06⋅ mm
 180 
∆x
∆lim_x
3.3.1 Check for y-y axis

4
5q wy⋅ Ls
384Eal⋅ Ix1
∆lim_x := min , 20mm

Ls
 180 
∆x
∆lim_x
Page 69 of 167
Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
 c 

(β⋅ Wk⋅ B⋅ H) Fv1 = 0.74⋅ kN
n
Fv1
b⋅ t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.13
fv_st
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7⋅ t⋅ d ⋅ ( 235 ⋅ MPa ) Fv_d = 5.22⋅ kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.14
Fv_d
Page 70 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 06b Calculation of Mullion G2
1 Basic Infomation
90°陽角
1435 1375
25 1410 1350 25
25
857
2183
2258
1326
50
1.2 Loads
−3
−3
Gs := 7850⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gal := 2700⋅ kg⋅ m
( B1)
in x direction 2
( B2)
in y direction 2
Page 71 of 167
-------------
2.1 Mullion G2

4
Eal 4
2 ⋅ ( 1 + υ)

2
An1 := 775.074mm
Net area
Bounding box xc := 48.9107mm
xo := −44.0893 mm Element B
y
Element A
yc := 46.0118mm x
yo := −46.9882 mm
4
Ix1 := 421081mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 411964.5mm
Ix1
γx := = 23.31⋅ mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 23.05⋅ mm
An1
Page 72 of 167
Ix1 3 Ix1 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 8961.42 ⋅ mm Znx2 := = 9151.59 ⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 8961.42 ⋅ mm
Iy1 3 Iy1 3
Zny1 := = 9343.87 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 8422.79 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 8422.79 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
For element A

b
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Page 73 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
For element B

other edge
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if ≤ −1
 yo  yc
1 − y 
 c
g⋅ d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 74 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLBx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ


x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
2
3
Elastic net section Znx = 8961.42 ⋅ mm
modulus
3
Zny = 8422.79 ⋅ mm
4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx⋅ Znx = 8961.42 ⋅ mm
section modulus
3
Zeny := kmLy⋅ Zny = 8422.79 ⋅ mm
p o⋅ Zenx
po ⋅ Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 1.12⋅ kN⋅ m
γm
Page 75 of 167

0.8⋅ d w1⋅ tw1
γm
Page 76 of 167
2.2 Steel Stiffener G2a
Es 4
(
2 ⋅ 1 + υs )
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener G2a
2 Element B
An2 := 534.796mm
Net area y
Element A
x
xo := −20mm
yc := 20mm
yo := −20mm
4
Moment of inertia Ix2 := 110746mm
4
Iy2 := 110747mm
Ix2
γx := = 14.39⋅ mm
Radius of An2
gyration
Iy2
γy := = 14.39⋅ mm
An2
Ix2 3 Ix2 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 5537.3⋅ mm Znx2 := = 5537.3⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 5537.3⋅ mm
Iy2 3 Iy2 3
Zny1 := = 5537.35 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 5537.35 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 5537.35 ⋅ mm
3 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2⋅ Znx = 6644.76 ⋅ mm Sny := 1.2⋅ Zny = 6644.82 ⋅ mm
modulus
Page 77 of 167
275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5


b
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86


d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Page 78 of 167
An2⋅ D 2
( D + B)
0.6⋅ Av2
The factored shear capacity VRx2 := Py_235⋅ VRx2 = 37.7⋅ kN
γms


2

3
Plastic net section Snx = 6644.76 ⋅ mm
modulus
3
Sny = 6644.82 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
Py_235⋅ Sny
Page 79 of 167
D
B

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 151.6987
γy
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340 ⋅ 
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
Page 80 of 167
2.3 Steel Stiffener G2b
Es 4
( )
10
2 ⋅ 1 + υs
2.3.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener G2b
Element A
48.1
2
58.1
An3 := 1059.5mm
y
Net area
x
47.8
10
57.8
yc := 39.9366mm
yo := −18.2134 mm
4
4
Iy3 := 314973.7432mm
Ix3
γx := = 17.38⋅ mm
Radius of An3
gyration
Iy3
γy := = 17.24⋅ mm
An3
Ix3 4 3 Ix3 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 1.76 × 10 ⋅ mm Znx2 := = 8010.18 ⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 8010.18 ⋅ mm
Iy3 3 Iy3 4 3
Zny1 := = 7921.56 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 1.75 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 7921.56 ⋅ mm
3 3
modulus
Page 81 of 167
modulus

275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5

Element width b := 47.8mm

b
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86

Element depth d := 47.8mm

d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Page 82 of 167
Overall depth of section D := 47.8mm
Overall width of section B := 47.8mm
An3⋅ D 2
( D + B)
0.6⋅ Av3
γms


2

3
modulus
3
Sny = 9505.87 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
Py_235⋅ Sny
Page 83 of 167
D
B
Radius of gyration of γy = 17.242⋅ mm

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 126.6097
γy
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340 ⋅ 
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
2.4 Summary

The factored shear capacity VRx1 = 8.17⋅ kN
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener G2a

Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener G2b

Page 84 of 167
Rx3
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
−1
x-direction
−1
direction
1 2
x-x axis 8
1 2
y-y axis 8
1
axis 2
1
axis 2
Page 85 of 167
Ix1
mullion G2 for x-x Es Es
axis Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal x2
stiffener G2a for x-x axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal x3
stiffener G2b for x-x axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Iy1
Bending moment on M uy_1 := M uy⋅ = 0.44⋅ kN⋅ m
mullion G2 for y-y Es Es
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal y2
Bending moment on steel M uy_2 := M ux⋅ = 0.37⋅ kN⋅ m
stiffener G2a for y-y axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal y3
stiffener G2b for y-y axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
An1
mullion G2 An1 + An2 + An3
Page 86 of 167
An2
stiffener G2a An1 + An2 + An3
An3
stiffener G2b An1 + An2 + An3

γaw⋅ M ux_1
Mullion G2 rate for km1x := = 0.59
x-x axis M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1x < 1.0 = "OK")
γaw⋅ M ux_2
Mullion G2a rate for km2x := = 0.36
x-x axis M Rsx2
Result >> (
γaw⋅ M ux_3
Mullion G2b rate for km3x := = 0.72
x-x axis M Rsx3
Result >> (
γsw⋅ M uy_1
Mullion G2 rate for km1y := = 0.59
y-y axis M Rsy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1y < 1.0 = "OK")
γsw⋅ M uy_2
Mullion G2a rate for km2y := = 0.36
y-y axis M Rsy2
Result >> (
γsw⋅ M uy_3
Mullion G2b rate for km3y := = 0.71
y-y axis M Rsy3
Result >> (
Page 87 of 167
γaw⋅ Vuy_1
x-x axis VRx1
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK"
γaw⋅ Vuy_2
Mullion G2a rate for kv2 := = 0.03
x-x axis VRx2
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK"
γaw⋅ Vuy_3
Mullion G2b rate for kv3 := = 0.06
x-x axis VRx2
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv3 < 1.0 = "OK"
Page 88 of 167
4
5q wx⋅ Ls
 Es Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + Ix2 + ⋅ Ix3
Eal Eal
 
∆lim_x := min , 20mm

Ls
 180 
∆x
Ratio of deflection kdx := kdx = 0.66
∆lim_x
Result >> (
HENCE_ kdx < 1 = "OK")
4
5qwy⋅ Ls
Max. deflection ∆y := ∆y = 7.64⋅ mm
 Es Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + Ix2 + ⋅ Ix3
Eal Eal
 
∆lim_y := min , 20mm

Ls
Limited deflection ∆lim_y = 12.13⋅ mm
 180 
∆y
Ratio of deflection kdy := kdy = 0.63
∆lim_y
Result >> (
HENCE_ kdy < 1 = "OK")
Page 89 of 167
Total width of Window B := 1435mm + 1735mm = 3170 mm
Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
 c 

(β⋅ Wk⋅ B⋅ H) Fv1 = 1.13⋅ kN
n
Fv1
b⋅ t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.2
fv_st
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.22
Fv_d
Page 90 of 167
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 06c Calculation of Mullion G3
1 Basic Infomation
90°陽角
1175 1415
25 1150 1390 25
25
2850
2800
25
1.2 Loads
−3
−3
Gs := 7850⋅ kg⋅ m
−3
Gal := 2700⋅ kg⋅ m
( B1)
in x direction 2
( B2)
in y direction 2
Page 91 of 167
-------------
2.1 Mullion G3

4
Eal 4
2 ⋅ ( 1 + υ)

2
An1 := 775.074mm 2.3
Net area
2.3
2.3
Element B
3
Bounding box xc := 44.911mm y 3
Element A
xo := −48.089mm
yc := 46.012mm
3
3
yo := −46.988mm
2.3
4
Ix1 := 483013.25mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 485817.5mm
Ix1
γx := = 24.96⋅ mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 25.04⋅ mm
An1
Page 92 of 167
Ix1 4 3 Ix1 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.03 × 10 ⋅ mm
Iy1 4 3 Iy1 4 3
Zny1 := = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 1.08 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
4 3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3 4 3
modulus
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
For element A

b
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Page 93 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLAx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
For element B

other edge
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if ≤ −1
 yo  yc
1 − y 
 c
g⋅ d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 94 of 167
β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ ≤ 22
kLBx = 1
32 220
− if χ > 22
χ 2
χ


x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
2
4 3
Elastic net section Znx = 1.03 × 10 ⋅ mm
modulus
4 3
Zny = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3
modulus
4 3
Sny = 1.21 × 10 ⋅ mm
4 3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx⋅ Znx = 1.03 × 10 ⋅ mm
section modulus
4 3
Zeny := kmLy⋅ Zny = 1.01 × 10 ⋅ mm
p o⋅ Zenx
po ⋅ Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 1.35⋅ kN⋅ m
γm
Page 95 of 167

0.8⋅ d w1⋅ tw1
γm
Page 96 of 167
2.2 Steel Stiffener G3a
Es 4
(
2 ⋅ 1 + υs )
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener G3a
2 Element B
An2 := 534.796mm
Net area y
Element A
x
xo := −20mm
yc := 20mm
yo := −20mm
4
Moment of inertia Ix2 := 110746mm
4
Iy2 := 110747mm
Ix2
γx := = 14.39⋅ mm
Radius of An2
gyration
Iy2
γy := = 14.39⋅ mm
An2
Ix2 3 Ix2 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 5537.3⋅ mm Znx2 := = 5537.3⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 5537.3⋅ mm
Iy2 3 Iy2 3
Zny1 := = 5537.35 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 5537.35 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 5537.35 ⋅ mm
3 3
modulus
Page 97 of 167
275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5


b
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86


d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Page 98 of 167
An2⋅ D 2
( D + B)
0.6⋅ Av2
γms


2

3
modulus
3
Sny = 6644.82 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
Py_235⋅ Sny
Page 99 of 167
D
B

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 194.5746
γy
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340 ⋅ 
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
Page 100 of 167

2.3 Steel Stiffener G3b
Es 4
( )
10
2 ⋅ 1 + υs
2.3.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener G3b
Element A
48.1
2
58.1
An3 := 1059.5mm
y
Net area
x
47.8
10
57.8
yc := 39.9366mm
yo := −18.2134 mm
4
4
Iy3 := 314973.7432mm
Ix3
γx := = 17.38⋅ mm
Radius of An3
gyration
Iy3
γy := = 17.24⋅ mm
An3
Ix3 4 3 Ix3 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 1.76 × 10 ⋅ mm Znx2 := = 8010.18 ⋅ mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 8010.18 ⋅ mm
Iy3 3 Iy3 4 3
Zny1 := = 7921.56 ⋅ mm Zny2 := = 1.75 × 10 ⋅ mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 7921.56 ⋅ mm
3 3
modulus
Page 101 of 167

modulus

275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5


b
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 28.13 β1 = 30.29 β2 = 37.86

Element depth d := 47.8mm

d
t
(BS5950: Table 12)
β0 = 60.58 β1 = 75.72 β2 = 113.59
Page 102 of 167

Overall depth of section D := 47.8mm
Overall width of section B := 47.8mm
An3⋅ D 2
( D + B)
0.6⋅ Av3
γms


2

3
modulus
3
Sny = 9505.87 ⋅ mm
Py_235⋅ Snx
Py_235⋅ Sny
Page 103 of 167

D
B
Radius of gyration of γy = 17.242⋅ mm

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 162.3945
γy
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340 ⋅ 
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340 ⋅ 
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
2.4 Summary

Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener G3a

Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener G3b

Page 104 of 167

Rx3
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
−1
x-direction
−1
direction
1 2
x-x axis 8
1 2
y-y axis 8
1
axis 2
1
axis 2
Page 105 of 167

Ix1
mullion G3 for x-x Es Es
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal x2
stiffener G3a for x-x axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal x3
Bending moment on steel M ux_3 := M ux⋅ = 1 ⋅ kN⋅ m
stiffener G3b for x-x axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Iy1
Bending moment on M uy_1 := M uy⋅ = 0.61⋅ kN⋅ m
mullion G3 for y-y Es Es
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal y2
stiffener G3a for y-y axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
Es
⋅I
Eal y3
stiffener G3b for y-y axis Es Es
Ix1 + ⋅I + ⋅I
Eal x2 Eal x3
An1
mullion G3 An1 + An2 + An3
Page 106 of 167

An2
stiffener G3a An1 + An2 + An3
An3
stiffener G3b An1 + An2 + An3

γaw⋅ M ux_1
Mullion G3 rate for km1x := = 0.55
x-x axis M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1x < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw⋅ M ux_2
Mullion G3a rate for km2x := = 0.33
x-x axis M Rsx2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2x < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw⋅ M ux_3
Mullion G3b rate for km3x := = 0.66
x-x axis M Rsx3
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2x < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M uy_1
Mullion G3 rate for km1y := = 0.68
y-y axis M Rsy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1y < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M uy_2
Mullion G3a rate for km2y := = 0.33
y-y axis M Rsy2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2y < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw⋅ M uy_3
Mullion G3b rate for km3y := = 0.66
y-y axis M Rsy3
Result >> (
HENCE_ km3y < 1.0 = "OK" )
Page 107 of 167

γaw⋅ Vuy_1
x-x axis VRx1
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK"
γaw⋅ Vuy_2
Mullion G3a rate for kv2 := = 0.03
x-x axis VRx2
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK"
γaw⋅ Vuy_3
Mullion G3b rate for kv3 := = 0.06
x-x axis VRx2
Result >> ( )
HENCE_ kv3 < 1.0 = "OK"
Page 108 of 167

4
5q wx⋅ Ls
 Es Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + Ix2 + ⋅ Ix3
Eal Eal
 
∆lim_x := min , 20mm

Ls
 180 
∆x
Ratio of deflection kdx := kdx = 0.78
∆lim_x
Result >> (
HENCE_ kdx < 1 = "OK")
4
5qwy⋅ Ls
Max. deflection ∆y := ∆y = 14.64⋅ mm
 Es Es 
384Eal⋅  Ix1 + Ix2 + ⋅ Ix3
Eal Eal
 
∆lim_y := min , 20mm

Ls
Limited deflection ∆lim_y = 15.56⋅ mm
 180 
∆y
Ratio of deflection kdy := kdy = 0.94
∆lim_y
Result >> (
HENCE_ kdy < 1 = "OK")
Page 109 of 167

Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
 c 

(β⋅ Wk⋅ B⋅ H) Fv1 = 0.83⋅ kN
n
Fv1
b⋅ t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.15
fv_st
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.16
Fv_d
Page 110 of 167

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 07 Calculation of Mullion E
1 Basic Infomation
4630
25 1145 1145 1145 1145 25
25
800
1870
1070
2825
25
905
1.2 Loads
Wind load Wk := 3.27 KPa
-3 -3
Gravity density Gg := 2560 kg m Gs := 7850 kg m
-3
Gal := 2700 kg m
Right panel width B2 := 1145 mm
( B1 + B2)
Space between mullions Bs := = 1145 mm
2
Page 111 of 167

-------------
2.1 Mullion 1
Bending strength p o := Strength_ ( Alloy) p o = 160  MPa
Shear strength p v := Shearstrength_( Alloy) p v = 95 MPa
Bearing strength p a := Bearingstrength_ ( Alloy) p a = 175  MPa

4
Elastic moduli Eal = 7  10  MPa
Eal 4
Shear Modulus Ga := = 2.63  10  MPa
2  ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion E1

2
An1 := 827.7591mm
Net area 12.2 12.2
Element B
Bounding box xc := 38mm Element A

58.3
xo := -38mm
y
yc := 61.0542mm
x
yo := -58.9458 mm
56.1
2.3
4
Ix1 := 1160195.7639mm
Moment of inertia
2.3
4
Iy1 := 202029.8595mm
Ix1
γx := = 37.44 mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 15.62 mm
An1
I I
Page 112 of 167

Ix1 4 3 Ix1 4 3
modulus yo yc
( )
4 3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 1.9  10  mm
Iy1 3 Iy1 3
Zny1 := = 5316.58  mm Zny2 := = 5316.58  mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 5316.58  mm
4 3 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2 Znx = 2.28  10  mm Sny := 1.2 Zny = 6379.89  mm
modulus
Design Strength p o = 160  MPa
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Elastic Modulus Eal = 7  10  MPa
Consider the case for bending moment about X-X axis 12.2 12.2
Element B
For element B
Element A

58.3

y
Element thickness t := 2.3mm

56.1
b
Slenderness parameter β := β = 10.61 2.3
t
2.3
(BS8118: Table 4.3)

β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Page 113 of 167

A
β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ  22
kLAx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAx t teff = 2.3 mm
For element A
12.2 12.2

Element B
Element A
Distance from N.A to the yo := -56.1mm
58.3
other edge
y
56.1
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 114.4 mm
2.3
2.3
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if  -1
 yo  yc
1 - yc

 
g d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 114 of 167

β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ  22
kLBx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBx t teff = 2.3 mm

For element B
12.2 12.2

Element B
Element A
58.3
y
x
other edge
56.1
2.3
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 24.4 mm
2.3
yo yo
yc yc
0.8 yo
if  -1
 yo  yc
1 - 
yc
 
g d
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Page 115 of 167

β
curve C ε
kLAy := 1 if χ  22
kLAy = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLAy t teff = 2.3 mm
For element A
12.2 12.2
Element width b := 58.3mm + 56.1mm = 114.4 mm Element B
Element A
58.3
b
y
t x

(BS8118: Table 4.3)
56.1
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5 2.3
2.3
β
curve C ε
kLBy := 1 if χ  22
kLBy = 0.67
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness teff := kLBy t teff = 1.53 mm
Page 116 of 167


x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
Net area An1 = 827.76 mm
2
Effective area Ae. := An1 kmLx = 827.76 mm
4 3
Elastic net section Znx = 1.9  10  mm
modulus
3
Zny = 5316.58  mm
4 3
modulus
3
Sny = 6379.89  mm
4 3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx Znx = 1.9  10  mm
section modulus
3
Zeny := kmLy Zny = 3536.85  mm
p o Zenx
po  Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 0.47 kN m
γm
Page 117 of 167

γ := min γx , γy ) γ = 15.62 mm
Judge Buckling_checking := "is not needed" if Leff  ( 40 ε  γ)

(BS8118-4.5.6.2)
"is needed" if Leff > ( 40 ε  γ)

Leff
(BS8118-4.5.6.6) γ

BS 8118  al 
p s = N p 1 if λ > λ'1  π  S := Snx
  1  4 3
p1 S = 2.28  10  mm
p o = 160  MPa
p 1 := p o p 1 = 160  MPa
in which :
λ = 119.7
 1  γm = 1.2 γf := 1.2
N = ψ  1 - 1 - 
2 2
 λ'  ψ 
 1 - c λ'1 
1 + 
1 c
ψ= +
in which : 2  λ' 2 
 λ' 
and where : λ p1
λ' :=  λ' = 1.82
π Eal
Get Get
λ'1 := 0.6 c := 0.1

 1 - c λ'1 
1 + 
1 c
ψ := + ψ = 0.669
2  λ' 2 
 λ' 

N := ψ  1 - 1 -
1  N = 0.29
2 2
 λ'  ψ 
Page 118 of 167

2 2
 λ'  ψ 
 E  0.5
  al 
p's := N p 1 if λ > λ'1 π  p's = 45.85 MPa
 p  
therefore
  1 
p1 otherwise
(
p s := min p's , p 1 ) p s = 45.85 MPa
p s Snx
The factored moment M Rby1 := M Rby1 = 0.87 kN m
Overall depth of web d w1 := 24.4mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Overall depth of flange d f1 := 114.4mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Thickness of web tw1 := 2.3mm
Thickness of flange tf1 := 2.3mm

0.8 d w1 tw1
The factored shear capacity VRy1 := p v VRy1 = 3.55 kN
γm
Page 119 of 167

2.2 Steel Stiffener E2
Es 4
Shear Modulus Gs := = 8.08  10  MPa
(
2  1 + υs )
5
2.2.1 Section properties for Steel Stiffener E2

2
An2 := 475mm
Net area
y

x
95
xo := -2.5mm
yc := 47.5mm
yo := -47.5mm
4
4
Iy2 := 1008.5624mm
Ix2
γx := = 28.24 mm
Radius of An2
gyration
Iy2
γy := = 1.46 mm
An2
Ix2 3 Ix2 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 7975.5 mm Znx2 := = 7975.5 mm
modulus yo yc
( )
3
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 7975.5 mm
Iy2 3 Iy2 3
Zny1 := = 403.42 mm Zny2 := = 403.42 mm
xo xc
( )
3
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 403.42 mm
3 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2 Znx = 9570.6 mm Sny := 1.2 Zny = 484.11 mm
modulus
Page 120 of 167

Design Strength Py_235 = 235  MPa
275MPa
ε := ε = 1.08
Parameter ε Py_235
5
Elastic Modulus Es = 2.1  10  MPa
"Elastic" section is assumed for conservative design.

Shear area taken as : (h) solid bars and plates - CI.4.2.3 of BS 5950
2
Shear area Av2 := 0.9 An2 Av2 = 427.5 mm
0.6 Av2
The factored shear capacity VRy2 := Py_235 VRy2 = 60.28 kN
γms

2
Net area An2 = 475  mm

3
Plastic net section Znx = 7975.5 mm
modulus
3
Zny = 403.42 mm
Py_235 Znx
Py_235 Zny
The factored moment M Rsy2 := = 0.09 kN m
Page 121 of 167

D
B
Effective length Leff = 1870 mm
Radius of gyration of γy = 1.4572 mm

y-y axis
Leff
L.eff / γy = 1283.3261
γy
Limiting := 340  
275MPa 
 Py_235 
Leff
< 340  
Judge 275MPa 
(BS5950-4.3.6.1) γy
 Py_235 
Leff
> 340  
275MPa 
"is needed" if
γy 
 Py_235 
2.3 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion E1

The factored moment M Rby1 = 0.87 kN m

The factored moment M Rsx1 = 2.53 kN m

capacity
( )
M Rsy1 := min M Rsy1, M Rby1 = 0.47 kN m
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Steel Stiffener E2

Page 122 of 167

3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
Design wind load Wk = 3.27 kPa
-1
Wind linear load q w := Wk Bs = 3.74 kN m
1 2
Max. bending moment M ux :=  qw Ls M ux = 1.64 kN m
8
1
Max. shear force Vuy :=  q w Ls Vuy = 3.5 kN
2
Page 123 of 167

Ix1
Bending moment on M ux_1 := M ux = 0.83 kN m
Mullion E1 Es
Ix1 + I
Eal x2
Es
I
Eal x2
Bending moment on steel M ux_2 := M ux = 0.81 kN m
stiffener E2 Es
Ix1 + I
Eal x2
An1
Shear force on Vuy_1 := Vuy = 2.22 kN
Mullion E1 An1 + An2
An2
Shear force on steel Vuy_2 := Vuy = 1.28 kN
stiffener E2 An1 + An2

γaw M ux_1
Mullion E1 rate km1 := = 0.49
M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γsw M ux_2
Steel Stiffener E2 rate km2 := = 0.65
M Rsx2
Result >> (
HENCE_ km2 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw Vuy_1
Mullion E1 rate kv1 := = 0.94
VRy1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK")
γsw Vuy_2
Steel Stiffener E2 rate kv2 := = 0.03
VRy2
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv2 < 1.0 = "OK")
Page 124 of 167

4
5q w Leff
Max. deflection ∆x := ∆x = 3.71 mm
 Es 
384Eal  Ix1 +  Ix2
Eal
 
 Leff 
Limited deflection ∆lim_x := min , 20mm ∆lim_x = 10.39 mm
 180 
∆x
∆lim_x
Page 125 of 167

Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H) 
Number of fixing lugs n := 2  n = 43
 c 

(β Wk B H) Fv1 = 0.82 kN
n
Fv1
Shear stress τ1 := τ1 = 18.15 MPa
b t

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.15
fv_st
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7 t d  Py_235 Fv_d = 5.22 kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.16
Fv_d
Page 126 of 167

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 08 Calculation of Mullion F
1 Basic Infomation
56/96/M 屋宇結構及橋樑結構之安全及荷載規章
2100
25 2050 25
25
855
2130
2080
1225
25
125
1.2 Loads
Wind load Wk := 4.59 KPa
-3
Gravity density Gg := 2560 kg m
-3
Gs := 7850 kg m
-3
Gal := 2700 kg m
Right panel width B2 := 1025 mm
( B1 + B2)
Space between mullions Bs.x := = 1025 mm
2
Page 127 of 167

-------------
2.1 Mullion F1
Bending strength p o := Strength_( Alloy) p o = 160 MPa
Shear strength p v := Shearstrength_( Alloy) p v = 95 MPa
Bearing strength p a := Bearingstrength_( Alloy) p a = 175 MPa

4
Elastic moduli Eal = 7 10 MPa
Eal 4
Shear Modulus Ga := = 2.63 10 MPa
2 ( 1 + υ)
2.1.1 Section properties for Mullion F1

2
An1 := 569.2391mm
Net area 34.9 34.9
29.6
y
xo := -34.9mm x
Element A
64.4
yc := 29.5537mm
yo := -40.4463mm 40.4
Element B
4 18.3
Ix1 := 365559.5425mm
Moment of inertia
4
Iy1 := 109294.0824mm
Ix1
γx := = 25.34 mm
Radius of An1
gyration
Iy1
γy := = 13.86 mm
An1
Page 128 of 167

Ix1 3 Ix1 4 3
Elastic net section Znx1 := = 9038.15 mm Znx2 := = 1.24 10 mm
modulus yo yc
3
( )
Znx := min Znx1 , Znx2 = 9038.15 mm
Iy1 3 Iy1 3
Zny1 := = 3131.64 mm Zny2 := = 3131.64 mm
xo xc
3
( )
Zny := min Zny1 , Zny2 = 3131.64 mm
4 3 3
Plastic section Snx := 1.2 Znx = 1.08 10 mm Sny := 1.2 Zny = 3757.96 mm
modulus
Design Strength p o = 160 MPa
250MPa
ε := ε = 1.25
Quantity po
ε
4
Elastic Modulus Eal = 7 10 MPa

For element B

b
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 22.5 βo = 27.5
Element classification ElementA := "fully compact" if β β1
"semi-compact" if β1 < β βo
Page 129 of 167

β
curve C ε
kLAx := 1 if χ 22
kLAx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness t eff := kLAx t t eff = 2.3 mm
For element A

other edge
Element depth d := yc + yo d = 70 mm

yo yo
Stress gradient coefficient g := 0.7 + 0.3 if -1 < <1 g = 0.34
yc yc
0.8 yo
if -1
yo yc
1-
yc
gd
t
(BS8118: Table 4.3)
β1 = 7.5 βo = 8.75
Element classification ElementB := "fully compact" if β β1
"semi-compact" if β1 < β βo
Page 130 of 167

β
curve C ε
kLBx := 1 if χ 22
kLBx = 1
32 220
- if χ > 22
χ 2
χ
Effective thickness t eff := kLBx t t eff = 2.3 mm


x-x axis

y-y axis
about x-x axis
about y-y axis
2
Net area An1 = 569.24 mm
2
Effective area Ae. := An1 kmLx = 569.24 mm
3
Elastic net section Znx = 9038.15 mm
modulus
3
Zny = 3131.64 mm
4 3
Plastic net section Snx = 1.08 10 mm
modulus
3
Sny = 3757.96 mm
3
Effective elastic Zenx := kmLx Znx = 9038.15 mm
section modulus
3
Zeny := kmLy Zny = 3131.64 mm
p o Zenx
The factored moment M Rsx1 := = 1.21 kN m
po Zeny
M Rsy1 := = 0.42 kN m
γm
Page 131 of 167

Overall depth of web d w1 := 64.4mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Overall depth of flange d f1 := 18.3mm Make a conservatiive assumption from the section
Thickness of web t w1 := 2.3mm
Thickness of flange t f1 := 2.3mm

0.8 d w1 t w1
The factored shear capacity VRx1 := p v VRx1 = 9.38 kN
γm
2.2 Summary
Cross-Section Capacity & Shear Capacity for Mullion F1
The factored moment M Rsx1 = 1.21 kN m M Rsy1 = 0.42 kN m

The factored shear capacity VRy1 := VRx1 = 9.38 kN
3 Checking
3.1 Load analysis
Design wind load Wk = 4.59 kPa
-1
Wind linear load q wx := Wk Bs.x = 4.7 kN m
Page 132 of 167

1 2
Max. bending moment for M ux := qwx Ls M ux = 0.43 kN m
x-x axis 8
1
Max. shear force for x-x Vux := q Ls Vux = 2.01 kN
axis 2 wx

γaw M ux
Mullion F1 rate for km1 := = 0.54
x-x axis M Rsx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ km1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
γaw Vux
Mullion F1 rate for kv1 := = 0.32
x-x axis VRx1
Result >> (
HENCE_ kv1 < 1.0 = "OK" )
Page 133 of 167

4
5qwx Ls
Max. deflection Δx := Δx = 1.28 mm
384Eal Ix1
Ls
Limited deflection Δlim_x := min , 20mm Δlim_x = 4.75 mm
180
Δx
Δlim_x
Result >> HENCE_ ( k < 1 ) = "OK"
Page 134 of 167

Spacing c := 300mm
( B + H)
Number of fixing lugs n := 2 n = 33
c

(β Wk B H) Fv1 = 1.03 kN
n
Fv1
Shear stress τ1 := τ1 = 22.95 MPa
bt

lug
τ1
Ratio k := k = 0.18
fv_st
Design strength of nail Fv_d := 3.7 t d ( 235 MPa ) Fv_d = 5.22 kN
Fv1
Ratio k := k = 0.2
Fv_d
Page 135 of 167

Section 09 - Calculation for Multilocking Point
1. Design Description
Design Wind Pressure (Tower): 푤푘 = 4.59 푘푃푎
The largest operable window in tower should be SW.3
Window Code: SW.3

Window Width: 퐵 = 1500 푚푚
Window Height: 퐻 = 1000 푚푚
Wind Force on Access Window: 푊 = 푤푘 × 퐵 × 퐻 = 6.9 푘푁

Wind Load Factor: 훾푓 = 1.5
2. Locking Point
6-Point Locking System
Reaction Force: 퐹푤 = 푊 4 = 1.58푘푁 (4-point lock)
Locking Point Capacity: 푅푤 = 1800 푁 (from test report)
푅
Factor of Safety: 퐹푂푆 = 퐹푤 = 1.14 푶푲
푤
Page 136 of 167

QR-SY-251D
检　测　报　告
Test　Report
<
仅
用
于
投
样品名称：
标
锁块 Locking Plate
>
Sample Name
新
工程名称：
城
/
A区
Project Name
B1
质量管理中心--品质管理二部--铝
窗品质管理室
0地
委托单位： Quality management center－

Quality management department
段
Entrusted By
II－Aluminum window quality
公
management room
共
房
报告编号：
JC2112567
屋
Report No.
建
造
工
程
广东坚朗五金制品股份有限公司实验中心
Laboratory Center of Guangdong Kin Long Hardware Products Co.,Ltd.
声明：未经本实验室书面批准,不得复制本报告（全文复制除外）；如是委托方送样，本实
验中心仅对来样测试结果负责。如果报告内容的中英文文本间存在歧义，以中文文本为准。
Declaration:This document is not allowed to be copied by other company without the written grant
from us;If for consignor’s presented samples, the test center is only responsible for the test result of
the submitted samples. If there is any discrepancy between the Chinese and the English versions in
this test report, the Chinese version shall prevail.
地址：广东省东莞市塘厦镇大坪坚朗路3号
Address:No.3, Jian Lang Rd., Daping, Tangxia Town,Dongguan City,Guangdong Province,China
电话Tel:(+86-769)82166666 邮编Postcode:523722
网址Website:http:∥www.kinlong.com 传真Fax:(+86-769)-82955268
E-mail:mail@kinlong.com
Page 137 of 167
Laboratory Center of Guangdong Kin Long Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
检测报告
Test report
报告编号Test Report No.：JC2112567 共 2 页第 1 页　Total 2 pages, 1 of 2

.
质量管理中心--品质管理二部--铝窗品质
管理室
委托单位电话
Quality management center－Quality 84054
Entrusted by Telephone
management department II－Aluminum
window quality management room
广东省东莞市塘厦镇大坪坚朗路3号
地址 No.3, Jian Lang Rd., Daping, Tangxia 生产厂家 /
<
Address Town,Dongguan City,Guangdong Manufacturer

仅
Province,China
用
样品名称工程名称
锁块 Locking Plate /
Sample name Project name
于
型号规格送检日期
投
SK32B 2021-01-27
Model Presented date
标
样品数量检测日期
1 2021-01-28
>
Sample quantity Testing date

新
样品编号完成日期
2112567 2021-01-28
城
Sample No. Completion date

A区
样品状态批号
Sample 完好 In good condition /
Lot number
condition
B1
检测类别型式检验 Type inspection

0地
Test type
JG/T 126-2017　《建筑门窗五金件传动锁闭器》
检测依据
段
JG/T 126-2017　Building hardware for windows and doors-Espagnolette

Test standard gears
公
共
房
　　依据JG/T 126-2017　《建筑门窗五金件传动锁闭器》标准检验，所检项目评

屋
定见附表。According to JG/T 126-2017　Building hardware for windows and

doors-Espagnolette gears，the test items are as attached.
建
检测结论
（试验专用章）
造
Test result
（Special seal for test）
工
报告签发日期：2021-01-29
程
Date of issue：
备注产品分类 Product classification :无锁舌齿轮驱动式 Gear drive without

Remark locking tongue
批准人：审核人：主要检测人：
Approved by Checked by Main tester

职务（Position）：中心主任Director
Page 138 of 167
Laboratory Center of Guangdong Kin Long Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
检测报告
Test report
报告编号Test Report No.：JC2112567 共 2 页第 2 页　Total 2 pages, 2 of 2 .
序号检测项目技术要求检测结果判定

No. Test item Technical requirements Result Verdict
产品外露表面不应有明显疵点、划痕、气孔、凹
坑、飞边、锋棱、毛刺等缺陷。连接处应牢固、
圆整、光滑，不应有裂纹。符合要求
外表面合格
1 The surface of the product has no obvious Meet
Surface defect, nick, pore, concaved hole, flash, Pass
requirement
<
外观 sharp edge and burr etc. The joint should

仅
Appear be fastened, smooth and without any crack.

用
ance
镀层应致密、均匀，不应有漏镀、泛黄、烧焦等
于
缺陷。符合要求
镀层合格
2 The plating should be compact and uniform, Meet
投
Plating no base exposing、yellow discoloration Pass

requirement
标
scorch and so on.

>
锁点锁座抗破坏锁点、锁座承受（1800～1850）N破坏力后，各部
新
The lock point and 件无损坏。符合要求合格

3 the lock plate are After undertaken static force of （1800～ Meet
城
Pass
resistant to 1850）N，components of the lock point and requirement
A区
damage the lock plate should be intact.

B1
0地
段
公
共
房
屋
建
造
工
程
以　　下　　空　　白
Blank below
Page 139 of 167

Section 10 – Design Requirement of Watertightness, Air
Permeability & Wind Resistance
1. Design Requirement of Air Permeability (ASTM E283/E283M-19)

Requirement
 Air infiltration & exfifiltration rate should not exceed 1.008m3 /(m2 •hr) for fixed
units;
 Air infiltration & exfifiltration rate should not exceed 1.44m3 /(mꞏhr) for operable
windows;
For testing sample RW.6, the property of is shown as follow:
RW.6
The air infiltration & exfifiltration limit values were shown in below table:
For testing sample RW.8, the property is shown as follow:

RW.8
The air infiltration & exfifiltration limit values were shown in below table:
2. Design Requirement of Water Permeability (ASTM E331-00R2016 &

AAMA 501.1-2017)
Requirement
No uncontrolled water leakage should be observed. The occurrence of condensation during

the test is acceptable. Other water leakage is acceptable only if all the following condition is
satisfied.
(a) The water shall be contained and drained to exterior.
(b) There shall be no wetting at the interior room surfaces.
(c) There shall be no staining or other damage to any part of the completed building or its
furnishings.
Page 140 of 167

3. Design Requirement of Wind Resistance (ASTM E330/330M-14)
Requirement
The performance of the specimen is evaluated against the following criteria.
(a) The glass should not break.
(b) The deflection of the mullion and transom should not exceed 1/250 of the span or 20mm,
whichever is lesser.
(c) The glass deflection should not exceed 1/60 of the span.
Page 141 of 167

A M E R I C A N A R C H I T E C T U R A L
AAMA 501.1-17
Standard Test Method for

Water Penetration of
Windows, Curtain Walls
and Doors Using Dynamic
Pressure
M A N U F A C T U R E Page
R142Sof 167 A S S O C I A T I O N
•
1.0 SCOPE ........................................................................................................ 1
2.0 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................... 1
3.0 TEST SPECIMEN ........................................................................................ 1
4.0 TEST EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................... 1
5.0 CALIBRATION ............................................................................................ 2
6.0 TEST PROCEDURE ................................................................................... 3
7.0 REPORT ...................................................................................................... 5
AAMA. The Source of Performance Standards, Products Certification and

Educational Programs for the Fenestration Industry.
All AAMA documents may be ordered at our web site in the “Publications Store”.
©2017 American Architectural Manufacturers Association – These printed or electronic

pages may NOT be reproduced, republished or distributed in any format without the
express written consent of the American Architectural Manufacturers Association.
This document was developed and maintained by representative members of AAMA

as advisory information. AAMA DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
THIS INFORMATION, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL AAMA BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER FROM THE USE, APPLICATION OR ADAPTATION
OF MATERIALS PUBLISHED HEREIN. It is the sole responsibility of the
user/purchaser to evaluate the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any
information, opinion, advice or other content published herein.
AAMA 501.1-17
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: 1994
PRECEDING DOCUMENT: 501.1-05
PUBLISHED: 5/17
American Architectural Manufacturers Association

1900 East Golf Road, Suite 1250, Schaumburg, IL 60173 Page 143 of 167
PHONE (847) 303-5664
EMAIL CustomerService@aamanet.org WEBSITE www.aamanet.org
1.0 SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the equipment and procedures for testing exterior windows, curtain walls and doors for water
penetration using dynamic pressure.
Refer to AAMA 501 for applicability to sloped components
1.2 The primary units of measure in this document are metric. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The
values given in parentheses are for reference only.
1.3 This document was developed in an open and consensus process and is maintained by representative members of AAMA as
advisory information.
2.0 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

2.1 References to the standards listed below shall be to the edition indicated. Any undated reference to a code or standard appearing in
the requirements of this standard shall be interpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.
2.2 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE/SEI 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures
2.3 ASTM International (ASTM)
ASTM E331-00(2016), Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by
Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
ASTM E1105-15, Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights,
Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
3.0 TEST SPECIMEN

3.1 When this method is used in a laboratory the test specimen shall comply with the Section 8 requirements of ASTM E331.
3.2 When this test method is used on site the test specimen shall comply with Section 8 requirements of ASTM E1105.
4.0 TEST EQUIPMENT

4.1 When this method is used in laboratory a test chamber and water spray system shall be provided to comply with the requirements
of Section 6 of ASTM E331.
4.2 When this test method is used on site the test chamber (if used) and water spray system shall be provided to comply with the
requirements of Section 6 of ASTM E1105. In site applications, the use of a test chamber is not mandatory.
4.3 Pressure measurement apparatus-Device to measure static pressure differential across the test specimen within a tolerance of 2%
or ± 2.5 Pa (.01 in WC) whichever is greater.
4.4 A wind generating device, such as an aircraft propeller, shall be capable of producing a wind stream equivalent to the required
wind velocity pressure.
NOTE 1: Typically, wind generators used for this test have operational limitations, which limits the maximum wind velocity pressure
to 720 Pa (15 PSF).
The equivalent velocity pressure shall be calculated using the Ensewiler formula,
• For SI units, P = 0.613 V2

• For IP units, P= 0.00256 V2,
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 144 of 167 Page 1

where V = Wind Velocity in m/s (mph) and P = the equivalent velocity pressure in Pa (psf). The equation assumes the direction of the
wind is perpendicular to the test specimen. The equation also assumes that the barometric pressure is 760 mm (29.91 in) of HG, and
the temperature is 15°C (59°F).
NOTE 2: Coefficients of 0.613 and 0.00256 are referenced from Section 30.3.2 in ASCE/SEI 7-10.
The diameter of the wind generator shall be not less than one-half the greater dimension of the area to be tested, but is not required to
be more than 4100 mm (13 1/2 ft). The positioning of the wind generator shall be discussed and agreed with the test agency prior to
performing the test.
NOTE 3: If the mockup width or height is more than 2 times the diameter of the propeller additional tests may be required by
repositioning of the wind generator. If the diameter of the wind generator is equal to 4100 mm (13 1/2 ft) repositioning on the vertical
axis is not required.
Corner configurations may require a second test to properly test multiple elevations of a mockup. The positioning of the wind generator
shall be discussed and agreed with the test agency prior to performing the test. To test corner configurations, it is recommended that
the wind generator be positioned at a 45-degree angle with the longest orientation of the mockup and centered on the corner.
If mockup construction is the same on each elevation, testing may be limited to one elevation, typically the longest one. If mockup
construction varies on different elevations, a second wind generator location should be considered.
When this test method is used on site, repositioning of the wind generator should be done on a square grid of 2 times the diameter of
the propeller covering the entire surface to be tested.
5.0 CALIBRATION
5.1 The water spray system shall be calibrated in accordance with the requirements of Section 9 of ASTM E331 for laboratory tests or
Section 9 of ASTM E1105 for site tests.
5.2 The wind velocity developed by the wind generator shall be calibrated to establish the engine speed required to equate to the
specified test pressure. This calibration shall be performed using a wind speed measuring device (e.g. anemometer) mounted to a rigid
stand. The wind speed measuring device shall be capable of measuring wind velocity equivalent to industry standard test pressures as
indicated in Table 1. The rigid stand shall be secured in a location free of air flow obstruction. The wind speed measuring device shall
be positioned at a distance from the propeller equivalent to the distance required for the dynamic water test. Wind speed readings as
shown on Table 1 shall be recorded at the four designated locations as specified in Figure 1. The measurements must be recorded
within the 610 mm x 610 mm (2 ft x 2 ft) square located in each quadrant. Readings shall be monitored for a minimum of 60 seconds
with maximum or peak gust readings recorded at each of the four locations and used to calculate the average gust wind speed. The
average gust wind speed shall be within ± 1.1 m/s (± 2.5 mph) of the desired calculated wind speed.
5.3 Recalibration of the wind generator shall be at intervals deemed necessary in the judgment of the testing agency, at least annually.
The calibration of the wind generator shall account for the temperature and barometric pressure at the time of the test.
NOTE 4: Recalibrating is not required for every test provided that the wind generator to test the specimen spacing is the same as that
used in the calibration. The calibration of the wind generating device shall account for the temperature and barometric pressure at
the time of the test.
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 145 of 167 Page 2

Test Pressure Equivalent Wind Velocity
Pa (psf) m/s (mph)
300 (6.24) 22.1 (50)
380 (8.00) 24.9 (56)
480 (10.00) 28.0 (63)
580 (12.00) 30.8 (69)
720 (15.00) 34.3 (77)
TABLE 1: Wind Velocity vs. Equivalent Industry Standard Test Pressure
610 mm x 610 mm
(2 ft x 2 ft)
FIGURE 1: Required locations for wind speed readings during calibration
 The circle represents the circumference of the propeller of the wind generator.
 Divide the circle into four quadrants as shown.
 Locate the 610 mm x 610 mm (2 ft x 2 ft) measuring area as shown.
 Measure peak gust wind speed in each 610 mm x 610 mm (2 ft x 2 ft) area.
6.0 TEST PROCEDURE

6.1 The test specimen shall be installed in one face or as one face of the test chamber with the periphery joint sealed against water
leakage so that the outdoor face of the specimen will be subjected to both the dynamic wind stream and the water flow. All weep holes
in the specimen shall be left open.
6.2 Before the test is conducted, sufficient time shall be allowed to permit all sealants to achieve their proper cure as recommended by
the manufacturer.
6.3 Water shall be applied to the face of the specimen at a nominal rate of 3.4 L/m2min (5 gal/ft2h) measured at the face of the
specimen, in such a way as to completely and continuously cover the face.
6.4 Apply the specified dynamic wind stream and maintain this wind stream along with the specified water spray, for a period of not
less than fifteen (15) minutes.
6.5 For laboratory tests, provisions shall be made to ensure zero static pressure differential between the chamber and the exterior
ambient with a tolerance of ± 2.5 Pa (0.01 in. WC). This is typically accomplished by opening a test chamber door to the ambient
pressure during the dynamic test.
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 146 of 167 Page 3

6.6 For on-site tests, static pressure differential across the test specimen shall be measured and recorded at the time the test is performed.
When field conditions are such that measurement of the static pressure difference across the test specimen is impractical, the test report
shall provide a statement regarding the condition.
6.7 Any residual water observed on interior surfaces of the test specimen at the conclusion of the test and any water that penetrates the
innermost plane (parallel to the glazing) of the test specimen during the period of testing shall be noted and reported, stating both the
location and the quantity. For mockups segmented into multiple test areas due to size, the evaluation of water leakage shall be confined
to the respective area subject to testing.
6.7.1 Unless otherwise specified, unacceptable water penetration shall be defined as the following:
1. Per ASTM E331, as the visual appearance "of water beyond a plane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting the
innermost projection of the test specimen, not including interior trim and hardware, under the specified conditions of air pressure
difference across the specimen.”
2. The penetration of water through a perimeter detail and is not contained within drained flashing, gutters and sills incorporated
in the mockup installation.
3. For mockups less than or equal to 250 sq ft: the cumulative collection of more than 15 ml (1/2 oz.) of water on top of interior
members.
4. For mockups greater than 250 sq ft: the assessed cumulative collection of water per test shall be prorated for any additional
square footage.
5. No individual accumulation shall exceed 15 ml (1/2 oz.) regardless of the size of the mockup.
The formation of condensation during this test shall not be considered unacceptable water penetration.
FIGURE 2: Example #1 of the accumulation of 15 ml (1/2 oz) of water
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 147 of 167 Page 4

Figure 3: Example #2 of the accumulation of 15 ml (1/2 oz) of water
7.0 REPORT
The results of the test shall be reported in accordance with Section 12 requirements of ASTM E331 for laboratory tests or Section 13
of ASTM E1105 for site tests.
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 148 of 167 Page 5

Changes from AAMA 501.1-05 to AAMA 501.1-17
- Various editorial changes were made
- Updated the publication years for referenced documents
- Added reference to AAMA 501 for applicability to sloped components
- Section 1.0 Scope was updated
- Section 4.0 Test Equipment updated to clarify what to do for laboratory testing versus on-site testing
- New language added to Note 3
- Section 6.7.1 added to define unacceptable water penetration
- Added Figures 2 and 3 for images of acceptable water leakage
AAMA 501.1-17 Page 149 of 167 Page 6

American Architectural Manufacturers Association
1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550
Schaumburg, IL 60173
PHONE (847)303-5664
EMAIL webmaster@aamanet.org
WEBSITE www.aamanet.org
Page 150 of 167

An American National Standard
Designation: E 283 – 04

Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure
Differences Across the Specimen1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 283; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers a standard laboratory procedure 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
for determining the air leakage rates of exterior windows, E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
curtain walls, and doors under specified differential pressure E 783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage
conditions across the specimen. The test method described is Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
for tests with constant temperature and humidity across the
specimen. 3. Terminology
1.2 This laboratory procedure is applicable to exterior 3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this standard are defined in
windows, curtain walls, and doors and is intended to measure Terminology E 631.
only such leakage associated with the assembly and not the 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
installation. The test method can be adapted for the latter 3.2.1 air leakage rate (qA or ql), L/(s·m2) (ft3/min·ft2), or
purpose. L/(s·m) (ft3/min·ft)—the air leakage per unit of specimen area
(A) or per unit length of operable crack perimeter (l).
NOTE 1—Performing tests at non-ambient conditions or with a tem-
perature differential across the specimen may affect the air leakage rate. 3.2.2 extraneous air leakage (Qe), m3/s (ft3/min)—the vol-
This is not addressed by this test method. ume of air flowing per unit of time through the test chamber
and test apparatus, exclusive of the air flowing through the test
1.3 This test method is intended for laboratory use. Persons
specimen, under a test pressure difference and test temperature
interested in performing field air leakage tests on installed units
difference, converted to standard conditions.
should reference Test Method E 783.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Extraneous leakage is the sum of all
1.4 Persons using this procedure should be knowledgeable
leakage other than that intended to be measured by the test.
in the areas of fluid mechanics, instrumentation practices, and
3.2.3 specimen—the entire assembled unit submitted for
shall have a general understanding of fenestration products and
test as described in Section 7.
components.
3.2.4 specimen air leakage (Qs), L/s (ft3/min)—the volume
1.5 Throughout this test method, SI units are listed first in
of air flowing per unit of time through the specimen under a
accordance with E06 metric policy, and shall be considered the
test pressure difference and test temperature difference, con-
primary units. Non-SI units are provided in parenthesis for
verted to standard conditions.
reference purposes.
3.2.5 specimen area (A), m2 (ft2)—the area determined by
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the overall dimensions of the frame that fits into the rough
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
opening.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.6 standard test conditions—in this test method, dry air
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
at:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
Pressure—101.3 kPa (29.92 in. Hg)
statement see Section 7. Temperature—20.8°C (69.4°F)
Air Density—1.202 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
2
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approveed in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 283 – 91 (1999). the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Copyright ASTM International 1

Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM
Page 151Document
of 167 provided by IHS Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100,
07/16/2004 23:29:11 MDT Questions or comments about this message: please call
the Document Policy Group at 303-397-2295.
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E 283 – 04
FIG. 1 General Arrangement of the Air Leakage Apparatus
3.2.7 test pressure differences, Pa (lbf/ft2)—the specified 6. Apparatus

differential static air pressure across the specimen. 6.1 The description of the apparatus in this section is
3.2.8 total air flow (Qt), L/s (ft3/min)—the volume of air general in nature. Any suitable arrangement of equipment
flowing per unit of time through the test chamber and test capable of maintaining the required test tolerances is permitted.
apparatus, inclusive of the air flowing through the test speci- 6.2 Test Chamber—A well sealed box, wall, or other appa-
men, under a test pressure difference and test temperature ratus into or against which the specimen is mounted and
difference, converted to standard conditions. secured for testing. An air supply shall be provided to allow a
3.2.9 unit length of operable crack perimeter (l), m (ft)—the positive or negative pressure differential to be applied across
sum of all perimeters of operable ventilators, sash, or doors the specimen without significant extraneous losses. The cham-
contained in the test specimen, based on the overall dimensions ber shall be capable of withstanding the differential test
of such parts. Where two such operable parts meet the two pressures that may be encountered in this procedure. At least
adjacent lengths of perimeter shall be counted as only one one static air pressure tap shall be provided on each side of the
length. specimen to measure the test pressure differences. The pressure
tap shall be located in an area of the chamber in which pressure
4. Summary of Test Method
readings will not be affected by any supply air. The air supply
4.1 The test consists of sealing a test specimen into or opening to the chamber shall be located in an area in which it
against one face of an air chamber, supplying air to or does not directly impinge upon the test specimen.
exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required to 6.2.1 Supply Air System—A controllable blower, exhaust
maintain the specified test pressure difference across the fan, or reversible blower designed to provide the required air
specimen, and measuring the resultant air flow through the flow at the specified test pressure difference. The system should
specimen. provide essentially constant air flow at the specified test
pressure difference for a time period sufficient to obtain
5. Significance and Use
readings of air flow.
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining 6.2.2 Pressure Measuring Apparatus—A device to measure
the air leakage characteristics under specified air pressure the differential test pressures to 62 % of setpoint or 62.5 Pa
differences at ambient conditions. (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.
NOTE 2—The air pressure differences acting across a building envelope 6.2.3 Air Flow Metering System—A device to measure the
vary greatly. The factors affecting air pressure differences and the air flow into the test chamber or through the test specimen.
implications or the resulting air leakage relative to the environment within
buildings are discussed in the literature.3,4,5 These factors should be fully 7. Hazards
considered in specifying the test pressure differences to be used. 7.1 Precaution—Glass breakage may occur at the test
5.2 Rates of air leakage are sometimes used for comparison pressure differences applied in this test. Adequate precautions
purposes. Such comparisons may not be valid unless the should be taken to protect personnel.
components being tested and compared are of essentially the 8. Test Specimen
same size, configuration, and design.
8.1 The test specimen for a wall shall be of sufficient size to
determine the performance of all typical parts of the wall
3
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air- system. For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabri-
Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. ASHRAE cated units, the specimen width shall be not less than two
Handbook of Fundamentals, 1989.
4
typical units plus the connections and supporting elements at
Fluid Meters—Their Theory and Application, 5th Edition, 1959.
5
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St.,
both sides, and sufficient to provide full loading on at least one
New York, NY 10017. Power Test Code, 2nd Edition, 1956, Part 5, Chapter 4, “Flow typical vertical joint or framing member, or both. The height
Measurements.” shall be not less than the full building story height or the height

Page 152Document
E 283 – 04
of the unit, whichever is greater, and shall include at least on NOTE 5—At test pressure other than 75 Pa (1.57 psf), the laboratory
full horizontal joint, accommodating vertical expansion, such shall calibrate the airflow measuring equipment with the applicable orifice
joint being at or near the bottom of the specimen, as well as all plates and record the measurements at the specified pressure(s). Using
pressures greater than 75 Pa (1.57 psf) may not permit reproducibility
connections at top and bottom of the units. between laboratories, nor may it warrant meeting calibration tolerance
8.1.1 All parts of the wall test specimen shall be full size requirements as specified at 75 Pa (1.57 psf).
using the same materials, details, and methods of construction
and anchorage as used on the actual building. 9.5 The air flow measuring system shall be considered
8.1.2 Conditions of structural support shall be simulated as within the limits of calibration when the maximum air flow
accurately as possible. reading during testing does not exceed the highest calibrated
8.2 The test specimen for a window, door, or other compo- air flow value by 20 %. The air flow measuring system shall be
nent shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frame considered to be all piping and test chamber elements from the
and anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installation air flow measuring device to the orifice plate.
in the building. If only one specimen is to be tested the 9.6 The measured flow at each listed pressure for each
selection shall be determined by the specifying authority. orifice plate shall be determined with an error not greater than
6 5 % when the flow is greater than 0.944 L/s (2 ft3/min) or 6
NOTE 3—The air leakage rate is likely to be a function of size and
10 % when the flow is less than 0.944 L/s (2 ft3/min) but
geometry of the specimen.
greater than 0.236 L/s (0.5 ft3/min).
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
9. Calibration NOTE 6—At lower flows, a greater percentage of error will usually be
9.1 Calibration shall be performed by mounting a plywood acceptable. If higher precision is required, special flow measuring
or similar ridge blank to the test chamber in place of a test techniques are necessary. The accuracy of the specimen leakage flow
specimen, using the same mounting procedures as used for measurement is affected by the accuracy of the flowmeter and the amount
of extraneous leakage of the apparatus (Annex A1).
standard specimens. The blank shall be 19 6 3 mm (3⁄4 6 1⁄8
in.) thick with a 150-mm (6-in.) diameter hole(s) over which 9.7 Alternate means may be used for calibrating the air flow
NIST traceable orifice plates shall be mounted. The blank shall measuring system as long as they can be proven to provide the
be attached to a minimum 140 mm (5 1⁄2 in.) deep (nominal 2 same level of accuracy and are traceable to NIST.
3 6) pine test frame (buck) with dimensions 1220 mm wide by 9.8 Calibration shall be performed at least once every six
1830 mm high (4 ft wide by 6 ft high). The test frame and blank months using the method described above. Alternative orifice
shall be sealed at all joints. mounting conditions may be used during interim calibration
9.2 Each NIST traceable orifice plate shall be constructed of periods for air flow checking purposes.
3 mm (1⁄8 in.) thick stainless steel having an outside diameter
of 200 mm (8 in.) and interior square edge diameters of 25.40 10. Test Conditions
mm (1.000 in.), 38.10 mm (1.500 in.), and 50.80 mm (2.000
10.1 The specifying authority shall supply the following
in.).
information:
9.3 Fasten the orifice plate to the blank, centered over a
150–mm (6–inch) diameter hole. Seal the hole in the orifice 10.1.1 Specimen test size,
plate with a suitable adhesive tape so that an extraneous 10.1.2 Test pressure difference (if no value is designated, 75
reading on the air flow system can be obtained. Measure the Pa (1.57 lb/ft2)), and
amount of such leakage with the orifice plate sealed, at the air 10.1.3 Direction of air flow, exfiltration or infiltration. (If
pressure difference to be applied during calibration. After none is specified, the test shall be infiltration.)
determining the extraneous leakage, remove the adhesive tape 10.2 Air Leakage Rate—Basis for reporting air leakage rate
from the hole in the orifice plate and repeat the process to shall be total air leakage L/s (ft3/min), per unit length of
determine the total measured flow. operable crack perimeter, L/(s·m) (ft3/min·ft), and per unit area
9.4 Calibration of the air leakage test equipment shall of outside frame dimension, L/(s·m2) (ft3/min·ft2).
consist of determining the flow through the air flow system to
be calibrated using all applicable orifice plate sizes for the 11. Procedure
design range of the flow metering apparatus. The orifice plate 11.1 Remove any sealing material or construction that is not
to be used for each of the following air flow ranges is indicated normally a part of the assembly as installed in or on a building.
in Table 1. Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening. Instal-
NOTE 4—Three orifice plates are used to allow the air flow measuring lation should be such that no parts or openings of the specimen
equipment to be used for a variety of specimen sizes and chamber/wall are obstructed.
setups.
NOTE 7—Nonhardening mastic compounds or pressure sensitive tape
can be used effectively to seal the test specimen to the chamber, and to
TABLE 1 achieve air tightness in the construction of the chamber. These materials
Orifice Plate Nominal Differential Pressure can also be used to seal a separate mounting panel to the chamber. Rubber
Hole Sizes Flow Across Orifice Plate gaskets with clamping devices may also be used for this purpose, provided
25.4 mm (1.0 in.) 3.47 L/s (7.36 ft3/min) 75 Pa (1.57 psf) that the gasket is highly flexible and has a narrow contact edge.
38.1 mm (1.5 in.) 7.66 L/s (16.24 ft3/min) 75 Pa (1.57 psf)
50.8 mm (2.0 in.) 13.64 L/s (28.90 ft3/min) 75 Pa (1.57 psf) 11.2 Without disturbing the seal between the specimen and
the test chamber, adjust all hardware, ventilators, balances,

Page 153Document
E 283 – 04
sash, doors, and other components included as an integral part q A 5 Qs/A, L/~s · m2! ~ft3/ min · ft2! (5)
of the specimen so that their operation conforms to test method
requirements. 13. Report
11.3 To ensure proper alignment and weather seal compres- 13.1 Report the following information:
sion, fully open, close, and lock each ventilator, sash, or door 13.1.1 General—Testing agency, date and time of test, and
five times prior to testing. date of report.
11.4 Adjust the air flow through the test chamber to provide 13.1.2 Sample Description—Manufacturer, model, opera-
the specified test pressure difference across the test specimen. tion type, materials, and other pertinent information; descrip-
When the test conditions are stabilized, record the air flow tion of the locking and operating mechanisms if applicable;
through the flowmeter and the test pressure difference. This glass thickness, type and method of glazing; weather seal
measured air flow is designated the total air flow, Qt. Measure dimensions, type, and material; and crack perimeter and
the barometric pressure, and temperature of the air at the test specimen area.
specimen. 13.1.3 Drawings of Specimen—Detailed drawings of the
11.5 Eliminate extraneous chamber leakage, or, if this is specimen showing dimensioned section profiles, sash or door
impractical, measure the amount of such leakage with the dimensions and arrangement, framing location, panel arrange-
specimen sealed at the air pressure differences to be exerted ment, installation and spacing of anchorage, weatherstripping,
during the air leakage tests. Designate this measured air flow as locking arrangement, hardware, sealants, glazing details, and
the extraneous air flow, Qe. any other pertinent construction details. Any modifications
made on the specimen to obtain the reported test values shall be
12. Calculation
noted.
12.1 Express the total air flow, Qt, and the extraneous 13.1.4 Location of Air Seal—Detailed drawing showing the
leakage, Q e, in terms of flow at standard conditions, Q st, using air seal between the test specimen and the test chamber or
the Eq 1 and 2. mounting frame. The drawing shall clearly indicate the loca-
Qst 5 Q~W/Ws!1 / 2 (1) tion of the air seal relative to the specimen frame.
23
13.1.5 Test Parameters—List or describe the specified test
W 5 3.485 3 10 ~B/~T 1 273!! (2)
pressure difference(s), whether the tests were conducted for
where: infiltration or exfiltration, and whether a positive or negative
Q = airflow at non-standard conditions, L/s (ft3/min) test pressure was used.
Q st = airflow corrected to standard conditions, L/s (ft3/ 13.1.6 Pressure Differences and Leakage—A statement or
min) tabulation of the pressure differentials exerted across the
Ws = density of air at reference standard conditions— specimen during the test and the corresponding specimen air
1.202 kg/m3 (0.075 lb/ft3), leakage (Qs) and the two air leakage rates ( ql and qA).
W = density of air at the test site, kg/m3(lb/ft3), 13.1.7 Compliance Statement—A statement that the tests
B = barometric pressure at test site corrected for tem- were conducted in accordance with this test method, or a
perature, Pa (in. Hg), and complete description of any deviation from this test method.
T = temperature of air at flowmeter, °C (°F). When the tests are conducted to check for conformity of the
NOTE 8—Use the equation W = 1.326 (B/(T + 460)) for calculating in specimen to a particular performance specification, the speci-
inch-pound units (lb/ft3). fication shall be identified.
13.2 If several identical specimens are tested, the results for
12.2 Express the air leakage through the test specimen as
each specimen shall be reported, each specimen being properly
follows:
identified, particularly with respect to distinguishing features
Qs 5 Qt 2 Qe (3) or differing adjustment. A separate drawing for each specimen
where: shall not be required if all differences between the specimens
Q s = air leakage through the test specimen, L/s (ft3/min), are noted on the drawings provided.
at standard conditions.
14. Precision and Bias
12.3 Calculate the rate of air leakage for the test specimen
according to 12.3.1 and 12.3.2. 14.1 The precision and bias of this test method has not been
12.3.1 To calculate ql rate of air leakage per unit of length of determined.
operable crack perimeter use Eq 4:
15. Keywords
ql 5 Qs/l, L/~s · m! ~ft 3/min · ft! (4) 15.1 air leakage; curtain walls; doors; fenestration; labora-
12.3.2 To calculate qA rate of air leakage per unit area: tory method; static pressure chamber; windows
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Page 154Document
E 283 – 04
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. ERRORS IN WINDOW AIR LEAKAGE MEASUREMENT
A1.1 Terminology A1.3.1 According to 6.2.3, the air flow through the test
A1.1.1 Symbols: specimen is to be determined with an error no greater than
A1.1.1.1 Qs = air flow through specimen. DQs/Qs = 65 % if the extraneous leakage is accurate to DQ
A1.1.1.2 Qts = total air flow. es/Qes = 610 % and Qes is 10 % of Qs, then the contribution of
A1.1.1.3 Qes = extraneous air flow. the extraneous leakage to the overall error in Eq 2 is 6 1 %.
A1.1.1.4 D = delta. (Note that the error attributed to the extraneous leakage
determination is a function not only of the accuracy of the flow
NOTE A1.1—Symbols A1.1.1.1-A1.1.1.4 have been converted to stan-
dard conditions.
meter used in the determination, but also of the constancy of
the leakage from the time of determination to the time of test.)
A1.2 In the apparatus using a supply air system, Qs = Qts − The error contributed by the flow meter to the total error is then
Qes, the extraneous air leakage (Qes) represents all the air limited to 4 %, but because Qts = Qs + Qes = 1.10 Qs the
leakage leaving the chamber which does not pass through the accuracy required of the flowmeter is:
S D
specimen proper. This includes leakage passing through the Qts 4
chamber walls and around the specimen mounting. When the D Q 5 1.1 % 5 3.6 % (A1.2)
t
mounting panel is used, leakage between the chamber and the
panel contributes to extraneous leakage. The extraneous leak- A1.3.2 It is seen that the major factor affecting the accuracy
age flow is a function of the pressure difference between the required of the flowmeter is the proportion of Qes to Qs. If
chamber and the room, which is also the test specimen DQes/Qes remains at 610 %, but Qts is 50 % of Qs, the error
difference. contributed by the extraneous leakage becomes 5 % and no
error can be tolerated in the flowmeter if the conditions of 6.2.5
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A1.3 The total error in the specimen flow determination are to be met—with Qes in excess of 50 % it is impossible to
(neglecting errors in the air density determination) is as achieve the required overall limit of error. Likewise, if the
follows: extraneous leakage is eliminated, the flowmeter error can be as
DQs/Qs 5 [DQts/~Qts · Qes!# 6 [DQes/~Qts · Qes!# (A1.1) great as 5 %.

Page 155Document
E 283 – 04
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
--``,,,,``,```,`,,,`,,``,``,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Page 156Document
An American National Standard

Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors,
Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference1
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be

1.1 This test method describes the determination of the considered as requirements of the standard.
structural performance of exterior windows, doors, skylights, 2. Referenced Documents 2
and curtain walls under uniform static air pressure differences,
using a test chamber. This test method is applicable to curtain 2.1 ASTM Standards:
wall assemblies including, but not limited to, metal, glass, E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3
masonry, and stone components. E 997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in
1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the
structural performance associated with the specified test speci- Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive Meth-
men and not the structural performance of adjacent construc- ods3
tion. E 998 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in
1.3 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of
of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement. Uniform Static Loads by Nondestructive Method3
1.4 This test method describes the apparatus and the proce- E 1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
dure to be used for applying uniformly distributed test loads to Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Air Pressure
a specimen. Differential3
1.4.1 Procedure A (see 11.2) shall be used when a load- E 1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass
deflection curve is not required. in Buildings3
1.4.2 Procedure B (see 11.3) shall be used when a load- E 1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
deflection curve is required. Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials4
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information E 1996 Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
only. Curtain Walls, Doors, and Storm Shutters Impacted by
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Windborne Debris in Hurricanes4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2.2 ASCE Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Structures5
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
statements, see Section 7.
1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
which provide explanatory materials. These notes and foot-
2
Additional information on curtain wall assemblies can be obtained from the
American Architectural Manufacturers’ Association, 1827 Walden Office Square,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173.
3
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
4
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.12.
5
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally Available from The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 330 – 97e1. Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191.
1
Page 157 of 167
E 330 – 02
3. Terminology history of load, magnitude, duration, and repetition. These
factors are discussed in ASCE 7 and in the literature (1-8).6
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
5.2 Design wind velocities are selected for particular geo-
nology E 631, unless otherwise indicated.
graphic locations and probabilities of occurrence based on data
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: from wind velocity maps such as are provided in ASCE 7.
3.2.1 design wind load—the uniform static air pressure These wind velocities are translated into uniform static air
differences, inward and outward, for which the specimen pressure differences and durations acting inward and outward.
would be designed under service load conditions using con- Complexities of wind pressures, as related to building design,
ventional wind engineering specifications and concepts, ex- wind intensity versus duration, frequency of occurrence, and
pressed in pascals (or pounds-force per square foot). This other factors must be considered. Superimposed on sustained
pressure is determined by either analytical or wind-tunnel winds are gusting winds which, for short periods of time from
procedures (such as are specified in ASCE 7). a fraction of a second to a few seconds, are capable of moving
3.2.2 permanent deformation, n—the displacement or at considerably higher velocities than the sustained winds. The
analytical procedures in ASCE 7, wind tunnel studies, com-
change in dimension of the specimen after the applied load has
puter simulations, and model analyses are helpful in determin-
been removed and the specimen has relaxed for the specified
ing the appropriate design wind loads on exterior surface
period of time.
elements of buildings. Generally, wind load durations obtained
3.2.3 proof load—a test load multiplied by a factor of safety. from ASCE 7 are 2 to 10 s and are dependent upon the specific
3.2.4 stick system, n—a curtain wall assembly composed of time reference employed in determining the pressure coeffi-
individually framed continuous members, vertical mullions, cients.
and horizontal rails that are installed in a sequential, piece-by- 5.3 Some materials have strength or deflection characteris-
piece process. The completed system is assembled entirely in tics that are time dependent. Therefore, the duration of the
the field. applied test load may have a significant impact on the
3.2.5 structural distress—a change in condition of the performance of materials used in the test specimen. The most
specimen indicative of deterioration or incipient failure, such common examples of materials with time-dependent response
as cracking, local yielding, fastener loosening, or loss of characteristics that are used are glass, plastics, and composites
that employ plastics. For this reason, the strength of an
adhesive bond.
assembly is tested for the actual time duration to which it
3.2.6 test load—the specified difference in static air pressure would be exposed to a sustained or a gust load, or both, as
(positive or negative) for which the specimen is to be tested, discussed above. Generally, U.S. practice for wind load testing
expressed in pascals (or pounds-force per square foot). has been to require a minimum test period of 10 s for test loads
3.2.7 test specimen, n—the entire assembled unit submitted equal to the design wind load and proof loads equal to 1.5
for test (as described in Section 8). times the design wind load. Thus a safety factor is incorporated
3.2.8 unit/panel system, n—a curtain wall assembly com- in the testing. With test loads for wind higher than those
posed of pre-assembled groups of individual framing members. determined by ASCE 7 or of longer time duration than 10 s, the
The completed system is designed to be modular, transport- designer must consider what safety factors are appropriate. For
able, and installed as a finished assembly. test loads that represent design loads other than wind, such as
snow load, consideration shall be given to establish an appro-
4. Summary of Test Method priate test period for both design and proof load testing.
5.4 This standard is not intended to account for the effect of
4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen windborne debris or cyclic loads. Consideration of cyclic air
into or against one face of a test chamber, supplying air to or pressure differentials is addressed in Test Method E 1233.
exhausting air from the chamber according to a specific test Consideration of windborne debris in combination with cyclic
loading program, at the rate required to maintain the test air pressure differential representing extreme wind events is
pressure difference across the specimen, and observing, mea- addressed in Test Method E 1886 and Specification E 1996.
suring, and recording the deflection, deformations, and nature 5.5 This test method is not intended for use in evaluating the
of any distress or failures of the specimen. structural adequacy of glass for a particular application. When
the structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the
5. Significance and Use procedure described in Test Method E 997 or E 998 shall be
used.
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining
structural performance under uniform static air pressure differ- NOTE 1—In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that
ence. This typically is intended to represent the effects of a the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function
of fabrication, installation, and adjustment. The specimen may or may not
wind load on exterior building surface elements. The actual truly represent every aspect of the actual structure. In service, the
loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction,
wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape,
terrain, surrounding structures, and other factors. The resis-
tance of many windows, curtain walls, and door assemblies to 6
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to
wind loading is also complex and depends on the complete this test method.
2
Page 158 of 167
E 330 – 02
temperature, and on the resistance of components to deterioration by 6.2.4 Deflection-Measuring System, to measure deflections
various other causes, including vibration, thermal expansion and contrac- within a tolerance of 60.25 mm (60.01 in.).
tion, etc.
6.2.4.1 For Procedure A, any locations at which deflections
6. Apparatus are to be measured shall be stated by the specifier.
6.2.4.2 For Procedure B, maximum and end deflections of at
6.1 The description of the apparatus is general in nature; any
least one of each type of principal member not directly and
equipment capable of performing the test procedure within the
continuously supported by surrounding construction shall be
allowable tolerances is permitted.
measured. Additional locations for deflection measurements, if
6.2 Major Components (see Fig. 1):
required, shall be stated by the specifier.
6.2.1 Test Chamber, or a box with an opening, a removable
6.2.4.3 When deflections are to be measured, the deflection
mounting panel, or one open side in which or against which the
gages shall be installed so that the deflections of the compo-
specimen is installed. Provide a static pressure tap to measure
nents can be measured without being influenced by possible
the pressure difference across the test specimen. Locate the tap
movements of, or movements within, the specimen or member
so that the reading is unaffected by the velocity of air supplied
supports.
to or from the chamber or by any other air movements. The air
6.2.4.4 For proof load tests, permanent deformation can be
supply opening into the chamber shall be arranged so that the
determined by the use of a straightedge-type gage applied to
air does not impinge directly on the test specimen with any
the members after preloading and again after the test load has
significant velocity. A means shall be provided to facilitate test
been removed.
specimen adjustments and observations. The test chamber or
the specimen mounting frame, or both, must not deflect under
the test load in such a manner that the performance of the 7. Hazards
specimen will be affected. 7.1 Take proper precautions to protect the observers in the
6.2.2 Air System, a controllable blower, a compressed-air event of any failure. Considerable energy and hazard are
supply, an exhaust system, or reversible controllable blower involved at the pressures used in this test method.
designed to provide the required maximum air-pressure differ- (Warning—At the pressure used in this test method, consid-
ence across the specimen. The system shall provide an essen- erable hazards are involved. Do not permit personnel in
tially constant air-pressure difference for the required test negative pressure chambers during tests.)
period.
8. Test Specimens
NOTE 2—It is convenient to use a reversible blower or a separate
pressure and exhaust system to provide the required air-pressure differ- 8.1 Curtain wall test specimens shall be of sufficient size
ence so that the test specimen can be tested for the effect of wind blowing and configuration to determine the performance of all typical
against the wall (positive pressure) or for the effect of suction on the lee parts of the system and to provide full loading on each typical
side of the building (negative pressure) without removing, reversing, and vertical and horizontal framing member, including building
reinstalling the test specimen. If an adequate air supply is available, a
corner details and end joints, if applicable. For multistory
completely airtight seal need not be provided around the perimeter of the
test specimen and the mounting panel, although it is preferable. However, systems, the specimen height shall not be less than two full
substantial air leakage will require an air supply of much greater capacity building stories plus the height necessary to include at least one
to maintain the required pressure differences. full horizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion. If
6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring Apparatus, to measure the test water testing is to be performed on the test specimens, at least
pressure difference within a tolerance of 62 % or 62.5 Pa one full horizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion
(60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater. shall be included and located in the bottom third of the
specimen. The specimen shall include all typical expansion
joints, connections, anchorages, and supporting elements in-
cluding those at the top, bottom, and both sides of the
specimen. Where the largest system or building wall is smaller
than that required herein, the largest system or full size
building wall shall be tested. (See Figs. 2 and 3 for optional
specimen configurations.)
8.1.1 All parts of the curtain wall test specimen shall be full
size, using the same materials, details and methods of construc-
tion, and anchorage as used on the actual building.
8.1.2 Conditions of structural support shall simulate, as
accurately as possible, the structural conditions of the actual
building. Separate tests of anchorage systems using the actual
anchor substrates shall be conducted when specified.
8.2 A window, door, or other wall component test specimen
shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frame and
anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installation in
the building, or as set forth in a referenced specification, if
FIG. 1 General Arrangement of Testing Apparatus applicable.
3
Page 159 of 167
E 330 – 02
10. Required Information
10.1 In specifying this test method, the following informa-
tion shall be supplied by the specifying authority:
10.1.1 Procedure A:
10.1.1.1 The positive and negative test and proof loads,
10.1.1.2 The duration of test and proof loads, and
10.1.1.3 The number and location of deflection measure-
ments required, if any.
10.1.2 Procedure B:
10.1.2.1 The number of incremental loads and the positive
and negative test loads at these increments at which deflection
measurements are required,
10.1.2.2 The duration of incremental and maximum test
loads, and
10.1.2.3 The number and location of required deflection
measurements.
11. Procedure
11.1 Preparation—Remove from the test specimen any
sealing or construction material that is not to be used when the
assembly is installed in or on a building. Fit the specimen into
or against the chamber opening. The outdoor side of the
specimen shall face the higher pressure side for positive loads;
the indoor side shall face the higher pressure side for negative
loads. Support and secure the specimen by the same number
NOTE 1—Width of typical specimen if no corners are included in and type of anchors used in installing the unit in a building, or
system or project. if this is impractical, by the same number of other comparable
NOTE 2—Include vertical expansion joint corners and end (jamb) fasteners, located in the same way as in the intended installa-
conditions in test specimen if such items are part of system or project wall. tions.
If water testing is to be performed, place one expansion joint in lower third
11.1.1 If air flow through the test specimen is such that the
of specimen.
NOTE 3—See 8.1.2 for structural support requirements at specimen specified pressure cannot be maintained (for example, flow in
perimeter. excess of blower equipment capacity), then the cracks and
FIG. 2 Typical Stick-System Test Specimen Concept joints through which air leakage is occurring shall be sealed
using tape or other means that will effectively stop the leakage
8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the selection shall of air. The means to stop air leakage shall not restrict any
be determined by the specifying authority. relative movement between specimen components. As an
alternative, cover the entire specimen and mounting panel with
NOTE 3—Since performance is likely to be a function of size and
a single thickness of polyethylene film no thicker than 0.05 mm
geometry, select specimens covering the range of sizes to be used in a
building. In general, it is recommended that the largest size or most (0.002 in.). The technique of application is important to ensure
heavily or critically loaded of a particular design, type, construction, or that the maximum load is transferred to the specimen and that
configuration be tested. It is also recommended that the largest lite or the membrane does not prevent movement or failure of the
panel in a system or building be used at each side of a horizontal or specimen. Apply the film loosely with extra folds of material at
vertical framing member. The glass in a specimen should be of the same each corner and at all offsets and recesses. When the load is
thickness and heat-treatment condition as to be used in the system or applied, there shall be no fillet caused by tightness of plastic
building. Glass stronger than that to be used in a system or building should
film.
not be used in a test specimen. Practice E 1300 should be used to verify
that the selected glass will meet the specified loads. Fully sealed roof 11.2 Procedure A—Use the following procedure when a
coping details do not have to be included in a specimen unless specified. load-deflection curve is not required:
11.2.1 Check the specimen for proper adjustment. For
9. Calibration operable specimens, open, close, and lock each ventilator, sash,
9.1 All pressure and deflection measuring devices, except or door five times after adjustments and prior to testing.
manometers and mechanical deflection measuring devices, 11.2.2 Install any required deflection-measuring devices at
shall be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s their specified locations.
specification, in accordance with the tolerance provided in 11.2.3 Apply a pre-load of one half of the test load and hold
Section 6, but in any event, not more than six months prior to for 10 s. Release the pressure difference across the specimen
testing. Calibration of manometers and mechanical deflection and, after a recovery period to allow stabilization of the test
measuring devices are normally not required, provided the specimen, zero-out deflection-measuring devices. The recovery
instruments are used at a temperature near their design tem- period for stabilization shall not be less than 1 min nor more
perature. than 5 min at zero load.
4
Page 160 of 167
E 330 – 02
NOTE 1—Width of typical specimen if no corners are included in system or project.

NOTE 2—Include vertical expansion joint corners and end (jamb) conditions in test specimen if such items are part of system or project wall. If water
testing is to be performed, place one expansion joint in lower third of specimen.
NOTE 3—See 8.1.2 for structural support requirements at specimen perimeter.
FIG. 3 Typical Unit/Panel System Test Specimen Concept
11.2.4 Unless otherwise specified, apply and maintain the 11.2.11 If glass breakage occurs at any test load, carefully
test load for not less than 10 s. Record deflection readings. examine the test specimen to determine the cause of the
11.2.5 Reduce the pressure difference to zero and, after a breakage. If the breakage was caused by deformation or failure
recovery period to allow stabilization of the test specimen, of the supporting frame of the glass, by loosening or failure of
record permanent deformation. The recovery period for stabi- any fasteners, or by damage to the glass caused by interaction
lization shall not be less than 1 min nor more than 5 min at zero between the glass and its supporting elements, record the
load. findings and discontinue the test. If the breakage was not
11.2.6 Repeat steps 11.2.3 through 11.2.5 for the test load in caused by any of the above named structural problems, replace
the opposite loading direction. the glass using the original fasteners and continue the test at the
11.2.7 In the opposite direction of the previous test load, load where glass breakage occurred. If new structural elements
apply a pre-load of one half of the proof load and hold for 10 or fasteners are used instead of the original ones, repeat the
s. Release the pressure difference across the specimen and,
entire test.
after a recovery period to allow stabilization of the test
specimen, zero-out deflection-measuring devices. The recovery NOTE 4—The probability of glass breakage is directly related to the
period for stabilization shall not be less than 1 min nor more duration of the load on the glass. To reduce the probability of glass
than 5 min at zero load. breakage during the testing, the load application time (time to apply,
11.2.8 Unless otherwise specified, apply and maintain the maintain, and release load) should be minimized.
proof load for not less than 10 s. 11.3 Procedure B—Use the following procedure when the
11.2.9 Reduce the pressure difference to zero and, after a determination of a load-deflection curve is required:
recovery period to allow stabilization of the test specimen,
record permanent deformation. The recovery period for stabi- 11.3.1 Follow 11.2.1 and 11.2.2.
lization shall not be less than 1 min, nor more than 5 min at 11.3.2 Apply a load of one half of the specified maximum
zero load. test load and hold for 10 s unless otherwise specified. Release
11.2.10 Repeat steps 11.2.7 through 11.2.9 for the proof the pressure difference across the specimen and, after a
load in the opposite loading direction. recovery period to allow stabilization of the test specimen,
5
Page 161 of 167
E 330 – 02
zero-out deflection-measuring devices. The recovery period for 12.1.6 Procedure A—A tabulation of pressure differences
stabilization shall not be less than 1 min nor more than 5 min exerted across the specimen, their durations during all tests,
at zero load. and the deflections and permanent deformations at locations
11.3.3 Apply the load in the number of increments specified specified for each specimen tested.
up to the specified maximum test load. The specifier shall 12.1.7 Procedure B—A tabulation of the number of test load
determine the number of increments to be used in this test, not increments, the pressure differences exerted across the speci-
to be less than four approximately equal increments to maxi- men at these increments, their durations, the pertinent deflec-
mum test load. At each increment, unless otherwise specified, tions at these pressure differences, and permanent deformations
apply and maintain the full test load for 10 s, unless otherwise at locations specified for each specimen tested.
specified, and record pertinent deflection readings. 12.1.8 The duration of maximum test loads, including
11.3.4 Release the pressure difference and, after a recovery incremental loads for Procedure B.
period to allow stabilization of the test specimen, record 12.1.9 A record of visual observations of performance.
permanent deformation. The recovery period for stabilization 12.1.10 When the tests are made to check conformity of the
shall not be less than 1 min nor more than 5 min at zero load. specimen to a particular specification, an identification or
11.3.5 When the behavior of the specimen under load description of that specification.
indicates that sudden failure may occur and damage the 12.1.11 A statement that the tests were conducted in accor-
measuring devices, the deflection measuring devices may be dance with this test method, or a full description of any
removed and the load continuously increased until the maxi- deviations from this test method.
mum test load or the maximum load that can be sustained is 12.1.12 A statement as to whether or not tape or film, or
reached. At this point, release the load and after a recovery both, were used to seal against air leakage, and whether in the
period to allow stabilization of the test specimen, record judgment of the test engineer, the tape or film influenced the
permanent deformation. The recovery period for stabilization results of the test.
shall not be less than 1 min nor more than 5 min at zero load. 12.1.13 The name of the author of the report.
11.3.6 If glass breakage occurs, follow the procedure de- 12.1.14 The names and addresses of both the testing agency
scribed in 11.2.11. that conducted the tests and the requester of the tests.
12.1.15 Ambient conditions, including temperature, before
12. Report and during tests.
12.1.16 Signatures of persons responsible for supervision of
12.1 Report the following information: the tests and a list of official observers.
12.1.1 Date of the test and the report. 12.1.17 Other data, useful to the understanding of the test
12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, source report, as determined by the laboratory or specifier, shall either
of supply, dimensions, model types, material, specimen selec- be included within the report or appended to the report.
tion procedure, and other pertinent information). 12.2 If several essentially identical specimens of a compo-
12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen, showing dimen- nent are tested, results for all specimens shall be reported, each
sioned section profiles, sash or door dimensions and arrange- specimen being properly identified, particularly with respect to
ment, framing location, panel arrangement, installation and distinguishing features or differing adjustments. A separate
spacing of anchorage, weatherstripping, locking arrangement, drawing for each specimen will not be required if all differ-
hardware, sealants, glazing details, test specimen sealing meth- ences between them are noted on the drawings provided.
ods, and any other pertinent construction details. Any deviation
from the drawings or any modifications made to the specimen 13. Precision and Bias
to obtain the reported values shall be noted on the drawings and 13.1 No statement is made either on the precision or bias of
in the report. this test method for measuring structural performance, since
12.1.4 For window and door components, a description of this method merely states whether or not the test specimen
the type, quantity, and location(s) of the locking and operating sustained the loads applied and otherwise conformed to the
hardware. criteria specified for success.
12.1.5 Glass thickness and type, and method of glazing.
Include in the report a statement that, “No conclusions of any 14. Keywords
kind regarding the adequacy or inadequacy of the glass in the 14.1 curtain wall; deflection; deformation; distress; door;
test specimen are to be drawn from the test.” load; pressure chamber; specimen; support; window
6
Page 162 of 167
E 330 – 02
REFERENCES
(1) Wind Loading and Wind-Induced Structural Response, American Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1976.
Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, New York, NY, 1987. (6) Simiu, E., and Scanlan, R. H., Wind Effects on Structures, Second
(2) Design Wind Loads for Buildings and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Edition, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.
Testing, AAMA, CW-11-1985, American Architectural Manufacturers
(7) Minor, J. E., “Windborne Debris and the Building Envelope,” Journal
Association, Schaumburg, IL 60173.
(3) Sachs, Peter, Wind Forces in Engineering, Pergamon Press, Maxwell of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol 53, 1994, pp.
House, Elmsford, NY 10523, 1972. 207–227.
(4) MacDonald, A. J., Wind Loading on Buildings, Applied Sciences (8) Letchford, C. W., and Norville, H. S., “Wind Pressure Loading Cycles
Publishers, Ltd., Barking, Essex, England, 1975. for Wall Cladding During Hurricanes,” Journal of Wind Engineering
(5) Houghton, E., and Carruthers, N., Wind Forces on Buildings and and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol 53, 1994, pp. 189–206.
(www.astm.org).
7
Page 163 of 167

Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,
and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference1
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis- 3.2.1 specimen, n—the entire assembled unit submitted for
tance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors test as described in Section 8.
to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face 3.2.2 test pressure difference, n—the specified difference in
and exposed edges simultaneously with a uniform static air static air pressure across the closed and locked or fixed
pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the specimen expressed as pascals (lbf/ft2).
indoor face. 3.2.3 water penetration, n—penetration of water beyond a
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or plane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting the
to windows, skylights, or doors alone. innermost projection of the test specimen, not including
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a interior trim and hardware, under the specified conditions of air
manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly, pressure difference across the specimen. For products with
but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have non-planer glazing surfaces (domes, vaults, pyramids, etc.) the
adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such plane defining water penetration is the plane defined by the
as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method innermost edges of the unit frame.
does not address these issues.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge
of the principles of pressure measurement. 4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the into or against one face of a test chamber, supplying air to or
standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units may be exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required to
approximate. maintain the test pressure difference across the specimen, while
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the spraying water onto the outdoor face of the specimen at the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the required rate and observing any water penetration.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard 5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining
statements see 7.1. the resistance to water penetration under uniform static air
pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across
2. Referenced Documents a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully
2.1 ASTM Standards: considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions2 used.
NOTE 1—In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that
3. Terminology the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms relating to of proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will also
building construction used in this test method, see Terminology depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of
E 631. components to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expan-
sion and contraction, etc. It is difficult to simulate the identical complex
wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-
1 blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increas-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
ing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Some
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors. designs are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published December 2000 . Originally NOTE 2—This test method does not identify unobservable liquid water
published as E 331 – 67. Last previous edition E 331 – 96. which may penetrate into the test specimen.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
1
Page 164 of 167
E 331 – 00
6. Apparatus the specimen. The system must provide essentially constant
6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general in airflow at a fixed pressure for the required test period.
nature and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform- 6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring Apparatus—A device to measure
ing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances is the test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62 % or 62.5
permitted. Pa (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.
6.2.4 Water-Spray System—The water-spray system shall
6.2 Major Components (Fig. 1):
deliver water uniformly against the exterior surface of the test
6.2.1 Test Chamber—A test chamber or box with an open- specimen at a minimum rate of 3.4 L/m2·min (5.0 U.S.
ing, a removable mounting panel, or one open side in which or gal/ft2·h).
against which the specimen is installed and sealed. At least one 6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spaced
static pressure tap shall be provided to measure the chamber on a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance from the test
pressure, and shall be so located that the reading is unaffected specimen, and shall be adjustable to provide the specified
by the velocity of the air supply to or from the chamber. The air quantity of water in such a manner as to wet all of the test
supply opening into the chamber shall be arranged so that the specimen uniformly and to wet those areas vulnerable to water
air does not impinge directly on the test specimen with any penetration. If additional nozzles are required to provide
significant velocity. A means of access into the chamber may uniformity of water spray at the edge of the test specimen, they
be provided to facilitate adjustments and observations after the shall be equally spaced around the entire spray grid.
specimen has been installed.
6.2.2 Air System—A controllable blower, compressed air 7. Hazards
supply, exhaust system, or reversible blower designed to 7.1 Warning—Glass breakage will not normally occur at
provide the required maximum air-pressure difference across the small pressure differences applied in this test. Excessive
NOTE 1—For a negative pressure system, the water-spray grid would be located outside the chamber and the air supply would be replaced by an
air-exhaust system.
FIG. 1 General Arrangement of the Water Leakage Apparatus Positive Chamber System
2
Page 165 of 167
E 331 – 00
pressure differences may occur, however, due to error in test specimen. The calibration device is illustrated in Fig. 2.
operation or when the apparatus is used for other purposes such The catch box shall be designed to receive only water
as structural testing; therefore, exercise adequate precautions to impinging on the plane of the test specimen face and to exclude
protect personnel. all run-off water from above. The box shall be 610 mm (24 in.)
square, divided into four areas each 305 mm (12 in.) square.
8. Test Specimen Use a cover approximately 760 mm (30 in.) square to prevent
8.1 Test specimens shall be of sufficient size to determine water from entering the calibration box before and after the
the performance of all typical parts of the fenestration system. timed observation interval. The water impinging on each area
For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabricated units, shall be captured separately. A spray that provides at least 1.26
the specimen width shall be not less than two typical units plus L/min (20 gal/h) total for the four areas and not less than 0.25
the connections and supporting elements at both sides, and L/min (4 gal/h) nor more than 0.63 L/min (10 gal/h) in any one
sufficient to provide full loading on at least one typical vertical square shall be acceptable.
joint or framing member or both. The height shall be not less 9.1.1 The water-spray system shall be calibrated at both
than the full building-story height or the height of the unit, upper corners and at the quarter point of the horizontal center
whichever is greater, and shall include at least one full line (of the spray system). If a number of identical, contiguous,
horizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion, such joint modular spray systems are used, only one module need be
being at or near the bottom of the specimen, and all connec- calibrated. The system shall be calibrated with the catch boxes
tions at the top and bottom of the units. at a distance within 650 mm (2 in.) of the test specimen
8.1.1 All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, using location from the nozzle. The reference point for location of the
the same materials, details, and methods of construction and spray system from the specimen shall be measured from the
anchorage as used on the actual building. exterior glazing surface of the specimen farthest from the spray
8.1.2 Conditions of structural support shall be simulated as system nozzles. The water spray shall be installed parallel to
accurately as possible. the plane of the specimen. Recalibrate at intervals of not more
8.2 Window, skylight, door, or other component test speci- than six months.
mens shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frame
10. Information Required
and anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installation
in the building. 10.1 The test-pressure difference or differences at which
8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the selection shall water penetration is to be determined, unless otherwise speci-
be determined by the specifying authority. fied, shall be 137 Pa (2.86 lbf/ft2).
10.2 Unless otherwise specified, failure criteria of this test
NOTE 3—It should be recognized, especially with windows, that per-
method shall be defined as water penetration in accordance
formance is likely to be a function of size and geometry. Therefore, select
specimens covering the range of sizes to be used in a building. In general, with 3.2.3. Failure also occurs whenever water penetrates
the largest size of a particular design, type, construction, and configuration through the perimeter frame of the test specimen. Water
to be used should be tested. contained within drained flashing, gutters, and sills is not
considered failure.
9. Calibration
9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the require- 11. Procedure
ments of 6.2.4 shall be checked by using a catch box, the open 11.1 Remove any sealing material or construction that is not
face of which shall be located at the position of the face of the normally a part of the assembly as installed in or on a building.
FIG. 2 Catch Box for Calibrating Water-Spray System
3
Page 166 of 167
E 331 – 00
Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening with the ment, framing location, panel arrangement, installation and
outdoor side of the specimen facing both the high pressure side spacing of anchorage, weatherstripping, locking arrangement,
of the chamber and the water spray, and in such a manner, that hardware, sealants, glazing details, angle from the horizontal
no joints or openings are obstructed. Skylight specimens shall for skylights. and any other pertinent construction details. Any
be tested at the minimum angle from the horizontal for which modifications made on the specimen to obtain the reported
they are designed to be installed. Seal the outer perimeter of the values shall be noted on the drawings.
specimen to the chamber wall and seal at no other points. 12.1.4 For window, skylight, and door components, a de-
scription of the locking and operating mechanism.
NOTE 4—Nonhardening mastic compounds or pressure-sensitive tape
can be used effectively to seal the test specimen to the chamber opening, 12.1.5 Identification of glass thickness and type, and
to seal the access door to the chamber, and to achieve airtightness in the method of glazing.
construction of the chamber. These materials can be used to seal a separate 12.1.6 Type or types of weatherstrip.
mounting panel to the chamber. Rubber gaskets with clamping devices 12.1.7 A statement or tabulation of pressure difference or
may also be used for this purpose provided that the gasket is highly differences exerted across the specimen and temperature during
flexible and has a small contact edge. the tests and water application rates during the test.
11.2 Without disturbing the seal between the specimen and 12.1.8 A record of all points of water penetration on the
the test chamber, adjust all operable units included in the test indoor face of the test specimen, and of water penetration as
specimen so that their operation conforms to the specification defined in 3.2.3.
requirements. Adjust all hardware for maximum tightness 12.1.9 When the tests are made to check the conformity of
without interfering with their operation. the specimen to a particular specification, an identification or
11.3 Submit each operable unit to five cycles of opening, description of that specification shall be included.
closing, and locking prior to testing. 12.1.10 A statement that the test or tests were conducted in
11.4 Adjust the water spray to the specified rate. accordance with this test method, or a complete description of
11.5 Apply the air-pressure difference within 15 s and any deviations from this test method.
maintain this pressure, along with the specified rate of water 12.2 If several identical specimens of a component are
spray, for 15 min. tested, the results for all specimens shall be reported, each
11.6 Remove the air-pressure difference and stop the water specimen being properly identified, particularly with respect to
spray. distinguishing features or differing adjustments. A separate
11.7 Observe and record the points of water penetration, if drawing for each specimen shall not be required if all differ-
any. ences between them are noted on the drawings provided.
12. Report 13. Precision and Bias
12.1 Report the following information: 13.1 No statement is made either on the precision or bias of
12.1.1 Date of test and date of report. this test method for measuring water penetration since the
12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, source result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria
of supply, dimensions, model, type, materials, and other specified for success.
pertinent information).
12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen that provide a 14. Keywords
description of the physical characteristics including dimen- 14.1 curtain walls; doors; skylights; water penetration;
sioned section profiles, sash or door dimensions and arrange- windows
(www.astm.org).
4
Page 167 of 167

(SIGNED) B10-CAL-Structrual Calculation For Aluminium Window & Door - 2022.08.21 - Submission Revision 03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(SIGNED) B10-CAL-Structrual Calculation For Aluminium Window & Door - 2022.08.21 - Submission Revision 03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STRUCTURAL CALCULATION

ALUMINIUM WINDOW & DOOR

TOU CHON HOU

Principle of Choosing Window 3

Section 01 Calculation of Wind Load 7

Section 02 Calculation for Glass 9

Section 03 Calculation of Mullion A 17

Section 04 Calculation of Mullion B 34

Section 05 Calculation of Mullion C 45

Section 06a Calculation of Mullion G1 62

Section 06b Calculation of Mullion G2 71

Section 06c Calculation of Mullion G3 91

Section 07 Calculation of Mullion E 111

Section 08 Calculation of Mullion F 127

Section 09 Calculation for Multilocking Point 136

Section 10 Design Requirement of Watertightness, Air Permeability

Unit (MPa) Bending (po) Shear (pv) Local capacity (pa)

Modulus of elasticity E = 70000 MPa

More information refers to calculation detail

Q 235, Minimum yield strength p� = 235 MPa

Poisson’s ratio in elastic stage v = 0.3

More information refers to calculation detail

For Aluminium frame of windows and doors:

For Glass unit due to wind load:

5. Reference Codes and Standards

Design Wind Load (kPa)

SUMMARY for x-x moment

SUMMARY for y-y moment

1 Code and Specifications

2 Calculation of Podium Wind Load

Podium height Hp  18.6m

Effectove height He.p  Hp  Hg  13.6m

The negative pressure of

The negative pressure of

The postive pressure  

Design Wind Load (Podium) 

Tower height Ht  96.9m

Effectove height He.t  Ht  Hg  91.9 m

The negative pressure of

The negative pressure of

The postive pressure  

Design Wind Load (Tower) 

1. Calculation for Glass 1

1.2. Glass Configuration

Window code PW.12

Shorter Side a = 2150 mm

Four sides supported

According to ASTM E1300-2016,

1.4. Check for Glass

Short Dimension a = 2150 mm

Non-Factored Load 1 NFL1 = 1.60 kPa

1.4.2. Glass Type Factor

Glass Type Factor 1 GTF1 = 3.6

1.4.3. Load Share Factor

Nominal thickness of out pane to = 8 mm

Maximum Deflection dmax = 31.6 mm

For inner pane (6mm):

Maximum Deflection dmax = 25.5 mm

Window code CW.11

Shorter Side a = 1330 mm

Four sides supported

According to ASTM E1300-2016,

2.3. Check for Glass