Fuel and Lubricants

(AMT 2103) MIDTERM MODULE

 Module 02:
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS, REQUIREMENTS
AND FUNTIONS

• INTRODUCTION
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• LECTURE/DISCUSSION
• ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
• REFERENCE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Ref. no Page
Introduction 1
7
Requirements and 1
8
Properties of
Lubricants
Functions of 1&2
14
Lubricants
Enrichment Activity 20
Honesty Clause 21
Rubrics 22
 TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/06/typ
es-of-aviation
1

.Aeronautics Guide , Aircraft Engine Lubrication Systems

Retrived from
2
https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/04/engine-lubrication-
systems.html
TIMEFRAME:

You should be able to complete this module including all the self-
assessments, research, and other performance tasks within 2 hours.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
CLO1. Able to describe the
production, characteristics and
types of aircraft fuels, lubricants
and greases.
CLO2. The students will be able
to classify the types of fuel,
lubricants and greases used in
different types of aircraft.
Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
Topic Learning Outcomes
MLO1. State the different [TLO]
properties of lubricants.
TLO1. Distinguish the properties
MLO2. Able to identify the
of lubricants.
different requirements and
functions of lubricants. TLO2. Identify the importance of
knowing the properties of
lubricants.
INTRODUCTION
This module covers the properties of lubricants,
requirements and its function. Lubricants has a major
role in maintenance especially to mechanical process to
maintain good operation. As an maintenance personnel
it is important for us to know this matter.
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS
Lubricants must have the following main characteristics:
• Keep surfaces separate under all loads, temperatures
and speeds, thus minimizing friction and wear.
• Act as a cooling fluid removing the heat produced by
friction or from external sources
• Remain adequately stable in order to guarantee constant
behavior over the forecasted useful life
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS

• Protect surfaces from the attack of aggressive products

formed during operation.
• Show cleaning capability and dirt holding capacity in
order to remove residue and debris that may be form
during operation.
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS
The main properties of lubricants, which are usually
indicated in the technical characteristics of the product,
are:
• Viscosity
• Viscosity index
• Pour point
• Flash point
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS

• VISCOSITY
Viscosity describes the flow behavior of a fluid. The
viscosity of lubricating oils diminishes as temperature rises
and consequently is measured at a given temperature (e.g.
40°C). The viscosity of a lubricant determines the thickness
of the layer of oil between metallic surfaces in reciprocal
movement. The most widely used unit of measurement of
viscosity is the centistokes (cSt).
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS
• VISCOSITY INDEX
The viscosity index is a characteristic used to indicate variations in
the viscosity of lubricating oils with changes in temperature. The higher the
level of the viscosity index, the lower the variation in viscosity at
temperature changes.
Consequently, if two lubricants with the same viscosity are considered at a
temperature of 40 °C, the one with the higher viscosity index will
guarantee:

ØBetter engine start up at low temperatures (lower internal friction)

ØA higher stability of the lubricating film at high temperatures
REQUIREMENTS AND PROPERTIES OF
LUBRICANTS
• POUR POINT
The pour point refers to the minimum temperature at which a
lubricant continues to flow. Below the pour point, the oil tends to
thicken and to cease to flow freely.
• FLASH POINT
The flash point is the minimum temperature at which an oil-
vapor-air-mixture becomes inflammable. It is determined by
progressively heating the oil-vapor-air-mixture in a standard
laboratory receptacle until the mixture ignites.
FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICATING OIL
•Lubricating oil is often considered to be
the life blood of an engine. Without it,
the friction and wear pro-duced between
moving parts would cause an engine to
wear at a very rapid rate.
• In addition to reducing friction, lubricating oil is
responsible for removing a great deal of engine heat.
If fact, without an ample supply of oil, most
reciprocating engines will overheat. Additional
functions of lubricating oils include creating a seal
between moving parts, cushioning impact forces
created by combustion, cleaning the engine, and
protecting against corrosion.
REDUCE FRICTION

• Many of the metal parts inside an aircraft engine have surfaces which
appear smooth to the naked eye. However, if you were to microscopically
examine those same parts, you would see a rather rough surface consisting
of several peaks and valleys.
• Figure 9-1. Engine parts that appear smooth to the naked eye reveal rough surfaces
under a microscope. Lubricating oil separates these surfaces and minimizes wear.
ABSORBS HEAT
• In addition to reducing friction and wear, oil
absorbs some of the heat produced by combustion
as it circulates through the engine. The pistons and
cylinder walls are especially dependent on
lubricating oil for cooling. However, once the oil
heats up, a means of cooling the oil must be
provided. Therefore, several engine lubrication
systems con-tain an oil cooler.
Therefore, several engine lubrication systems con-tain an oil cooler. An oil
cooler is basically a heat exchanger that transfers the heat contained in the oil
to the outside air.
SEALS
Oil also exhibits excellent wetting characteristics
because the oil film has an ability to evenly coat metal
surfaces. This characteristic of oil makes it a good
sealing agent between moving parts. For example, the
oil film on cylinder walls forms an effective seal with the
piston rings in a cylinder. This helps prevent gas leakage
during the combustion process.
CUSHIONS
The same characteristic of oil that makes it a good
sealing agent also provides a cushioning effect
between metal parts. For example, the thin film of
oil between a rocker arm and its bushing absorbs
some of the hammering shock from the valve action.
The cushioning action also helps reduce some of the
impact force between a crankshaft and its
connecting rods.
CLEANS
The oil in a lubrication system also reduces engine wear
by serving as a cleaning agent. As the oil circulates, it
picks up foreign particles such as dirt, dust, carbon, and
small amounts of water. These particles are held in
suspension by the oil and carried to a filter where they
are trapped and removed.
PROTECTS AGAINST CORROSION
Metal engine parts which are exposed to moist air and
various chemicals have a tendency to rust or form
other types of surface corrosion. This is especially true
for cylinder walls and crankshafts which have been
hardened by nitriding. The oil film which coats internal
engine parts acts as a barrier, prevent-ing oxygen and
moisture from reaching the metal surface and causing
it to corrode.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Identify the different properties,
requirements and functions of lubricants
then explain the importance of knowing
this factors as an aircraft maintenance.
REFERENCES
• https://www.eni.com/
• https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/06/ty
pes-of-aviation
• fuel.html#:~:text=A%20relatively%20new%20A
VGAS%20fuel,the%20World%20War%20II%20er
a.
 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Instruction: Answer the following question in a paragraph form.

Identify the different classification of

lubricants and Describe each.

You have 20 min to finish the activity

Honesty Clause

My signature below constitutes my pledge that all of the writing is my own work, with the exception of
those portions which are properly documented.

________________________ _____________________
Students Name and Signature Parent/Guardian Signature
 ESSAY RUBRIC
CRITERIA INADEQUATE(Belo ADEQUATE(Meets ABOVE EXEMPLARY(Far SCORE
w Standard)65%-74% Standard)75%-84% AVERAGE(Exceeds Exceeds
Standard)85%-92% Standard)93%-100%
Organization Writing lacks logical Writing is coherent and Writing is coherent Writing shows high
organization. It logically organized. and logically degree of attention to
shows some Some points remain organized with logic and reasoning
coherence but ideas misplaced and stray transitions used of points. Unity
lack unity. Serious from the between ideas and clearly leads the
errors. topic.Transitions paragraphs to create reader to the
evident but not used coherence. Overall conclusion and stirs
throughout essay. unity of ideas is thought regarding the
present. topic.
Level of Content Shows some thinking Content indicates Content indicates Content indicates
and reasoning but thinking and reasoning original thinking and synthesis of ideas, in-
most ideas are applied with original develops ideas with depth analysis and
underdeveloped and thought on a few ideas. sufficient and firm evidences original
unoriginal. evidence. thought and support
for the topic.
Development Main points lack Main points are present Main points well Main points well
detailed development. with limited detail and developed with developed with high
Ideas are vague with development. Some quality supporting quality and quantity
little evidence of critical thinking is details and quantity. support. Reveals high
critical thinking. present. Critical thinking is degree of critical
weaved into points. thinking.
Grammar Spelling, punctuation, Most spelling, Essay has few Essay is free of
&Mechanics and grammatical punctuation, and spelling, punctuation, distracting spelling,
errors create grammar are correct and grammatical punctuation, and
distraction, making allowing reader to errors allowing grammatical errors;
reading difficult; progress the essay. reader to follow ideas absent of fragments,
fragments, comma Some errors remain. clearly. Very few comma splices, and
splices, run-ons fragments or run-ons. run-ons.
evident. Errors are
frequent.

GRADE(score/4)