Hydraulic Machines

MPE 321
By
Prof.Dr. Mohamed El-Kadi
Dr. Ismail Mohamed Sakr
ismailsakr@yahoo.com
Power Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Menoufia University
32511, Shebin El-kom
EGYPT.
 References
1- Mahesh Kumar, “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines”, Pearson India Education Services Pvt.
Ltd, 2019.
2-Mohd. Kaleem Khan, “Fluid Mechanics and
Machinery”, Oxford University Press, 2015.
3- Marc Borremans, “Pumps and Compressors”,
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2019.
4- R. K. Rajput ,”A TEXTBOOK OF FLUID
MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES”, S.
CHAND & COMPANY LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW
DELHI, 2019.
System of the Centrifugal Pump
 Pressure changes in pumps
ApplyB.E b / wA and B E

PA VA2 PB VB2
+ + ZA = + + ZB + h ls
 2g  2g D

PB VB2
+ + ZB − ZA + h ls = 0.0 C
 2g B

PB Ps P1 Vs2
= = = H m.s = −( + H s.s + h ls )
   2g
1

A
 Apply B.E. B/W B and C
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + H th = + + H Limp
 2g  2g
p 2 − p1 V12 V22
= H th + − − H Limp
 2g 2g
p 2 − p1 V12 V22
H imp (act ) = = H th + − − H Limp 2
 2g 2g
V1 V2
p 2 − p1 V22
H imp (act ) = = H th − − H Limp
 2g
B.E. in Ca sin g B / W C and D
p2 V22 pd Vd2
+ = + + h lca sin g
 2g  2g
pd − p2 Vd2 V22
+ + h lca sin g =
 2g 2g
pd − p2 V22 Vd2
H ca sin g = = − − h lca sin g
 2g 2g
Vd2 V22
H ca sin g + + h lca sin g =
2g 2g
o/p Q th H m Hm
H = = =
i/p Q th H th H th
H m = H ca sin g + H imp (act ) 3

H Th = H m + Losses
 Apply B.E B/W D and E
Pd Vd2 Vd2
+ = H s.d + H f .d +
 2g 2g
Pd
= H s.d + H f .d 4


Different Expression for Hm
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + H th = + + H Li
 2g  2g
P2 V22 Pd Vd2
where + = + + H Lca sin g
 2g  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
p 2 V22 p d Vd2
+ = + + h lca sin g
 2g  2g
p d p 2 V22 Vd2
− = − − h lca sin g
  2g 2g
V22 Vd2 V22
− K
2g 2g 2g
pd p2 V22
− =K − h lca sin g
  2g
pd p2 V22
= +K − h lca sin g
  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + )
 2g  2g
pd p2 V22
= +K − h lca sin g
  2g
Pd Vd2 Ps Vs2
H m = H th − H Li − H Lca sin g =( + )−( + ) 5

 2g  2g
2 2 2
p2 V V Ps V
Hm = ( + K − h lca sin g +
2
)−( +d
) s

 2g 2g  2g
2 2 2
p 2 Ps V V V
Hm = − + K + − − h lca sin g
2 d s

  2g 2g 2g 6
 HLimp
HLcasing
V2 V2
d
2g

2g Hcasing

Hth
Himp ideal
( )

Hm
Himp(act) (Himpact)
 Energy losses

Hydraulic losses Volumetric losses Mechanical losses

a)- Losses in impeller a)- Internal loss

b)- External loss
a)- Bearing & stuffing
- Circulating loss box losses
- Friction loss b)- Disc friction losses
- Shock +eddies
b)- Losses in casing
 Energy losses
Hydraulic Loss and Hydraulic Efficiency (ηh)
• Due to surface roughness at the inner side of the impeller, through which the
fluid passes, losses
• due to friction and losses due to secondary flow, take place, as a result of which
energy loss take place.
• Actual head developed (Hm) will be less than the theoretical head (Hth) by the
amount ΔH = Hth – Hm.
• ΔH is called the hydraulic loss. Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) is the ratio between,
actual head to the theoretical head.
• Hydraulic loss, ΔH = Hth – Hm
• Hydraulic efficiency
H
 =m = m = H th −H = H m = 1− H
h H H th H m +H H th
th
H = (1 − ) H
h th
a. Circulatory Flow
 Energy losses
Volumetric Loss and Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
• In order that the impeller can rotate inside the stationary casing, proper clearance is provided at the front and
rear side of the impeller at wearing rings. Due to pressure difference between impeller outlet and impeller
inlet at the front side of the impeller as well as the pressure difference between impeller outlet and slightly
higher than atmospheric pressure at the stuffing box, part of fluid coming out of the impeller leaks through the
clearances on both sides of the impeller.

• As a result the quantity coming out of the pump, the actual quantity (Qa) will be less than the quantity passing
through the impeller, i.e., theoretical quantity (Qth) by the amount of leakage quantity passing through the
clearances (ΔQ), i.e., ΔQ = Qth – Qa.

• Volumetric efficiency (ηv) is the ratio between actual quantity and theoretical quantity

Q = Q − Qa
th
Qth −Qa Qth −Q
=1− Q
Qa
v = = =
Q Qth Qth Qth
th
Q = (1−v )Q
th
 Energy losses
Mechanical Loss and Mechanical Efficiency (ηmach)
• Energy loss in ball, roller or thrust bearings (ΔNB ), in bush bearings at stuffing box or in
mechanical seal portion (ΔNs), and the disc friction losses (ΔND ) due to the impeller
rotation inside the volute casing, which is filled with fluid are classified as mechanical
losses (ΔN ).
• The energy received at the impeller side of the shaft, i.e., actual power (Nimp) for energy
conversion into fluid energy will be less than the energy supplied at the coupling side by the
prime mover, i.e., theoretical power (Nth), i.e., ΔN = Nth(s.h.p) – Nimp.
• The ratio between actual power (Nimp) and the theoretical power (Nth(s.h.p)) is the
mechanical efficiency (ηm)
N = N + N + N = S .H .P − N
D B S imp
N N imp
 = imp = S .H .P − N = =1− N
mach S .H .P S .H .P N imp +N S .H .P
N = (1− )S .H .P
mach
 Energy losses

Total Losses and Overall Efficiency

Total losses = Hydraulic loss + Volumetric loss + Mechanical loss = ΔH + ΔQ +
ΔN.

N = N + N + N = S .H .P − N
D B S imp
NO
 =h mach v =
O S .H .P

Rotor power
S.H.P out put power
Pump
 Qth H th  Qth H m  Qact H m

volumetric losses
Hydraulic losses
 Pump Efficiencies

1- Hydraulic Efficiency = Manometric Efficiency

Hydraulic Efficiency(h =m )
H
 = m = m
h H
th
The normal value varies between 60% - 90%

2 -Volumetric Efficiency (ɳv)

v = Q
Q + Q The normal value lies between 97% to 98%

14
3- Mechanical Efficiency (ɳ)
It is due to losses in the shaft, coupling, and other operation losses as vibration

 = Power into the impeller

mach Power at the shaft

 (Q + Q ) Vu 2 u2
 = The normal value is 95% - 98%
mach Power Shaft

4 - Overall Efficiency (ηo)

N  QHm
o = out =
N S.H .P
in

o = v  The normal value is 71% - 86%

mach h

Discharge of a Centrifugal Pump

Q = D1b1Vr1 = D2b2Vr 2 15
Example (1):
A radial single – stage, double suction centrifugal pump is
manufactured for the following date;

Q = 75 lit is D1 = 100 mm D2 = 290 mm

Hm = 30m N = 1750 rpm b1 = 25 mm/side

ηo = 55% α1 = 90 b2 = 23 mm in total

Leakage losses = 2.25 liters, β2 = 27 , Mechanical losses = 1.41 HP

Contraction factor due to vanes thickness = 0.87

Determine:

a-The inlet vane angle β1,

b-The angle at which the water leaves the impeller, α2

c-The speed ratio, , d-The absolute velocity of water leaving impeller,

v2, e-The manometric or hydraulic efficiency.

f- The volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.

Example (2):
The axis of a centrifugal pumps is 2.5 m above the water level in the
sump and the static lift from the pump center is 32.5 m. The friction
losses in the suction and delivery pipes are 1m and 8m respectively;
suction and delivery pipes are each 12 cm in diameter. At outlet, the
diameter and width of the impeller are 30 cm and 1.8 cm respectively
and the vanes are set back at an angle of 30o with tangent to the wheel.
For a speed of 1800 rpm, mechanical efficiency 75 % and manometric
efficiency 80 %. Make calculations for the discharge and the power
required to drive the pump. Assume radial entry.
In a centrifugal pump it is usual to make the outside diameter (D2)
of the impeller to be twice the inner diameter (D1). For this
condition, show that the minimum diameter of an impeller which
will enable it to pump water to head H meters at a speed n r.p.m at a
manometric efficiency of 0.7 is

81.7 H
D2 = m
N
u 22 − u12
= H m , u 22 − u12 = 2gH m
2g
2 2
 D 2 n   D1n 
  −  = 2gH m
 60   60 
2
 60  Hm
D − 0.25D = 
2
2
2
2 2g 2
   n
2
 60  Hm
0.75D = 
2
2  2g 2
   n
60 Hm Hm H th
D2 = 2g / 0.75 = 97.68 = 81.72
 n n n
A centrifugal pump, which runs at 996 r.p.m, is mounted so that its centre is 2.4
m above the water level in the suction sump. It delivers water to a point 19 m
above its centre; the friction loss in the suction pipe is 68 Q2 meter and that in the
delivery pipe is 650 Q2 meter where Q in m3/s is the rate of flow. The impeller of
the pump is 350 mm diameter, and the width of the blade passages at outlet is 18
mm. The blades themselves occupy 5 % of the circumference and are backward
facing at 35o to the tangent. At inlet, the flow is radial, and the radial component
of velocity remains unchanged through the impeller. Assuming that 50 % of the
velocity head of the water leaving the impeller is converted to pressure head in
the volute, and that friction and shock losses in the pump, the velocity heads in
the suction and delivery pipes are negligible, calculate the rate of flow and the
manometric efficiency of the pump.