BG - C04 - FunMaEleDeg - 2019 - EN

Mechanism and Machine Component Design - Do Van Hien -
Chapter 04:
FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE ELEMENT DESIGN
I. Load and Stress 1.1 Load
1.2 Stress
II. Design criteria 2.1 Strength criteria
2.2 Rigidity criteria
2.3 Life criteria
2.4 Wear criteria
2.5 Heat resistance criteria
3.1 Power P
2.6 Resistance to vibration criteria
3.2 Efficiency factor
III. The main parameters of the mechanical drive systems
3.3 Speed ratio u
3.4 Torque T
HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design
UTE TECHNICAL EDUCATION 1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
I. Load and Stress

1.1 Load
• A load is any external force, torque or moment applied to a machine element. The basic
forms of load include tension, compression, shear, torsional shear and friction, as well
as torques and moments
• To describe a load, information about its magnitude, direction, point of action, duration,
frequency and the number of cycles is required.
• The analysis and design of machine elements involve extensive stress or deflection
analysis on the premise of correct load determination.

 Types of loads:  Static load
• Any applied load can be classified with respect to  Sustained load (Dead load)
time in the following ways:  Impact load

 Cyclic load
 Static load: Load is gradually applied and equilibrium is reached in a relatively

short time.
 Sustained load (Dead load): Load, such as the weight of a structure, is constant over
a long time.
 Impact load: Load is rapidly applied.
 Cyclic load: Load can vary and even reverse its direction and has a characteristic
period with respect to time.
Example: Classification of load types

Given: A diver jumping on a diving board.
Find:
a) The load type when the diver lands on the diving board.
b) The load type when the diver stands motionless waiting for the signal to jump
c) The load type on the diving board just as the diver jumps.
d) The load type of the diving board assembly against the ground when no dynamic
loads are acting.
a) Impact load b) Static load c) Cyclic load d) Sustained load

 Concentrated load
• The load can also be classified with respect to the
area over which it is applied:  Distributed load
 Concentrated load: Load is applied to an area much smaller than the

loaded member.
 Distributed load: Load is spread along a large area.

An example would be the weight of books on a bookshelf.
 Normal load (Axial load)

• Loads can be further classified with respect
 Shear load
to location and method of application.:
 Bending load (Moment)
 Torsion load
 Normal load (Axial load): The load passes through  Combined load
the centroid of the resisting section. Normal loads
may be tensile or compressive.
 Shear load: Shear force is a force that acts on a plane passing through the body.
 Bending load (Moment): This commonly occurs when load is

applied transversely to the longitudinal axis of the member
 Torsion load: A load subjects a member to twisting

motion. The twist results in a distribution of shear
stresses on the transverse cross section of the
member.
 Combined load: a load is a combination of two or
more of the previously defined loads.

Example: Loads on a Lever Assembly

Given: The lever assembly shown in Fig.
Find: The normal, shear, bending, and torsional loads acting at section B.
Solution: Fig shows the various loads acting on the lever.
(a) Lever assembly

 Repeated stress: When a load is applied and removed many times, the stress generated
in a machine element is repeated stress.
= = ⁄2 & =0
 Fluctuating stress: When a load-carrying member is subjected to an alternating stress

with a nonzero mean, the loading produces fluctuating stress
UTE TECHNICAL EDUCATION Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
The behaviour of a material under fluctuating stresses is dependent on the manner of

stress variation, characterized by the stress ratio
=
 Types of Stress:
 Static stress: When a part is subjected to a static load, the resulting stress in the part
is called static stress =
 Completely reversed stress: When a tensile stress is followed by the same level of
compressive stress over thousands of cycles, the stress is completely reversed stress.
= −


Example: An alloy shaft carrying a maximum stress of = 480 MPa at critical

section must operate at least 106 cycles at stress ratio r = 0,25. Calculate stress
amplitudes and means stress.
SOL:
= = . =0,25 x 480 = 120 MPa
+ 480 + 120
= = = 300
2 2
− 480 − 120
= = = 180
2 2
II. Design Criteria of Machine Element

2.1 Strength Criteria
 Strength is the ability to resist loads.
 Almost all kinds of failure modes are due to insufficient material strength to
withstand loads.
≤
 Designers must ensure the maximum stresses at critical locations are less than material
strength by a sufficient margin to guarantee adequate safety for an element
= ≥
UTE TECHNICAL EDUCATION Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
2.3 Life Criteria

 Normally, it is a requirement that the life L of an element should be longer than
the expected life [L]. Therefore
≥
 Detailed applications of life criteria can be found in Chapter 11 for the design
of rolling contact bearings

2.4 Wear Criteria
 Wear is the gradual removal of materials from contact surfaces as the result of
relative motion of contacting elements.
 To against wear, the pressure p between contact surfaces and relative sliding
speeds v must satisfy the following criteria

2.5 Heat resistance
 The liberation of heat involved in the working process or some times due to
friction between moving surfaces, causes the components of some machines to
operate under conditions of increased temperature.
 Thermal deformations may reduce the accuracy of a machine.
 Effective cooling and special calculations for heat to find the working
temperature of the machine elements, evaluate the working stresses and compare
them with the creep limits for the material of the part.

The term implies the ability of a machine to operate at the assigned speeds and loads
without impermissible oscillations Dynamic analysis after finalizing the design to
avoid inherent unbalances.

III. The main parameters of mechanical drive systems
3.1 Power P Where:

: power ( )
.
= : tangent force ( )
1000 : velocity ( / )
The term implies the ability of a machine to operate at the assigned speeds and loads
without impermissible oscillations Dynamic analysis after finalizing the design to
avoid inherent unbalances.

III. The main parameters of mechanical drive systems
3.1 Power P Where:

: power ( )
.
= : tangent force ( )
1000 : velocity ( / )
3.3 Velocity:
Belt drive, frictional drive:
• Linear velocity:
Chain drive:
• Angular velocity:
• Speed:

3.3 Velocity:
Belt drive, frictional drive:
• Linear velocity:
Chain drive:
• Angular velocity:
• Speed:

3.5T
9,55 × 10 .
=
Where
( ) is the torque of shaft , ( ) is the power of shaft and ( ) is

the speed of the shaft
 The torque of the driven shaft increases by a factor of the gear ratio

Example 01: Given a system of the mechanical drive shows as in Fig 01. The given data
includes gears number of teeth Z1=25, Z2=75, a speed ratio of the belt drive, uđ=2.8. The
efficiency of the belt drive and the gear drive is given as đ=0,95, br=0,97, ổlăn=0,99, the
rotational speed of the motor shaft and the power of the motor are given as nđc=960 rpm, P=7.5
kW. Find
1. The efficiency, transmission ratio of the system?
2. The rotational speed and power on the conveyor shaft?
1- Motr
2 - V belt
3 - Gear reducer
4 - Coupling
5 - Conveyor

3.5T
9,55 × 10 .
=
Where
( ) is the torque of shaft , ( ) is the power of shaft and ( ) is

the speed of the shaft
 The torque of the driven shaft increases by a factor of the gear ratio

Example 01: Given a system of the mechanical drive shows as in Fig 01. The given data
includes gears number of teeth Z1=25, Z2=75, a speed ratio of the belt drive, uđ=2.8. The
efficiency of the belt drive and the gear drive is given as đ=0,95, br=0,97, ổlăn=0,99, the
rotational speed of the motor shaft and the power of the motor are given as nđc=960 rpm, P=7.5
kW. Find
1. The efficiency, transmission ratio of the system?
2. The rotational speed and power on the conveyor shaft?
1- Motr
2 - V belt
3 - Gear reducer
4 - Coupling
5 - Conveyor

Example 02: The transmission of the mechanical drive shows in Fig 02. The data give as the
tangential force Ft=4000 N, linear velocity v=1,3 m/s and the diameter of the mixing drum
D=400 mm. The other parameters include the efficiency of a pair of gears ηbr=0,98; the
efficiency of belt drive ηđ=0,96; the efficiency of pair roller ηol=0,995; and transmission
ratio between shaft 1 and shaft 2, u12=4; transmission ratio between shaft 2 and shaft 3,
u23=3,5.
Find
a. The working power for shaft of the drum

b. The requirement of power for motor shaft


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Mechanism and Machine Component Design - Do Van Hien -

I. Load and Stress

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

 Types of loads:  Static load

time in the following ways:  Impact load

 Static load: Load is gradually applied and equilibrium is reached in a relatively

Example: Classification of load types

a) Impact load b) Static load c) Cyclic load d) Sustained load

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

 Concentrated load: Load is applied to an area much smaller than the

 Distributed load: Load is spread along a large area.

 Normal load (Axial load)

 Bending load (Moment): This commonly occurs when load is

 Torsion load: A load subjects a member to twisting

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

Example: Loads on a Lever Assembly

(a) Lever assembly

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

 Fluctuating stress: When a load-carrying member is subjected to an alternating stress

The behaviour of a material under fluctuating stresses is dependent on the manner of

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

Example: An alloy shaft carrying a maximum stress of = 480 MPa at critical

= = . =0,25 x 480 = 120 MPa

II. Design Criteria of Machine Element

 Strength is the ability to resist loads.

2.3 Life Criteria

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

2.4 Wear Criteria

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

2.5 Heat resistance

 Thermal deformations may reduce the accuracy of a machine.

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

2.6 Resistance to vibration criteria

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

III. The main parameters of mechanical drive systems

3.1 Power P Where:

2.6 Resistance to vibration criteria

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

III. The main parameters of mechanical drive systems

3.1 Power P Where:

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

( ) is the torque of shaft , ( ) is the power of shaft and ( ) is

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

( ) is the torque of shaft , ( ) is the power of shaft and ( ) is

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

a. The working power for shaft of the drum

HCM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSTY of Dept: Fundamental of Machine Design

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