Cheat sheet 22: Modal verbs and equivalents (модальные глаголы и эквиваленты)

1. Her five-year-old son can read and write.

1. Физическая способность или умение, наличие знаний 2. The Queen of England can travel without a passport.
2. Возможность что-то сделать согласно правилам и Exercise can help lose weight.
законам
can (+ - ?) 3. с глаголами to hear, to smell, to see, to understand, to
3. I can hear you. Can you smell it? Something’s burning.
imagine, to guess в данный момент I can guess, what you are thinking about.
4. удивление, сомнение, недоверие 4. Can you really run a marathon? She can’t work 24/7, it’s
crazy!
1. (-) запрет 1. You can’t stay here after 4 pm
cannot/can’t 2. (?) упрек
2. Can’t you just sit still?
can not only…,
Могу не только …, но и She can not only sing, but also dance.
but
1. способность или умение, наличие знаний в прошлом 1. He could swim when he was 5.
2. общая возможность что-то сделать в прошлом 2. In the 60-s you could smoke during the flight.
3. с глаголами to hear, to smell, to see, to understand, to
3. I could hear him thinking it over.
imagine, to guess, но не в общем, а в тот прошлый момент 4. Could you please help me out?
Could (+ - ?) 4. (?) вежливая просьба 5. He said, he could do it.
5. Can в косвенной речи 6. The weather could get worse.
6. возможность события (неуверенность) 7. I could give you my number, but I don’t want to.
7. сослагательное наклонение от can (мог бы) You could at least give me a hint!
1. You may ask me any questions.
1. (+) разрешение: можно 2. You may not call me during the meeting.
2. (-) запрет: нельзя
3. May I join you? May I take another candy?
May (+ - ?) 3. (?) разрешение: можно?
4. (+) (-) (?) Вероятность события: возможно, может быть 4. It may not rain tomorrow. May he be late?
5. В поздравлениях и пожеланиях I was really worried that you may get hurt.
5. May all your dreams come true!
1. Doctor said, she might bathe now. He replied, that we
1. прошедшая форма от may в значении разрешения. might open that package.
Используется при передаче чужих слов (i.e. косвенная
2. He might come tomorrow, but only if the weather is nice,
might речь)
2. Меньшая вероятность, что действие произойдет. which is unlikely.
3. Вероятность, когда речь идет о не реальной ситуации 3. If you were more experienced, you might have an easier
time finding a job.
 The couple might as well have been strangers.
We might as well have been voting for a dead parrot.
might as well Могут с тем же успехом… You might as well talk to a cardboard cut-out of him, his face
doesn’t show any emotions.
We might as well go home, this is so boring!
1. You must take off your shoes, when entering a museum in
1. (+) (?) Правила, обязательные к выполнению Japan.
must 2. (-) запрет, нельзя делать 2. You must not wear shoes in a Japanese museum!
3. Предположение: должно быть 3. He must be very patient, he can create very complex things!
This must take a long time, he is there since morning.
You should do a medical check up twice a year.
Should Совет: тебе стоит это сделать He shouldn’t eat so much.
Should I wear a warm sweater? Is it cold outside?
(+) _____ M00000.0(-) _____ M+not00000.
(?) M _____ 00000?Yes, _____ M. No, _____ M+not.
[?] [В сл/к] M _____ 00000?
to be 1. Эквивалент для can только в значении способность 1. I am able to do it, but right now I can’t.
able to Pr. или умение 2. She isn’t able to stand up for herself.
to be 1. Физическая возможность сделать что-то в конкретно 1. We could go home earlier, but we were not able to.
able to P/F взятый момент 2. She will not be able to finish it in time.
1. When we are done, you will be allowed to ask all your
questions. We were not allowed to go upstairs last time we
to be allowed/ 1. (+) (-) (?) P, Pr, F разрешение
were here. Are we allowed to use cheat sheets during the
permitted to 2. (-) Pr = must запрет, правило
test?
2. You are not allowed to park here.
to be He was supposed to come at 3, but his train was late.
Должен, в значении ожидания
supposed to I’m supposed to learn this, but this is difficult!
(+) _____ to be M 00000.0(-) _____ to be+not M 00000.
(?) to be _____ M 00000?Yes, _____ to be. No, _____ to be+not
[?] [В сл/к] to be _____ M 00000?
 He had to buy a new pen, because he couldn’t find his.
Должен, в значении вынужден, пришлось,
Have to (- + ?) обстоятельства заставили She won’t have to cook, if we order a delivery.
Do I have to talk to this unpleasant woman?
I need to go to the dentist, my tooth hurts!
need to Нужно, необходимо, внутренняя потребность Does she need to buy more hats? She had plenty already.
He didn’t need you to help him. He is smart.
I used to smoke, when I was younger.
used to Раньше так делал, больше не делаю (только P.S.)
You didn’t used to be so annoying!
Prefer to/ 1. Предпочитать 1. I prefer to travel alone.
2. Хотеть 2. He didn’t want to join us.
Want to/
3. Нравится 3. Do you like to skate?
like to/ to love/ 4. Любить 4. Why does she love to visit museums?
to hate 5. Ненавидеть 5. I hate to wash the dishes!
PS (+) _____ M (II form or +ed) to+V.0(-) _____ did+not M to+V.
(?) Did _____ M to+V? Yes, _____ did. No, _____ did+not.
[?] [В сл/к] did _____ M to+V ?
PrS (+) _____ M (+s for he/she/it) to+V.0(-) _____ do does+not M to+V.
(?) Do does _____ M to+V? Yes, _____ do does. No, _____ do does+not.
[?] [В сл/к] do does _____ M to+V?

FS (+) _____ will M to+V.0(-) _____ will+not M to+V.

(?) Will _____ M to+V? Yes, _____ will. No, _____ will+not.
[?] [В сл/к] will _____ M to+V?