EH 23 2.

Ss2ishampluesfromyukawathey

Weexaminedthe tree level

4pctamplitude in Yukawa co theory

L and T
useful the helicity variables derived in the
Many

of
properties
contextof there sempte

superior
amplitudes i
are

definesuperiorbrackets pep Eplinleft and CP qts Epa 9J

note the asymmetry

ofthese due
brackets to the E tensor pep Gps

pay Epa
g o

Converting Minkowski dotproducts to spinahelicity variables Lptq5 Ep

pep g

forany null momenta panel q

3 EP g pep fer p q e Rs

incorporating matrices Te Cpiyou a

g G piya th Te reply mu Cq Epiph g

Tv tf u o

5 LlynIp Lp Ijn M and Chi yups't CplyMk Iforp q RH E

Fiery identities Lifts 231pm HI 24371243

momentum helicity variables EE list

conservation in spentor o

8 Shortenidentity followstumidly from fact that

the 3 vectors in a

plane be linearly independent

cannot

t.gs
Ii sighs 1h32 j Thi t i O

ss2 GL leGwuprealuig

little

group all Ape sold i n that do not change the direction the momentum
of Pr Theangleand
2

square brackets satisfy the massless

Weylequation pips o p IPTfer p 0 The Wychegg

is invariant under the

scaling Ips tips and IM t tip and is
exactly
the little

group transformation in
spenirhelicity natation Lt is a phonefor Rd p c si

and te CI
e CId l
fer p

externalparticles a Feynmandiagram scale under tho little group

only

1 scalars no of
scaling 2h where he

2 fermions i sperion scale as E z

3 bosons polarizationvectors scale as t 2h

for he I

for of little
an amplitude onlymasslessparticles the
groupsealing is

An Min his til 4 ti lis

hi tithi An f lis lis hi

this

is a powerful constraint that will be exploited

manytents For example the

little group sealing

unrofuly fixes the 3pt amplitude up to an overall constant

h

Az Hh2h23h3 c highs ha iz ha hi hi ha h

where wehave used thefact that the 3pt amplitude masslesspackets depends

brackets of
T shell

only

on angle or
square

on

if
we avoid
making the
assumption that 3psamplitudes only depend square
on

or brackets we
anyle could
determine the correct structure
dimensional

Lor example consider 3 amplitude using

analysis gluon 4332233

P_ Az4
2 3T

Asli
2 St
y or g
UTI

dimension 9 dimension I

b b

compatibleto AASA would need A

A A

cannotappear in local L
note that

cop o and
Edy 2 senie both
amplitudes must have
same G

In
general dir Au d Cdi N

ExercisesI 21 2.3 2.4 2.8 2032 2.34 of EH and 33.2 of Sreelnicki

EAI

PM E E sente Congg Ennio seinee E coho

pai prlomais
f pit.iopIp'oIf5 2ElseEo Esino E'aEEoFE7

p Em ZE cost
042 e OcasekseinGe

pp i
e Coachsenior sin 20k

we are

given a
FE

E zei0 This is easily

and want to check that it satisfies Pais IP O

mathematic to computetheMathy
by using

verified

product

Furthermore it is simple to verify Ion Mathematica that

pl a e Tze f sine cos 012

Pla EE l E
Cas E Seri e

Ip FE Esin e 927T
cos

satisfy Aw

Weyle equations

Lpl Pdb
a o

pla Pai o

p l pleb o

and the

completeness relations

Pasi IP aPli

pit ipsa Cplb

EHZ 3 P.com the

Frey identity 4184232314143 22132 243

5118427 31 fpr147 Th Cph Jr Utcpd Te 4378,04047

lo al.at Engimoai Kolb

Glo
Ef
o Hold

o Glo Fargas pg o 3 ti
Fp

d143A

Ed
Lila 310 FM 121143d

Ep

2 Cai Ebd Cfcomappendix

2 L l ta l3 I4lb I 2 b

12

137 2243

2km and 22112123 Pok

EH24_Show Chlyalk

k 18M1k Tr you 1k Lkl

Etr pm Ik del t Ik Ek

E Tr E fMRI

k ko EM

2km

where we have used the fact that cklpmtpD cplfr.lk for p kEIR

LIP 1h 2 Poh
follows trivially

kljm.lk I pm Ut et j U

wya Ik of fat Tet U VI

It joyMtyo U It TF

Kk lyMk klymlk C R

4pmp E Ibd

fmHcp

4pmIpIt Utep jmt IIa

0 407YAU Ck

Trip JTVick

p I yal h

calymlk Ck184k

tEH28_

L o4t Fugit Ja 040 Egg 44 t'zg oT4t4t 4 1012

Weylfermion and

where

4mi a is a complex scalar

i of i
0

Ay 04 0 0 EX
ix

LPs 84 a

P E

f ftoy P4 there is no 4 34

i
Hy diagram
Rda ble 0 is a complex scalar

T.jp

4T 4

igf.IE pa 0 u
g

pitpage
i Es pGtpy

Igf UP3tp4 2

i EslCl3k3ltDGt4K4 4 D

Igp 2343 34
3432423

e
Igf 234394

if 2243

347

4 P s
4T

Atl f f fft

4 Lp yet

C fi ThUe TtyUz

PstpH

ily
234 4
12 433

are
ily

343

EH2

1334 2 2 z z
A Ag ga t
z
tat

tyts As
0mm

in 233134314531513 littlegroup

transformation

h h h hy h g LI I I 1 1

The mass dim As7 4 7 O

of the amplitude is s e
ga

Yang mills theory

b Aq 44322452 ti Ea EfEy Ay
gb 427 237234
0mm

Ch huh hy o O l 1

Aq o
Lgbt 0

we need 4fields in the interaction turn such that it has doin 4

so that Egbd 0

scaler QED YM

4 4 4 4

C Ay go 2127742L m ti tats to Aq

13344522332,243 345

h h h dy 2 2
2,2

Ay o gig z

lookslike a 4 graviton interaction Rutgal so we expect such an

Enteracten from R2

EH2 2

Az 1h2h34 for h he

define amplitude an E and biz I7

under little group sealing As ETETEY As

ij titj Lip tip EEtj Cip

while

wehave not covered it in our reading yet kinematics is special

3 particle
For

3 massless
particles
d I1 x I27 133

1132123 X 133
this

implies

1 amplitudecanonlydependon either is or ii brackets notboth

2 3particlemasslessamplitudes are nonzero only

for complexmomentum

Thus the
Spt amplitude is completely fixed to be

ha hi his hi ha

Ahjhins Mhs hi hi

there

are 3 classes amplitudes we can have

of for agluino gluino gluon amplitude

1 h huh L E Iz tl

A g 4232
where
Igf I
is as

2 hh ly GE E l
At's t

223 where O

g Eg

ar

3 hahaha GE iz t

Ej g
is 2237 where CGT 7

what kindof Lagrangian couldgive us suck amplitudes

I 4 is a natural candidate Looking through 824 we see that AEhasthe same from

as the QED amplitudes which weknowfollow from Lint I 4

D 143 3 g Ir 1447 nonlocal

Egil CAT 7 At

2
of l 4 3 CAT a
gI4 A

EH 33

huh hh h h
Lane A Liz ish as hi fend
we

g

22 2

As L 1252135 235 s

g for Eg

G
32

Aj 4122
g435 235 for Egf I

hah

where Ash 3 4 3 7

comparing to the gluon
amplitudes

Aj g 212721372257
for Eg 2

3

Aj g 427 fu Eg e o

13 zz

kenemati

see that the benenati
we partof the gravityamplitudes is thesquare
of part of the

gluonamplitude 4
BCJ colorkinduality Is

srednedc.is

Ji J i Jk Ne I CJe ki

Eijh c

Ji Ki EE ga Kia Nti EC Ji ti ki

ko Kj iEojh Jk

No ND 4 ike Jj Kj
Je E

C JjJe Kji Eso Eki Jj ki
Kj Jk

4 Eijk
i Jk I
Cejkke o t I i E jok Kk t i Eiju

EgilKk

I Eijk Ku
Ju i
I E Nk

jh

NfNj Ji
Jj tie Esi k t i ki J EkoKj

I22 Eiga J u ti Kj

c Eagle NE

Ni Nyt Jj TEESE Kj
Ji i ki Jj t ki Kj O

u JT jhKk Ci hKk iEijhJ

Lorentzgroup Socar some