Sdsd| GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

CHAPTER 16: OVERVIEW OF HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

TYPES OF SURFACE LESIONS
Pathogens cause two general categories of
diseases:
1. Microbial intoxications
2. Infectious diseases
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- diseases that are caused by
pathogens following colonization of
some body site by the pathogen
Some infectious diseases affect more than
one anatomical site, and some pathogens
move from one body site to another during
the course of a disease.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN

- Epidermis and dermis
- Dermatitis
- Sebaceous glands
- Folliculitis
- Sty (stye)
- Furuncle
- Carbuncle
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EARS
- Macule
- Papule Three pathways for pathogens to enter the
- Pustule ear:
- Vesicle 1. Via eustachian (auditory) tube,
from the throat and nasopharynx
2. Via the external ear canal
CROSS SECTION OF THE SKIN 3. Via the blood of lymph
Otitis media
W - Infection of the middle ear
Otitis externa
- Infection of the outer ear canal

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES

- Conjunctiva
- Conjunctivitis
- Keratitis
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Retinitis
 - Laryngitis
- Pharyngitis
- Pneumonia
- Sinusitis

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL

REGION
ORAL CAVITY
- complex ecosystem
- Suitable for growth of many types
of mcirobrsy
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE - MICROBIOTA in mouth varied
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ● 300 identified species of
bacteria
Respiratory system can be divided into two
➔ Both anaerobes
parts:
and aerobes
1. Upper respiratory tract (URT)
● Paranasal sinuses
● Nasopharynx
● Oropharynx
● Epiglottis
● Larynx
2. Lower respiratory tract (LRT)
● Trachea
● Bronchial tubes
● Alveoli of the lungs
INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA OF THE URT
- can cause opportunistic infections
of the respiratory system - Dental caries
LRT INFECTIONS - Periodontal diseases
- Most common cause of death from - Gingivitis
infectious diseases - Periodontitis
- Trench mouth

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
TRANSIENT and RESIDENT MICROBES
- continuously enter and leave the GI
tract
STOMACH and DUODENUM
- where most microbes are destroyed
- Colitis
- Diarrhea
- Dysentery
- Enteritis
- Gastritis
- Gastroenteritis
- Bronchitis - Hepatitis
- Bronchopneumonia Infections of the GI tract having multiple
- Epiglottitis causes
 - DIARRHEA
● Have many causes
● Food, drugs. Viruses,
bacteria, protozoa or
helminths

INFECTIONS OF THE GENITAL TRACT

- Bartholinitis
- Cervicitis
- Endometritis
- Epididymitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Vaginitis
- Vulvovaginitis
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES of
GENITOURINARY (GU) SYSTEM gential tract
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTIs) - Include any of the infections
- Divided into: transmitted by sexual activities
1. Upper UTIs - Sometimes include diseases of not
➔ Infections of the only the genital and urinary tract,
kidneys and ureters but other areas of the body as well
2. Lower UTIs
➔ Infections of the
bladder, urethra,
and prostate
- Cystitis
- Nephritis
- Ureteritis
- Urethritis
- Prostatitis
- Pyelonephritis
Escherichia coli
- Most common cause of cystitis and
pyelonephritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
- Most common cause of urethritis
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE CNS terms:
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Encephalitis
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Encephalomyelitis
- consists of: - Meningitis
1. cardiovascular system - Meningoencephalitis
● heart - Myelitis
● various vessels
2. lymphatic system
● Lymphatic vessels
● Lymphoid tissue
● Lymph
Cardiovascular system terms:
- Endocarditis
- Myocarditis
- Pericarditis
Lymphatic system terms:
- Lymphadenitis
- Lymphadenopathy
- Lymphangitis
BLOOD
- normally sterile

THE MENINGES AND RELATED STRUCTURES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL

NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Composed of:
1. CNS INFECTIONS OF THE CNS HAVING MULTIPLE
● brain CAUSES
● Spinal cord MENINGITIS
● Three membranes - Inflammation of the meninges
2. PNS - Many causes, including the
● Nerves that branch ingestion of poisons, ingestion or
from the brain and injection of drugs, reaction to a
spinal cord vaccine or a pathogen (e.g., a virus,
There is no indigenous microbiota of the a bacterium, a fungus, or a
nervous system protozoan)
 - Three major causes of bacterial
meningitis:
1. Haemophilus influenzae EXAMPLES OF REEMERGING INFECTIONS
2. Neisseria meningitidis ● Cholera
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Dengue fever
● Because of ● Diphtheria
vaccination, these ● Malaria
organisms are not ● Mumps
commonly ● Rift Valley fever
encountered in the ● Tuberculosis
CML's of the ● Yellow fever
developed world ● Infections caused by MRSA and
other "superbugs"

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
(OPPORTUNISTS)
- microbes that usually do not cause
disease
- Have the potential to cause disease
under certain conditions
- Common opportunistic infections:
● Aspergillosis and other
mould infections
● Candidiasis
● Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and
herpes simplex infections
● Tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis
● Mycobacterium avium and
Pneumocystis infections

EXAMPLES OF EMERGING INFECTIONS

● Avian influenza (bird flu)
● Chaga's disease
● Chikungunya virus
● Hemolytic uremic syndrome and
other E.coli O157 infections
● Ebola hemorrhagic fever
● Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(HPS)
● HIV infection and AIDS
● Human monkeypox
● Lassa fever
● Legionellosis
● Lyme disease
● Marburg hemorrhagic fever
● Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS-CoV)
● Zika virus