Nutrition and Diet Therapy • Metalloprotein- CHON + a metal e.g.

Ferritin

Protein 2. SPATIAL AND STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS

A. Fibrous CHON
Proteins and Amino Acid • Consists of long coiled or folded chains of amino
• A.K.A. CHON
acids bound together in parallel lines.
• Greek word proteios meaning "primary, holding • Found on the protective tissues of animals such
first place"
as in body structures:
• Mulder, a Dutch Chemist, proposed the name in ‒ Skin, fins, tendons, scales of fish, hair,
1840 feathers
• The first substance recognized as a vital part of a B. GLOBULAR CHON
living tissue components of every living organism: • The structure is coiled and tightly wounded and
plants, animals, microorganisms in adult, CHON is slightly soluble in water.
account 20% of total weight. Almost ½ are in • Mobile, spherical molecules that play crucial
muscles, ½ are in bones and cartilages and 1/10 in
roles in virtually all biological processes. They
other tissues and body fluids perform rather than just form structures.
• Every tissue and fluid in the body contains CHON • Examples
• Proteinuria - excessive protein in urine ‒ antibodies- provides immunity
‒ albumin- egg white
There are 20 known amino acids ‒ Hormones- regulate growth and
• 9 Essential amino acids - must be obtained through
development
diet alone ‒ Enzymes
• 11 Nonessential amino acids - can be synthesized
by the body 3. AMINO ACID CONTENTS
A. Complete CHON- has high biologic value
Essential Amino Acids ‒ contains all the Essential Amino Acids in
• AKA "Indispensable amino acid" or "Dietary amounts sufficient for growth and maintenance
essential". of life. Generally, animal CHONs are complete.
• Supplied by ready-made or pre-formed in the diet - Ex: Casein in milk, eggs (albumin in egg
• Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, whites), cheese
Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine B. Partially complete CHON- has low biological
value. - Maintains life but do not support growth Ex:
Non-essential Amino Acids Gliadin in wheat, Legumin in legumes
• AKA "Dispensable amino acid" or "Not dietary C. Incomplete CHON- low biological value
essential". ‒ CHON that cannot support life and growth
‒ Lacking in 1 or more of essential amino acids
• Produced by the body
Ex: gelatin and most plant sources like Zein in
• Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid,
corn, seeds, nuts, grains.
Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine,
Proline, Serine, Tyrosine BIOLOGIC VALUE
Complete Partial Incomplete
PROTEINS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORING T 0: High Biologic Low Biologic Low Biologic
1. TYPES Value Value Value
A. Simple CHON- composed only of amino acids and Maintains and Maintains, not Does not
their derivatives. grows grow maintain or
‒ Albumin- plasma CHON grow
‒ Insulin- hormones produced by the pancreas Animal Wheat, Gelatin, most
‒ Histones- found in cell nucleus legumes plants
‒ Globulins- found in myosin and muscle CHON
B. Conjugated CHON- simple CHON combined with 4. ESSENTIALITY
a non-CHON substance. A. Essential Amino Acids (indispensable AA)
• Nucleoprotein- CHON + nucleic acid e.g. DNA • cannot be synthesized by the body from
materials readily available at a speed to
• Glycoprotein- CHO + CHON e.g. Mucin
keep up with normal growth rate. They
• Phosphoproteins - Protein + phosphorus-
must be supplied ready-made or preformed
containing substances other than phospholipids in the diet. Sometimes termed as dietary
or nucleic acids (Case in milk) essential
• Chromoproteins- CHON + a non-CHON pigment B. Semi-essential Amino Acids
e.g.Hemoglobin • an amino acid that can maintain life
• Lipoprotein- CHON + a triglyceride or other lipid processes for an adult but not enough for
e.g. HDL normal growth in children.
 • lowers the needs for a particular EAA or
partially spares it, however it cannot
replace the EAA.
C. Non-essential Amino Acid (dispensable AA)
• can be synthesized by the body as long as the
material synthesis are adequate. It is not dietary
essential.
Essential Semi-E Non-E
Not synthesized Good for adult Can be
by the body but not enough synthesized by
for kids the body, if
materials are
adequate
From diets Spares the EAA Not dietary
essential
AKA Dietary Cannot replace
essential EAA
Functions of CHON and Amino Acid
1) Body building or Structural Role
‒ includes all living cells and tissues.
‒ integral part of cell nuclei and protoplasm.
‒ makes up the solid mass of soft tissues like
muscles, vital organs, glands and blood cells -
the supporting matrix for bones, teeth and hair
and nails.
‒ All enzymes, most hormones, other bodily
secretions and fluids (except bile)
‒ Also antibodies, thus aiding in bodily resistance
to infection.
2) Essential for Growth
‒ Needed by all living cells in the body
‒ To synthesize new CHON, you need the
available 9 EAA and nitrogen
‒ For growth: the AA must be present in amounts
above your maintenance.
3) Source of energy
‒ CHON 4 cal/gram- more expensive source of
energy in terms of resources.
‒ Sole nutrient that supplies amino acids for body
building and repairing tissues.
‒ secondary to the role of energy-giving
4) Regulator of body process
‒ regulates osmotic pressure; hence water
balance and acid base balance.
‒ helps in the exchange of nutrients and other
metabolites which pass between cells and the
intercellular fluids or between tissues and the
blood or lymph.
5) Source of Essential Amino acid
‒ CHON has 8-10 EAA that play distinctive
physiological functions which cannot be
accomplished by other Amino Acids [AA]
➢ METHIONINE- methylating agent which is
needed for important substances in the body
like choline, heme portion of Hgb.
➢ PHENYLALANINE- precursor for the AA tyrosine
both are important in the production of the
hormones thyroxine and epinephrine.
➢ PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE- origins of
melanin, a pigment which occurs in the hair,
choroid lining of the eyes and the skin.
➢ TRYPTOPHAN- is the precursor of niacin as well
as for serotonin Tyrosine
◦ Alertness ◦ Attention ◦ Focus
Evaluating CHON Quality
• Biological value
‒ Refers to the percentage of absorbed Nitrogen
retained in by the body
‒ CHON with biologic values >70% are
considered to be with High Biologic Value (HBV)
protein and able to support growth if calorie
needs are met
‒ Complete proteins - High.
‒ Incomplete proteins - Low
• Net protein utilization
‒ Amount of protein that is available for the body to
use
• Protein efficiency ratio
‒ The gram of body weight gained by a person per
gram of protein food taken in an adequate diet over
a specific period of time
Factor Affecting Protein utilization
1. Amino acid balance
▪ In order to be efficiently utilized for tissue
synthesis, the right assortment of amino acids
in definite proportions for the particular tissue
to be formed should be present at the proper
site
2. Immobility
▪ causes negative nitrogen balance even if the
diet is adequate in proteins. It has been noted
that a healthy individual who is immobilized or
at rest may lose as much as 18g of Nitrogen a
day.
3. Emotional Stress
▪ increases the production of epinephrine in turn
increasing nitrogen loss
4. Caloric intake
▪ if fat and carbohydrate sources of calories are
not present or insufficient, protein will be
deaminated and used for energy
5. Inborn errors of metabolism
▪ Phenviketonuria (PKU) loss of the enzyme
necessary to metabolize phenylalanine, which
causes mental retardation and slows down
growth
Symptoms
o Most babies with phenylketonuria appear
healthy at birth.
o Symptoms usually only develop due to
complications that arise if the condition is
not treated properly.
o If it isn't treated, damage to the brain and
nervous system can lead to:
1. leaming disabilities
2. behavioural difficulties
3. epilepsy
RA 9288: known as the "The Act of Promulgating a
Comprehensive Policy and National System for Ensuring
Newborn Screening"
6. Food processing
▪ AA may be destroyed by heat and other
processing techniques
-e.g. Lysine in bread decreases biologic value
when toasted

Protein deficiency
• Kwashiorkor
‒ syndrome of severe protein malnutrition caused by
inadequate intake of good quality proteins.
‒ CHON Deficiency as a result of abrupt and recently
deprived of food which develops quickly
‒ "The disease of the deposed baby when the next
one is born"
‒ Marked with loosed, thin muscles, "Moon face" (due
to edema),swollen belly, pigmented legs, hair
changes (coarse, sparse, usually discolored)
‒ Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor
food supply.
‒ Protein malnutrition leads to depigmentation,
desquamation, edema, hair color changes (black
hair becomes red and brown hair becomes blond),
and nail thinning.
• Marasmus
‒ condition of chronic protein and caloric deficiency
‒ CHON and energy deficiency as a result of being
deprived of food for a long time.
‒ Aside from total food deprivation, the infant is
usually lacking in emotional and physical care
‒ Marked with "Old mans face" (no edema), thin
muscles, head looks bigger than the body,
prominent ribs, normal hair.