RKM CLASSES ENGLISH LITERATURE 9015710708

RKM CLASSES
English By:- Ashish Sir
9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Spoken English, Entrance English
2. Nouns
इन वाक्यों को दे खें-

Ramu is a farmer. There is a book on the table.

The cow gives milk. My father believes in honesty.
India is a country. I can't forget his kindness.

इन वाक्यों में आए शब्द Ramu, farmer और father व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं; cow एक
जानवर का नाम है ; milk, book और table वस्तुओं के नाम हैं; India और country
स्थानों के नाम हैं; honesty और kindness विचार / भाव के नाम हैं। दनि
ु या में ऐसे ही
हजारों नाम हैं। Grammar की भाषा में इन्हें हम Nouns कहते हैं।

Definition: किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान, वस्त,ु विचार या भाव के नाम को Noun कहते
हैं ।

 A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, feeling, an animal or an

idea.

 A noun is the name of anything.

 A noun is a naming word.

ऊपर दी गई परिभाषाओं से यह स्पष्ट है कि Noun एक naming word है । हम जो भी

दे खते हैं, जानते हैं, सोचते हैं या अनुभव करते हैं, उन सभी के नाम Nouns हैं ।

Kinds of the Noun : Noun के पाँच भेद हैं-

1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा)

2. Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा)

3. Collective Noun (सामूहिक संज्ञा )

4. Material Noun (द्रववाचक संज्ञा)

5. Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा)

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1. Proper Noun : किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर या वस्तु के खास नाम को Proper Noun कहते हैं ।
Proper का अर्थ है –one's own.

* A proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place or thing.

निम्नलिखित सभी Proper Nouns हैं—

1. व्यक्तिये के खाँस नाम --- Ram, Shyam, Seeta, Geeta, John, Joseph, Mary, Lily, Rahim,
Karim, Rehana, Sultana, etc.

2. स्थानों के खास नाम — Patna, Delhi, Kolkata, Asia, Africa, etc.

3. जानवरों के खास नाम — Lucy, Pussy, Tom, Moti, Chetak (Maharana Pratap's horse)

4. पुस्तकों/ग्रंथों के खास नाम —the Ramayan, the Bhagwadgeeta, the Koran / Quran, the
Bible, the Blue Umbrella, etc.

5. भाषाओं के खास के खास नाम — Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, English, French, etc.

6. पत्र-पत्रिकाओं एवं समाचारपत्रों के खास नाम — The India Today, The Times of India, The
Hindustan Times, etc.

7. पर्व-त्योहारों के खास नाम — Holi, Deepawali, Eid, Christmas, Baisakhi, etc.

8. दिनों और महीनों के खास नाम — Sunday, Monday, January, February, Chait, Baisakh,
Ramzan, etc.

9. स्मारकों एवं भवनों के खास नाम — the Red Fort, the Tajmahal, the Jantar Mantar, the
Golghar, etc.

10. नदियों, झीलों, महासागरों आदि के खास नाम —the Ganges, the Yamuna, the Chilka, the
Indian Ocean, etc.

11. पहाड़ों, चोटियों, पठारों के खास नाम — Mount Everest, the Himalayas, the Kailash, the
plateau of Tibet, etc.

12. आकाशीय पिंडों, दिशाओं आदि के खास नाम - the earth, the sun, the moon, the east, the
west, etc.

2. Common Noun: जिस Noun से किसी खास व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान या वस्तु का बोध न होकर
पूरी जाति या श्रेणी का बोध होता है , उसे Common Noun कहते हैं। Common का अर्थ है —shared by
all of the same group.
* A common noun is a name given commonly to every person, animal, place or thing of the
same class or kind.

निम्नलिखित सभी Common Nouns हैं—-

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1. व्यक्तियों के सामान्य नाम —— boy, girl, man, woman, teacher, student, doctor, patient,
thief, police, etc.

2. संबंधियों के सामान्य नाम - mother, father, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece,
etc.

3. पशु, पक्षी, कीट आदि के सामान्य नाम—cow, cat, rat, ant, crow, snake, etc.

4. स्थानों के सामान्य नाम - village, town, city, country, etc.

5. फल-फूल, सब्जी आदि के सामान्य नाम- rose, tomato, potato, etc. - mango, orange, lotus,

6. शारीरिक अंगों के सामान्य नाम — head, foot, eye, ear, hand, leg, tooth, tail, nail, etc.

7. चीजों / वस्तुओं के सामान्य नाम- -pen, pencil, bench, desk, table. chair, bus, train, etc.

Note: Seeta, Geeta और Mala से खास लड़कियों का बोध होता है , अतः ये Proper Nouns हैं, परं तु
girl कहने से किसी खास लड़की का बोध न होकर किसी भी लड़की का बोध होता है । अतः girl एक
Coinmon Noun है

Leela is a proper noun, but girl is a common noun.

Manoj is a proper noun, but boy is a common noun.
Patna is a proper noun, but city is a common noun.
Bihar is a proper noun, but state is a common noun.
Moti is a proper noun, but dog is a common noun.
India is a proper noun, but country is a common noun.
Yamuna is a proper noun, but river is a common noun.

3. Collective Noun: जिस Noun से एक ही तरह के व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के समूह का बोध होता है ,
उसे Collective Noun कहते हैं !

A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things taken together and spoken
of as one whole.
Examples:

class (वर्ग) crowd (भीड़) army (सेना)

team (दल) family (परिवार) committee (समिति)

mob (भीड़) bunch (गुच्छा) flock (झुंड)

herd (झड
ुं ) gang (गिरोह) parliament (संसद)
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‘army' कहने से सैनिकों के समह

ू का बोध होता है । 'crowd' कहने से व्यक्तियों के समूह का बोध
होता है । इसी प्रकार उपर्युक्त अन्य शब्द भी किसी- न-किसी समह
ू का बोध कराते हैं । अतः वे
Collective Nouns हैं ।

4. Material Noun : जिस Noun से किसी द्रव्य / पदार्थ का बोध होता है , जिसे मापा या तौला जाता है ,
किंतु गिना नहीं जाता, जिससे विभिन्न वस्तआ
ु का निर्माण होता है , उसे Material noun कहते हैं ।
*A material noun is the name of a material or substance.
Examples:

water (पानी) wheat (गेहूँ) diamond (दीरा)

milk (दध
ू ) flour (आटा) gold (सोना)

oil (तेल) bread (रोटी) silver (नॉदी)

ghee (घी) paddy (धान) brass (पीतल)

honey (शहद) rice (चावल) iron (लोहा)
butter (मक्खन) gram (नना) wood (लकड़ी)
tea (चाय) pulse (दाल) wool (ऊन)
coffee (कॉफी) salt (नमक) sand (बालू)
ink ( स्याही) sugar (चीनी) soil (मिट्टी)
petrol (पेट्रोल) chalk (खली) paper (कागज)
meat (मांस) fodder (चारा ) grass (घास )
Note: wood Material Noun है , परं तु इससे निर्मित chair, table, bench, house इत्यादि
Common Nouns हैं। bread भी Material Noun है । अतः आप 'एक रोटी' के लिए 'a bread' न
लिखकर 'a piece of bread' लिखें।

5. Abstract Noun : उस गण
ु , अवस्था, विचार या भाव के नाम को Abstract Noun कहते हैं
जिसे दे खा या छुआ नहीं जा सकता, सिर्फ अनुभव किया जा सकता है ।

* An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state, feeling or idea that we can only think
of or feel but cannot see or touch.
Examples:

hardness (कठोरता) wisdom बुद्धिमानी) love (प्यार)

softness (कोमलता) freedom (स्वतंत्रता) hatred (घण
ृ ा)
greatness (महानता) slavery (गुलामी) life (जीवन)
goodness (अच्छाई) bravery (बहादरु ी) death (मत्ृ यु)
foolishness (मर्ख
ू ता) boyhood (लड़कपन) laughter (हँसी)
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kindness (दयालत
ु ा) childhood (बचपन) joy (हर्ष)
whiteness (सफेदी) health (स्वास्थ्य) sorrow (शोक)
darkness (अँधेरापन) wealth (धन) knowledge (ज्ञान)
brightness (चमक) friendship (दोस्ती) sleep (नींद)
weakness (कमजोरी) enmity (दश्ु मनी) fear (डर)
sweetness (मधुरता) honesty (ईमानदारी) youth (जवानी)
sickness (बीमारी) beauty (संद
ु रता) heat (गरमी)
richness (अमीरी) poverty (गरीबी) truth (सचाई)
Note: Arts एवं Sciences के नाम भी Abstract Nouns हैं। जैसे— physics, chemistry, biology,
music, history, geography, grammar, etc.
Encircle all the nouns used in these sentences-

Examples:
(a) The (students) are going to school.
(b) Patna is the (capital) of (Bihar).
(c) (Sonu) was reading a (book) in his (room.)
(d) Please give me some (tea) and (milk).
(e) My (father) taught me grammar.
1. New Delhi is the capital of India.
2. Nehrujee was a great leader of India.
3. The cow has two eyes and a tail.
4. There is a snake in the well.
5. The boys and the girls are reading books in the class.
6. A team of players is going to Mumbai.
7. There is a gang of thieves in the house.
8. This ring is made of gold.
9. The coffee is cold but the tea is hot.
10. Sunday is the last day of the week.
11. There was a great friendship between Ram and Shyam.
12. My father says 'Health is Wealth'.
13. My teacher taught us physics and chemistry.
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14. I live at Nayatola in Patna, Bihar.

15. There is no water in the river.

EXERCISE 2
Pick out the nouns used in the following sentences. Say whether they are proper, common,
collective, material or abstract.
Examples:
(a) Ram is the best boy in the class.
Ans. Ram-Proper Noun, boy-Common Noun, class- Collective Noun.
(b) Sympathy is better than gold.
Ans. Sympathy-Abstract Noun, gold-Material Noun.
1. Sohan has a red car.
2. Children drink milk.
3. My brother is the captain of the team.
4. Patna is the capital of Bihar.
5. The cat has two eyes.
6. Gandhijee was a great leader of India.

7. The Ganges is a holy (पवित्र) river.

8. There is a cap on his head.

9. Gold, silver and money cannot buy honesty.
10. The teacher taught me physics and chemistry.
11. Monday is the first day of the week.

12. He has been a good singer (गायक) since his childhood.

13. Friendship is a boon (वरदान).

14. Without health there is no happiness .

15. He gave me a bunch of grapes.
16. Ram eats bread, mangoes and sugar.
17. The ring is made of silver.
18. There is a crowd on the road.
19. I have love for my friends.

20. The juice (रस) has no sweetness (मिठास ) .

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EXERCISE 3
Direction: In each of the following groups of words, pick out the noun that belongs to a
different class of nouns from the rest.
Examples:
(a) gold, rice, ghee, mango, sand Ans. mango
(b) father, brother, family, son, friend Ans. family
1. chair, boy, watch, wood, river
2. gold, silver, ring, iron, brass
3. boy, childhood, girl, son, daughter
4. book, paper, pen, student
5. mango, apple, juice, orange, milk
6. table, desk, class, room, chair
7. singer, music, dancer, player
8. milk, ink, tea, coffee, bread, apple
9. teacher, students, class, doctor, boy
10. book, apple, nurse, jug, wood
11. apple, mango, orange, rice, banana
12. music. bunch, army, crowd, mob
13. class, crowd, team, player, family
14. police, soldier, army, commander
15. bottle, cup, boy, wine
16. day, month, year, Sunday, ball
17. death , fear , mob , goodness
18. physics, chemistry, subject, friendship
19. car, petrol, driver, road, book
20. health, wealth, pain, doctor

Modern Classification of the Noun

आधनि
ु क अँगरे जी व्याकरण (Modern English Grammar) में Nouns को तीन भागों में बाँटा
गया है -

1. Proper Noun
2. Countable Noun
RKM CLASSES ENGLISH LITERATURE 9015710708

3. Uncountable Noun

1. Proper Noun : किसी व्यक्ति, जानवर, स्थान, दिन, महीना, वस्तु इत्यादि के खास नाम को
Proper Noun कहते हैं ।

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, animal, place, day, month or thing.
Examples: Sohan, Tom, Lucy, Nepal, Delhi, Sunday, Monday, January, February, The Ganges,
The Bagmati, The Himalayas, The Ramayan, The Bhagwadgeeta, The Times of India, etc.

2. Countable Noun : जिस Noun को हम गिन सकते, उसे Countable Noun कहते हैं ।

* The noun which can be counted is called the countable noun. Examples: cow, dog, class,
man, leg, eye, book, star, river, army, team, state, girl, child, student, etc.

3. Uncountable Noun : जिस Noun को हम नहीं गिन सकते, उसे Uncountable Noun कहते हैं
।

The noun which cannot be counted is called the uncountable noun.

Examples: oil, water, rice, bread, butter, flour, wheat, wood, brass, silver, love, beauty,
honesty, truth, boyhood, childhood, youth, kindness, goodness, friendship, knowledge ,
courage (हिम्मत), fear (डर), sympathy ( सहानुभति ू ), etc.

Note : 1. Uncountable Noun के पहले न तो a/an का प्रयोग होता है , न हो इसका Plural

Form होता है । अर्थात ् a oil, a water, a wood, oils, waters, woods, wheats इत्यादि लिखना
गलत होगा । अगर कहीं Plural Form बनता भी है , तो उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन होता है । जैसे
—

I have wood. मेरे पास लकड़ी है ।

I have much/a lot of wood. मेरे पास बहुत लकड़ियाँ हैं ।
There is a woods there. वहाँ एक छोटा जंगल है ।
I have water. मेरे पास पानी है
I have much/a lot of water. मेरे पास बहुत पानी है ।
He waters his garden. वह अपने बाग में पानी दे ता है ।
2. Countable Noun के पहले a/an का प्रयोग होता है और इसका Plural Form भी होता है ।
जैसे—a boy-boys; an ant-ants.

3. हिंदी भाषा में रोटी एक गणनीय संज्ञा है , परं तु अँगरे जी भाषा में bread Uncountable Noun
है । अतः आप 'एक रोटी' की अँगरे जी 'a bread' न लिखकर 'a piece of bread' लिखें। चार
रोटियाँ — four pieces of bread.
RKM CLASSES ENGLISH LITERATURE 9015710708

I have no bread. मेरे पास रोटी नहीं है ।

I have a lot of bread. मेरे पास बहुत रोटियाँ हैं ।
I have a piece of bread. मेरे पास एक रोटी है ।
I have four pieces of bread. मेरे पास चार रोटियाँ हैं ।
4. इसे ध्यान में रखें—

पुराने एवं आधुनिक Grammar के अनस

ु ार Noun के भेद :

पुराना Grammar आधनि

ु क Grammar
1. Proper Noun (i) Proper Noun
2. Common Noun (ii) Countable Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun (iii) Uncountable Noun
5. Abstract Noun

EXERCISE 4
Pick out the nouns used in the following sentences. Say whether they are proper, countable
or uncountable.
Example: Mr Chopra is a man of great knowledge.
Ans. Mr Chopra-Proper Noun, Man-Countable Noun, Knowledge —Uncountable Noun.
1. The cow is an animal.
2. A dog has four legs.
3. Ram is a student of this school.
4. Mumbai is a big city of India.
5. There are milk, rice, bread and oranges on the table.
6. A week has seven days.
7. The students are reading books in the class.
8. Children have honesty.
9. The Ganges is a river.
10. I have love for my friends.
11. This chair is made of wood.
12. An apple is good for health.
13. The little girl has no fear.
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14. He has kindness and greatness.

15. Our army showed great courage in the battle last year.
16. His son is the captain of the team.
17. I like the music of India.
18. The Bhagwadgeeta and the Ramayan are holy books.
19. My friend does not take coffee or tea in the morning.
20. He has been a good singer since his childhood.