Assignment Title : One-Way MANOVA (Assignment 5)

Student’s Name : Goh Jia Quan (GS65807)

Course : KOM6115 Advanced Statistics for Communication Research

Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Jusang Bin Bolong

Assignment Topic and Tasks: Run Partial Correlation based on data provided.

A. Case Study

B. Research Variables

C. Research Objective

D. Conceptual Framework

E. Hypothesis

F. Result (table/interpretation/implication and suggestion of study)

G. Appendix: SPSS output.

1. Case study

A researcher surveyed 210 respondents about the corporate social responsibility of their

organizations. The questionnaire consisted of five parts. Respondents filled in their demographic

information in Part A. Meanwhile, Part B measures the awareness of the organization’s CSR

initiatives (AW); Part C measures the congruence between the organization and CSR initiatives

(FT); Part D measures the organizational motives for engaging in CSR initiatives (MT); and

lastly, Part E measures the employees’ attitude toward the organization (AT).

2. Research Variables

1.

2.

2.1. Independent variables: Level of education (SPM/STPM, Diploma/Degree, Master/PhD)

2.2. Dependent Variables: CSR Awareness, CSR Congruence, CSR Motivation Employees

Attitude. 1= Strongly disagree … 5= Strongly agree (Compute to score/ratio)

3. Research Objective

This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of education and the

organization’s CSR initiatives (AW), the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT),

the congruence between the organization and CSR initiatives (FT) and the employees’ attitude

toward the organization (AT).

3.

4. Hypothesis

Ho : Level of education is not the factor towards the organization’s CSR initiatives (AW),
the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT), the congruence between the
 organization and CSR initiatives (FT) and the employees’ attitude toward the organization
(AT).

Ha: Level of education is the factor towards the organization’s CSR initiatives (AW), the
motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT), the congruence between the
organization and CSR initiatives (FT) and the employees’ attitude toward the organization
(AT).

5. Theoretical framework

CSR awareness
Level of education
CSR congruence
a. SPM/STPM

b. Diploma/Degree CSR motivation

c. Master/PhD Employees attitude

6. Results

According to Table 1, there is a significant effect of level of education towards the four

dependent variables [F (5.848), p = 0.000, <0.05]. Thus, we reject the null hypothesis and accept

the alternative hypothesis. Level of education is the factor towards the organization’s CSR

initiatives (AW), the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT), the congruence

between the organization and CSR initiatives (FT) and the employees’ attitude toward the

organization (AT).

Table 1: Multivariate Pillai’s Trace Tests (a) for Effects of marital status towards
interpersonal relationship

Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig.

Intercept Pillai's Trace .989 4639.694 4.000 204.000 .000
Wilks' Lambda .011 4639.694 4.000 204.000 .000
Hotelling's Trace 90.974 4639.694 4.000 204.000 .000
 Roy's Largest .000
90.974 4639.694 4.000 204.000
Root
Level of Pillai's Trace .201 5.737 8.000 410.000 .000
educatio
Wilks' Lambda .805 5.848 8.000 408.000 .000
n
Hotelling's Trace .235 5.959 8.000 406.000 .000
Roy's Largest .000
.196 10.303 4.000 205.000
Root

MANOVA test analysis (Table 2) was done to dependent variables which generally showed

that there was a significant difference between level of education and all dependent variables.

This result indicated that level of education influenced their CSR awareness, CSR motivation,

CSR congruence and attitude towards the organizations.

Table 2: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Source Dependent Type III Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Variable Squares
Corrected Model ScoreAW 64.342 2 32.171 7.017 0.001
ScoreFT 189.569 2 94.784 12.347 0.000
ScoreMT 462.247 2 231.123 18.460 0.000
ScoreAT 92.510 2 46.255 7.780 0.001
Intercept ScoreAW 74099.586 1 74099.586 16161.445 0.000
ScoreFT 83652.063 1 83952.063 10936.173 0.000
ScoreMT 158722.755 1 158722.755 12677.355 0.000
ScoreAT 62146.857 1 62146.857 10452.311 0.000
Level of ScoreAW 64.342 2 32.171 7.017 0.001
education
ScoreFT 189.569 2 94.784 12.347 0.000
ScoreMT 462.247 2 231.123 18.460 0.000
ScoreAT 92.510 2 46.255 7.780 0.001
a R Squared = .063 (Adjusted R Squared = .054)
b R Squared = .107 (Adjusted R Squared = .098)
c R Squared = .151 (Adjusted R Squared = .143)
d R Squared = .070 (Adjusted R Squared = .061)

By referring to the mean value in Table 3 for each dependent variables across the level of

education, it was found that diploma/degree holders have higher CSR awareness, CSR FT score,
CSR motivation and attitude score towards the organizations compared to SPM/STPM and

master/PhD holders.

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for dependent variables between level of education

 Education Mean Std. Deviation N

ScoreAW SPM / STPM 22.6415 2.35416 53

Diploma / Degree 23.8550 1.81922 131
Master / PhD 22.8846 3.03746 26
Total 23.4286 2.20203 210
ScoreFT SPM / STPM 24.2264 2.59912 53
Diploma / Degree 25.9695 2.43986 131
Master / PhD 23.6538 4.30760 26
Total 25.2429 2.91721 210
ScoreMT SPM / STPM 32.2642 5.11089 53
Diploma / Degree 35.6641 2.51950 131
Master / PhD 33.6154 4.04056 26
Total 34.5524 3.82257 210
ScoreAT SPM / STPM 20.7170 2.50674 53
Diploma / Degree 22.0916 2.09560 131
Master / PhD 20.7308 3.65029 26
Total 21.5762 2.51624 210

7. Discussion and conclusion

The Type III Sum of Squares values for each variable indicate the amount of variance

explained by the level of education. Higher values suggest a stronger or more dominant influence

of education on the variable. In this case, ScoreMT has the highest values, followed by ScoreFT,

ScoreAT and ScoreAW. The findings of this research are similar to previous research, where that

different level of education shows different activeness in CSR activities (Taylor, 1989). Joe and

Jake (2013), mentioned degree participants in their survey are more likely to join the CSR

activities in their communities and offer helps to those who needed. Moreover, education has

been an important factor of individuals’ motivation towards CSR according to Smith and

Jackson (2020). This outcome is also supported by Barry (2014) and Oliver (2016).
8. Implication of the study

Higher levels of education may make people more aware of CSR initiatives, according to the

substantial association between education and CSR awareness (ScoreAW). Organizations should

take into account the possibility that educational programs or training may have an impact on

how well their workforce understands and practices corporate social responsibility.

Organizations can create targeted strategies and interventions to promote a CSR-oriented culture

and increase staff participation in CSR projects by understanding the importance of education in

these fields. Organizations can empower employees with information and skills, generating a

more socially and ecologically responsible workforce, by incorporating educational activities

within their CSR programs.

9. Future recommendations

In summary, longitudinal studies should be conducted to comprehend the long-term effects

of education on CSR variables in order to inform future study and practice in CSR and

organizational behavior. It's crucial to investigate cross-cultural differences and assess how well

educational initiatives are working. The accessibility and engagement of educational

interventions can be improved by incorporating technology. Cooperation between businesses and

academic institutions helps advance CSR knowledge and abilities. Finally, businesses should

make education a top priority in their CSR plans by offering training opportunities and

encouragement for further study. These suggestions will aid in improving knowledge of the

connection between education and CSR and encourage the development of future generations

who are more socially conscious.

10. Appendix
 Between-Subjects Factors
Value Label N
Education 1 SPM / STPM 53
2 Diploma / Degree 131
3 Master / PhD 26

Descriptive Statistics
Education Mean Std. Deviation N
ScoreAW SPM / STPM 22.6415 2.35416 53
Diploma / Degree 23.8550 1.81922 131
Master / PhD 22.8846 3.03746 26
Total 23.4286 2.20203 210
ScoreFT SPM / STPM 24.2264 2.59912 53
Diploma / Degree 25.9695 2.43986 131
Master / PhD 23.6538 4.30760 26
Total 25.2429 2.91721 210
ScoreMT SPM / STPM 32.2642 5.11089 53
Diploma / Degree 35.6641 2.51950 131
Master / PhD 33.6154 4.04056 26
Total 34.5524 3.82257 210
ScoreAT SPM / STPM 20.7170 2.50674 53
Diploma / Degree 22.0916 2.09560 131
Master / PhD 20.7308 3.65029 26
Total 21.5762 2.51624 210

Multivariate Testsa
Partial Eta
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .989 4639.694 b
4.000 204.000 .000 .989
Wilks' Lambda .011 4639.694 b
4.000 204.000 .000 .989
Hotelling's Trace 90.974 4639.694 b
4.000 204.000 .000 .989
Roy's Largest Root 90.974 4639.694b 4.000 204.000 .000 .989
D6 Pillai's Trace .201 5.737 8.000 410.000 .000 .101
Wilks' Lambda .805 5.848 b
8.000 408.000 .000 .103
Hotelling's Trace .235 5.959 8.000 406.000 .000 .105
 Roy's Largest Root .196 10.030c 4.000 205.000 .000 .164
a. Design: Intercept + D6
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.

Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
ScoreAW Based on Mean 6.104 2 207 .003
Based on Median 4.336 2 207 .014
Based on Median and with 4.336 2 159.251 .015
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 5.897 2 207 .003
ScoreFT Based on Mean 7.420 2 207 .001
Based on Median 5.790 2 207 .004
Based on Median and with 5.790 2 149.318 .004
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 6.523 2 207 .002
ScoreMT Based on Mean 34.999 2 207 .000
Based on Median 20.639 2 207 .000
Based on Median and with 20.639 2 158.391 .000
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 33.966 2 207 .000
ScoreAT Based on Mean 6.350 2 207 .002
Based on Median 5.756 2 207 .004
Based on Median and with 5.756 2 168.312 .004
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 5.967 2 207 .003
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + D6

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Type III Sum of P
Source Dependent Variable Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model ScoreAW 64.342 a
2 32.171 7.017 .001
ScoreFT 189.569 b
2 94.784 12.347 .000
ScoreMT 462.247c 2 231.123 18.460 .000
 ScoreAT 92.510d 2 46.255 7.780 .001
Intercept ScoreAW 74099.586 1 74099.586 16161.445 .000
ScoreFT 83952.063 1 83952.063 10936.173 .000
ScoreMT 158722.755 1 158722.755 12677.355 .000
ScoreAT 62146.857 1 62146.857 10452.311 .000
D6 ScoreAW 64.342 2 32.171 7.017 .001
ScoreFT 189.569 2 94.784 12.347 .000
ScoreMT 462.247 2 231.123 18.460 .000
ScoreAT 92.510 2 46.255 7.780 .001
Error ScoreAW 949.087 207 4.585
ScoreFT 1589.045 207 7.677
ScoreMT 2591.677 207 12.520
ScoreAT 1230.771 207 5.946
Total ScoreAW 116282.000 210
ScoreFT 135591.000 210
ScoreMT 253766.000 210
ScoreAT 99085.000 210
Corrected Total ScoreAW 1013.429 209
ScoreFT 1778.614 209
ScoreMT 3053.924 209
ScoreAT 1323.281 209
a. R Squared = .063 (Adjusted R Squared = .054)
b. R Squared = .107 (Adjusted R Squared = .098)
c. R Squared = .151 (Adjusted R Squared = .143)
d. R Squared = .070 (Adjusted R Squared = .061)

Estimates
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable Education Mean Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
ScoreAW SPM / STPM 22.642 .294 22.062 23.221
Diploma / Degree 23.855 .187 23.486 24.224
Master / PhD 22.885 .420 22.057 23.713
ScoreFT SPM / STPM 24.226 .381 23.476 24.977
Diploma / Degree 25.969 .242 25.492 26.447
Master / PhD 23.654 .543 22.583 24.725
ScoreMT SPM / STPM 32.264 .486 31.306 33.222
Diploma / Degree 35.664 .309 35.055 36.274
 Master / PhD 33.615 .694 32.247 34.983
ScoreAT SPM / STPM 20.717 .335 20.057 21.377
Diploma / Degree 22.092 .213 21.672 22.512
Master / PhD 20.731 .478 19.788 21.674

Pairwise Comparisons
95% Con
Mean Difference
Dependent Variable (I) Education (J) Education (I-J) Std. Error Sig.b Lower Bou
ScoreAW SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.213* .349 .002 -2
Master / PhD -.243 .513 1.000 -1
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.213 *
.349 .002
Master / PhD .970 .460 .108 -
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .243 .513 1.000 -
Diploma / Degree -.970 .460 .108 -2
ScoreFT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.743*
.451 .000 -2
Master / PhD .573 .663 1.000 -1
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.743* .451 .000
Master / PhD 2.316 *
.595 .000
Master / PhD SPM / STPM -.573 .663 1.000 -2
Diploma / Degree -2.316*
.595 .000 -3
ScoreMT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -3.400* .576 .000 -4
Master / PhD -1.351 .847 .337 -3
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 3.400 *
.576 .000 2
Master / PhD 2.049 *
.760 .023
Master / PhD SPM / STPM 1.351 .847 .337 -
Diploma / Degree -2.049*
.760 .023 -3
ScoreAT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.375*
.397 .002 -2
Master / PhD -.014 .584 1.000 -1
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.375* .397 .002
Master / PhD 1.361 *
.524 .030
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .014 .584 1.000 -1
Diploma / Degree -1.361*
.524 .030 -2
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.
 Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Mean Difference 95% Co
Dependent Variable (I) Education (J) Education (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Boun
ScoreAW SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.2135 *
.34858 .002 -2.0
Master / PhD -.2431 .51269 .884 -1.4
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.2135 *
.34858 .002 .3
Master / PhD .9703 .45972 .090 -.1
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .2431 .51269 .884 -.9
Diploma / Degree -.9703 .45972 .090 -2.0
ScoreFT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.7431 *
.45104 .000 -2.8
Master / PhD .5726 .66339 .664 -.9
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.7431 *
.45104 .000 .6
Master / PhD 2.3156* .59485 .000 .9
Master / PhD SPM / STPM -.5726 .66339 .664 -2.1
Diploma / Degree -2.3156 *
.59485 .000 -3.7
ScoreMT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -3.4000 *
.57602 .000 -4.7
Master / PhD -1.3512 .84722 .250 -3.3
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 3.4000 *
.57602 .000 2.0
Master / PhD 2.0487 *
.75968 .021 .2
Master / PhD SPM / STPM 1.3512 .84722 .250 -.6
Diploma / Degree -2.0487* .75968 .021 -3.8
ScoreAT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.3746 *
.39695 .002 -2.3
Master / PhD -.0138 .58384 1.000 -1.3
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.3746 *
.39695 .002 .4
Master / PhD 1.3608* .52352 .027 .1
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .0138 .58384 1.000 -1.3
Diploma / Degree -1.3608 *
.52352 .027 -2.5
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 5.946.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.