Approved General Manager

SHIP OPERATION SAFETY MANUAL Date 15.02.2017

Chapter 3
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3. PERSONEL SAFETY

3.1 General Onboard Safety / Situational Awareness /Tool Box Meting

A good seaman practices should be strictly followed always at every operation.

Special attention must be spend when opening closing the valve. Hazardous outcomes of sudden increase of
pressure should be considered and all valves (cargo valves, BW valves, manifold valves etc..) must be opened /
closed easily, slowly by checking the manometer change.

Hazards of extreme swing move of hose due to sudden pressure changes to be considered always. Portable
hoses (Cargo, BW, hydraulic, SW, etc.) which under the pressure and longer than 1 mt should be fixed to avoid
extreme swinging move. This may be fixing the mean hose body by a rope to deck structure.

Before start every job department head ( C/O, C/E, or responsible officer) should conduct a tool box meeting with
the person who do the job. This is a short meting which identifies potential risks and preventive actions. Aim of this
meeting is to increase situational awareness of crew.
Situational awareness is one of the most effective factor to avoid accidents/incidents.
Situational awareness is a term used to describe a person’s awareness of their surroundings, the meaning of
these surroundings, a prediction of what these surroundings will mean in the future, and then using this information
to act. This can be simplified down into three key words:

Look - Think - Act

Situational Awareness is a key part of the decision-making process. It is important that we have a full idea about
what is going on, to make the best decision possible each time.
There are many things a person can do to maintain their level of situational awareness:
- Familiarise yourself with the system you are using. The easier you can find the information you need, the
better your situational awareness will be.
- Make sure you are actively gathering all the information required. There are many resources available to you
so make sure you are using these wisely.
- Keep up a good scan rate of the environment. Check the obstruction and possible risks around work area.
- Plan ahead and try to foreseen what is next step and what can be done at the next steps.. It is easier to make
plans early when you have a low workload. This way you are keeping yourself stimulated during low workload
times, and then when the workload increases, you have already made all the important decisions and do not
need to use as much mental capacity. This gives you more time to scan the environment and keep a high
level of situational awareness. Having alternative plans is also a good idea.
- Try not to assume what is going to happen. If you assume something and it is incorrect, then the decision you
make will also be incorrect.
- Maintaining a good level of knowledge. Make sure that your keep your knowledge current. Procedures are
continually updated month to month. You should know your vessel equipments and devices very well.
- Keep your skills current. There should be a supervisor to concentrate on what is going on around you, rather
than concentrating on operating the system itself.

3.2 Housekeeping

An untidy workplace can cause injuries in particular, injuries resulting from slips and trips, therefore good
housekeeping practices are essential for all workplaces. For example:
- spills on floors should be cleaned up immediately
- walkways should be kept clear of obstructions
- work materials should be neatly stored
- any waste should be regularly removed.
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It will be much easier to keep the workplace clean and tidy if it is well laid out with sufficient space for storage and
for the movement of people.

Good housekeeping skills are essential for personal safety. All employees are responsible for reducing potential
hazards and keeping their work areas safe. Good housekeeping include keeping stairways free from clutter,
cleaning spills, minimizing combustibles in workplace and storage areas and keeping all exits free from
obstructions.

Maintain clear and unobstructed escape routes, access to emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers pull
stations, eye wash units, showers, etc.

Housekeeping also covers proper securing the items onboard. Inadequate securing of the items may be resulted
with damage to crew, damage to equipment, slippery surface etc during the heavy weather.

Besides, all crew (ratings and officers) are responsible for good housekeeping onboard. They should be brified and
trained in monthly safety meeting to take their attention for each item in this section.

To provide good housekeeping, work planning also to be carried out properly. During the job and after completion,
on time cleaning / tidying should be in place.

Crew also responsible to report to the officers, if they see any non conformity fort his subject.

Housekeeping should cover the following:

 Keep all areas clean, dry and free of rubbish, slipping and tripping hazards

 Garbages should be stowed separately and coded with related color/name according to garbage manual
and posted placards. Be sure that adequate quantity and type of garbage bins are provided in all related
areas

 Steel bins with lids for all kind of waste should be provided and emptied frequently. Garbage bins which
made of Combustible material (such as plastic) are prohibited to use onboard.

 All spillages are to be wiped up immediately and oil soaked rags and other flammable materials to be
disposed.

 Store and use items such as cleaning fluids, paints, solvents aerosols and other highly flammable material
as managed by the manufacturer. At the end of the working day secure them in the designated stowage,
e.g. put the lids back on.

 Stow materials, spares and other supplies securely and correctly. All stores should be tidy.

 Secure all moveable items

 Close doors of empty compartments and switch off unnecessary lighting and other electrical equipment.

 Self closing devices for doors should be working properly. Not obstructing with any materials or not tie up
with a rope to keep open

 Any doors , speacially at stairways should be openned slightly/gently to prevent possible crash/injury if
anybody would be at back side.

 Doors in accomodation should be gently closed so that no disturb any crew rest.

 Laundry must be kept free of accumulations of clothing that constitute a fire hazard.
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 Drying rooms should not have any inflammable material in the vicinity of the Heater, or electrical plugs
 Clear and legible signs/operational notices should be posted on related area.

 Ensure that electrical items are properly connected and no unauthorized equipment is in use

 Keep tools, fittings and equipment in good order. After a job is finished put the tools back in their correct
place

 Ensure lighting is sufficient and adequate illumination of all work/transit areas

 Ensure escape routes and emergency exits are not obstructed. Escapes and their accesses are to be kept
clear from obstructions at all times ensuring safe access. Escapes are to be kept clean, free of oil and
grease and well illuminated. Emergency escapes and the routes to them are to be clearly marked with the
correct IMO photo luminescent symbols.

 Ensure that there are no leaking pipes or fittings

 Look out for and remove any fire hazards

 Hot surfaces particularly diesel engines must be free of any evidence of fuel, diesel, and lubricating oils.

 Purifier rooms and fuel and lubricating oil handling areas must be clean and well ventilated.

 All loose gear in Machinery spaces, stores and steering compartment must be properly secured.

 Machinery spaces and steering compartment must be clean and free from obvious leaks and the overall
standard of housekeeping and fabric maintenance must be satisfactory.

 All bilges must be free of oil, rubbish and sediment.

 Access to all accommodation spaces, machinery spaces, steering gear room, service spaces and stores
must be free of any obstructions.

 General condition, visual appearance and cleanliness of the hull, superstructure and weather decks must
be satisfactory.

 The hull must be maintained free of oil stains, extensive coating breakdown or excessive marine growth.

 All internal spaces, storerooms and accommodation must be clean, free from debris and tidy.

 Forecastle space must be maintained free of water.

 General condition of all electrical equipment including conduits and wiring on deck, in machinery spaces
and inside accommodation must be maintained in satisfactory condition at all times.

 In vessels fitted with pump rooms, the machinery, pipework with fittings, valve glands and instrumentation
must be maintained in good order and free of leaks. The pump room bilges must be kept free of any cargo
products. The pump rooms must be kept well illuminated when in use.

General tidiness and good housekeeping are essential aspects of fire prevention. Accumulations of rubbish,
such as packing material and shavings, full waste paper baskets, and ash trays containing paper are common
examples of potential fire hazards.

3.3 Slips, Trips and Falls

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Many injures are caused by slips, trips and falls, particularly those incidents which results in loss time. (one of the
main reason for slip, trip and falls is inadequate housekeeping)
Be careful and observe the following rules.

The followings areas are defined for slip, trip and fall hazards;

• Wet floors/Decks
• Oily floors/Decks
• Highly waxed and polished floors /Decks
• Icy Spots
• edges of different level
• stairways top and bottom steps
• not fixed mats, rugs and carpets
• laying down mooring ropes, cables and heaving line

1. Good traction helps prevent slipping. The sole material of some shoes, and worn soles may increase the
chance of slipping. Always wear safety shoes that provide good traction (non-skid foot wear) which are
given from our Office upon joining the Vessel.

2. Clean up spills immediately. Use proper cleaning agents. Use appropriate signs to warn others on board.

3. Keep small items, such as those, which will roll and cause slipping, off the floor

4. When using wrenches, make sure that your footing is stable in case the wrench slips or releases quickly

5. In addition to the tools used in day to day operations, many items can cause tripping hazard such as
hoses, lines, shallow holes, extension cords, loose shoe laces, etc. Take action to eliminate tripping
hazards where possible.

6. To prevent falls, every opening on deck or walkway must be protected to prevent an accident. The
openings should be protected by barricades, railings, roped off, or constantly attended.

7. When working in elevated locations where falls are possible. Apply working aloft procedure.

8. Barricades shall be used to prevent entry into an area that is considered unsafe. (with signal sign)

9. Good housekeeping helps prevent slips, trips and falls

10. Never run!

11. Never use ladder that is not in good condition. Always place the foot approximately 1/4 the length of the
leader from the vertical surface, and secure it.

12. Walking and/or standing on the pipes/lines and any other equipments which creates fall hazard, is strictly
prohibited. If it is necessary to work on pipes/lines, working aloft procedure shall be followed. Whatever the
circumstances, such fall risks should not be tolerated and always should be used the safe/secure ways.

13. Inspect working areas before start working against potential risks/obstructions/trips and eliminate
poetential risks of trips, fall and slips. Observed obstructions should be reported to dept head (C/O&C/E)
and marked/highlighted with caution colour(yellow/black) to prevent a potential accident risks next works.

13. Even in the daily routine, It should be considered the possible risks at heavy weather condition, and effect
to daily routine. It may be needed the restrict daily routines in personal life under heavy weather
conditions. As also requirement of a good seaman ship practice, It is strongly recommended, NOT to take
shower at heavy weather condition at 8 Beaufort and above.
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14. When working outside the ship's rails, a safety harness, safety line and life jacket to be worn. Work must
not take place whilst the vessel is making way. Working aloft and outboard permit to be issued.

15. Adequate illumination to be provided at the workplace.

16. When going up/down a ladder, ensure that when a person is going up and down on the ladder both hands
are free, (not carrying any item in hand), gloves and shoes are not slippery. This will ensure that he gets
good grip on ladder. It must be noted that when walking on decks/ladders with wet paint, it may cause
shoes/gloves to get detached from the person. And always use ladders which in compartments as
backward

17. If climbing or working on structural inside a tank such as side longitudinal, as far as possible a well
secured ladder should be used. if that is not feasible, it should be ensured that the safety harness is
hooked securely in cut outs or equivalent secure places in the structural members and be cautious.

18. Exit and entrances should be as far as possible free of obstructions and illuminated.

19. Openings (such as man holes, cut places, removed floor plates etc) are to be adequately fenced (only
display of danger signs is not enough). Further the warning signs are to be positioned in such a way that
they can be viewed from normal approach route to that area. The openings may be manned where
needed.

20. Ensure that person working is fit, sufficiently rested and not complaining of ill health. Fatigue is an
important factor for possible accident and incident.

21. In case of heavy weather, working to be avoided. Where necessary, permit to go open deck / unprotected
space at heavy weather to be followed.

22. The SMS procedures, permits and checklists are to be fully complied without fail.

23. Decks in working areas should have clearly identified non-slip surfaces. This would include areas used for
mooring, walkways, ¶muster stations,rescue boat station, liferaft launching area¶

24. Ensure all work areas are free from grease and oil.

25. As much as possible, ensure that mooring ropes, cables and heaving lines are secure and are laid out in a
safe and secure manner when in use or stowed.

26. Use exproof light, if you enter a dark or dimly lit room.

Ships are dynamic and busy workplace, constantly in motion and with plenty of activity. Along with this comes the
fact that the workplace and environment is also dynamic with situational changes occuring frequently.

With this in mind, it’s important to remember basic seamanship and situational awareness when on board. Take
the time to consider your work, your colleagues work and also the work of persons new or unfamiliar with the ship,
which can help us all maintain a safe and secure working environment.

In all cases, common sense and the application of good housekeeping will eliminate or greatly reduce the
everyday hazards of slips, trips and falls.

Always remind that; “one hand for the ship and one for yourself”

3.4 Stairs and Walkways

• When carrying tools or material, ALWAYS keep one hand free to use the handrails as you go up and down
stairways.
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• Do not carry anything that may block your vision entirely.

• Avoid Horseplay
• Ensure steps are not worn, slippery or loose.

• Do not RUN up or down the stairs

• All steps, walkways and stairs MUST be kept free of obstructions and slippery materials such as oil and
grease.

• Make certain lighting is adequate.

• When walkways and steps are provided, they must be used .Do not take shortcuts

• Tools, equipment and material must not be left on walkways.

• Never use a handrail or railing as an anchor point for load: do not sit on a rail, nor depend on it to do more
than it was designed for -to provide only a barrier.

• Walkways and handrails should be inspected periodically to determine their strength and integrity

• The use of colours to identify tripping hazard is encouraged

• Secure hoses and electrical cords whenever they are laid across walkways

• The new painted walkways cause to slip, so slippery area should be surrounded with warning bands and
warning notices

• Gratings or plates on the walkways and platforms should be fixed and secured in place properly to avoid
falls while walking/working on and /or move of plates due to rolling and pitching at heavy weather.

• There should be no any gap between the walk way gratings, all gratings/plates should be fitted as
continuously.

• As a good seaman practice, Consider get down from ladders/stairs on backwards. Trying to get down from
stairs/ladders on face forward position may cause falls down which resulted with serious injuries.

• Manual Lifting while on to step vertical stairs/ladders: Recommended to Hold the handrails with both hand,
do not handle any object/material while climbing/get down to vertical ladders/stairs, Use heaving line or
chain blocks or a winch asistance to lower or heave up heavy weights and large items,

3.4.1 Preventing Falls on Stairs/ Environmental and Behavioural Factors

The stairs in the ships even in accommodation the ones you climb up and down every day can be dangerous.
Most of the falls from stairs accidents can be resulted with Loss Time Injuries.

Falls on stairs can be a major threat to health, independence and confidence. The physical consequences can be
serious, including soft-tissue damage and broken bones especially hip. Other serious consequences particularly
for older people can be psychological effects, such as lowered confidence and a loss of a feeling of safety, which
might further reduce healthful mobility and activity. Many people never fully recover from the consequences of a
fall.

Most of the falls on or from stairs can be prevented. Prevention starts by keeping in mind that there are risks when
people use stairs. Good planning and simple strategies can help everyone prevent falls and injuries.

There are 3 contributing factors to lead falls from stairs:

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Behavioural factors; include lack of concentration, carrying something while using stairs, unsuitable footwear ( not
wearing safety shoes), unfamiliarity with the stairs (although most stair-related injuries occur on stairs with which
the fall victim is familiar) and decisions whether or not — and how — to modify or maintain the stairway
environment.
Environmental factors ; include poor design, construction and maintenance of stairs; nonexistent or dysfunctional
handrails; poor lighting; and other visual features of stairs such as tread surfaces.

Health factors ; include eyesight problems, frailty, drowsiness and loss of balance which does not seen on a
normal seaman profile.

PREVENTING FALLS BY MODIFYING YOUR BEHAVIOUR :

What causes people to fall? Strategies to prevent falls

Overstepping stair treads or twisting your feet or  Be cautious, deliberate and not rushed.
body on relatively short treads or windings  Hold on to the handrails always, use both hands
stairways when on steep stairs.

Rushing, especially on steep, curved or
cramped stairs
NOT Wearing Safety Shoes
Unfamiliarity with the environment.
Lack of attention, for example, when going
down stairs; some people fall at the second last
step because they think they have already
reached the bottom of the stairs
Poor or impaired vision
Rushing up or down stairs to do something in
urgency
Not using lights
Not holding the handrails
Carrying objects on the stairs
 Take time and be extra cautious, especially where
there is a transition between angled, shorter treads on
winding stairways and rectangular treads.
 Always wear Safety Shoes that fit properly and that
have a non-slip sole.
 Take extra time when using an unfamiliar stairway
and be especially wary of all places where changes of
floor level are possible — especially with only one or two
steps in settings that are visually distracting.
 Avoid being distracted when using a stairway.
 Make sure that your perception of the stairway is
accurate, especially in beginning or ending your use of a
stairway.
 Remove your reading glasses when you climb up or
down stairs.
 If you have prescription eyeglasses for distance
vision, always wear them when using the stairs.
 Take extra care when wearing bifocal or progressive
eyeglasses. Adjust the position of your glasses or your
head so you can see the stairs clearly.
 Take your time when using the stairs, particularly
when going down the stairs.
 If stairs are darker than surrounding areas, switch on
stair lights.
 When walking up or down stairs, always hold the
handrails, or have at least one hand within easy reach of
a handrail and for some more steep stairs/ladders, both
hands should always be available for handrail use.
 Never carry objects on stairs, especially if they
require use of both hands or block your view of the steps.
Instead, consider using a heaving line to lower the object

SHIP OPERATION SAFETY MANUAL
Cleaning the stairs without taking proper
precautions
Leaving, or storing, objects on steps or landings
(an important problem that is easily avoided)
PREVENTING FALLS BY MODIFYING THE STAIRWAY ENVIRONMENT :
What causes people to fall?
Difficult-to-see steps, especially when it is hard to
distinguish one step from another
Poor lighting that causes people to misjudge
presence and exact location of each step
Steep steps with high risers
and/or short treads
Non-uniform steps — an
especially common cause of
Step geometry
missteps and falls
Winding or curved stairs
Slippery or poorly maintained treads
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to down stairs.
 One hand should always be left free to hold on to a
handrail — and for some more steep stairs/ladders, both
hands should always be available for handrail use.
 Use small, lightweight tools or equipment such as a
hand-held, cordless vacuum cleaner and always keep
one hand on, or available for, the handrail.
 If you polish uncarpeted stairs, always use non-glare,
non-skid wax.
 If necessary, have someone else clean the stairs.
 Do not place any objects on steps, and make sure
that any objects on landings do not distract or obstruct.
Strategies to prevent falls
 Avoid visually distracting patterns on the treads.
 Highlight edge of steps permanently (not with tape)
if they can’t be clearly seen. Paint a contrasting colour
stripe on the nosing of each tread.
 Mark the first and the last steps of stairs/ladders
on deck / Engine Room with yellow colour paint
 Improve lighting on steps and stairs. Stairs should
not have lower illumination levels than adjacent areas.
 Use lighting that makes tread nosings distinctly
visible and does not cause glare or strong shadows.
 Keep tread coverings thin and tightly affixed to
maximize usable tread size. This will usually require
removing cushioning under carpets on steps. Soft
treads, especially when short and with a large rounding
at the nosing, should be avoided.
 Sight along the nosings to confirm that they line up
exactly. If they do not, consider partial or complete
rebuilding of the steps to make them of uniform size
and height. This is very important!
 Provide handrails on each side of the stairway,
especially where the stairway includes combinations of
rectangular and tapered treads which require users to
move from larger to smaller tread depths, depending on
where one walks on the stair width.
 Steps should be grating type or if not
embossments steel made, Use a slip-resistant paint.
 Repair or replace tread surfaces.
 Fasten tread coverings securely. The covering
should be tight against the nosing. Resilient safety tread
coverings must be carefully installed and maintained
because they tend to crack at the nosing and become

SHIP OPERATION SAFETY MANUAL
Loose tools/equipments/buckets etc...
Missing or dysfunctional
handrails
Handrails
Loose or broken handrails
FIGURE 1 : IDEAL MEASURES OF SAFE STAIRS :
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an additional hazard.
 Do not place loose tools/equipments/buckets etc...
on steps, or at the top or bottom of stairways.
 Handrails are strongly recommended regardless of
the number of steps. Where possible, install functional
handrails on both sides of stairs.
 If there are existing handrails which are decorative
but not functional, these should be augmented or
replaced by functional handrails.
 Position handrails at about adult elbow height: 900
to 965 mm (35 ½ to 38 in.) works well for older adults
who use the handrail for support (see Figure 1).
 An adult should be able to wrap his or her hand
around — and underneath — the handrails. If you wrap
a measuring tape around the railing, it should measure
less than 160 mm (6 ¼ in.) for adult hands;
 Extend the handrails, without a break, the full length
of the stairs, and beyond the top and bottom of the
stairs (see Figure 1).
 Ensure handrails have a tactile indicator that warns
users that the stair is coming to the end.
 Make sure the handrails are easy to see, even in
low light or at night.
 Attach handrails securely to walls and posts. You
should be able to put your entire weight on the handrail
without damaging the handrail, the wall or the post.
 Repair loose or broken handrails.
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3.5 Handling Lines

 All lines should be coiled and stowed when not in use.

 Use proper gloves (palm leather) for handling line
 Use guide hooks to guide wires onto winch drums
 When working with blocks, handle the line far enough away from the block to prevent hands from getting
pulled into the block.
 When handling a line, which may suddenly come under tension, avoid placing hands in the eye,
particularly if it is being placed on a bollard or other device that might trap the hand.
 Do not stand in the bight of a line or a coil of line
 Stay clear of all lines, and when working with lines under tension, stay out of areas, which might become
dangerous if the line should part and recoil.
 Always use the right size (strength) of line for the job. Never put lines under 1' inch diameter to a winch or
other mechanical assist.
 Lines that will be used where strength is of primary importance to safety of personnel should be closely
examined for deterioration from wear, chemical contact or weathering, wherever possible use a new line.

3.6 HANDLING CHEMICALS / DETERGENTS, PAINTS and HAZARDOUS ITEMS

3.6.1 GENERAL

Chemicals are used on board for various purposes. Different types of chemicals cause hazards to humans and
environment.

As company policy only environmental friendly detergents shall be used onboard for tank cleaning, engine
room, galley, personal use etc.
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Following procedure shall be used before handling any chemical:

 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) to be available to all personal, who involve to handling.
MSDS to be available in;
-storage areas
-paint room
-chemical storage room

 All dangerous materials are only to be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
 Dangerous, hazardous or irritating substances are to be handled only under instruction from and under the
supervision of a responsible officer. The responsible officer is to instruct, inform and train crew, so that
they understand the risks arising from their work with dangerous or hazardous materials and the
precautions to be taken.
 Dangerous or hazardous materials which are not specifically mentioned in this section are to be subject to
a “special risk assessment” prior to use on board.
 Do not mix any chemicals unless it is known what reaction will ocur
 Never use a substance from a container without a label.
 In following situation chemicals or detergent must never be used
- If MSDS not available
- If the storage container not labelled / marked and unknown content
- If any suspect in the content of the container
- If lifetime expired
- If proper PPE not used
- If the vessel is not stable (rolling or pitching excessively due to swells or heavy weather)

3.6.2 STORAGE and COMPATIBILTY of chemicals and detergents

 to be stored well constructed and ventilated area

 to be secured properly and the storage area is to provide protection and security from accidental spillage
or damage to containers from the vessel’s motion in a seaway
 to lids always kept closed
 where possible, drums/containers to be stored below shoulder height. Large containers (one gallon or
larger), liquids, and corrosive materials should be stored on lower shelves below eye level.
 storage containers to be in good condition. In the case of rust or poor condition of the containers,
containers to be renewed.
 Materials having different properties and safety concerns are to be stored apart from each other. For
example: caustic based detergents and acids should not be stored adjacently.
 Chemicals must never be used from unlabelled containers and containers are to be properly sealed and
secured after use.
 ¶MSDS of all chemicals and detergent should be kept ready to use in storage area¶

3.6.3 Safety Equipments (PPE)

During handling hazardous chemicals following PPE shall be used

 Safety visor (faceshield). Under the face shield chemical googles to be used.
 Chemical resist Apron
 Helmet
 Boiler suit
 Chemical gloves (chemical and acid resist)
 Protective footwear

In certain chemicals may also require a breathing apparatus to be worn. (MSDS to be consulted)

 Eyewash equipment to be kept next to storage area in prominent position.

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3.6.4 Precautions When Handling Chemicals

 Chemicals to be used according to manufacterer instructions MSDS to be consulted.

 Rooms in which concentrated acids are used must be open or well ventilated.
 Containers must have suitable means to allow extracting the material in a safe manner to
minimise risk of spillage and splashing.
 Wear protective equipment when opening containers, because of the possibility of internal
pressure which may cause spraying.
 Always follow any mixing directions that may be on the container.
 Empty containers should be flushed and washed thoroughly to eliminate any residue that
might subsequently cause harm.
 Never left containers lids open

3.6.5 Handling Caustics and Acids

Caustics and acids must receive special attention in storage, handling and use, because with few exceptions they
can cause immediate harm to personnel. They are corrosive and severely irritating to the skin, eyes and
respiratory tract. Often significant injury may occur even before first aid can be applied. This standard should serve
as a reminder to exercise the utmost caution and care when possible exposure to caustics and acids exist.

 Eye protection is mandatory. A face shield provide good protection to the face.
 Hands must be protected by the use of chemical resistant gloves.
 Body protection shall consist of chemical resistant aprons and rubber boots
 Rooms in which concentrated acids are used must be open or well ventilated
 Containers must have suitable means to allow extracting the material in safe manner to minimize risk of
spillage and splashing.
 Wear protective equipment when opening containers, because of the possibility of internal pressure, which
may cause spraying.
 When diluting an acid, pour the acid into the water, stirring constantly. Never pour water
into a strong acid.
 When mixing caustics, always add the caustic to the water, slowly, to minimise risk of splashing. Never
add water to caustics.
 Always follow any mixing directions that may be on the container
 Empty containers should be flushed and washed thoroughly to eliminate any residue that might
subsequently cause harm.
 If acids or caustics come into contact with the body, flush the affected parts for 15 to 20 minutes with clean
water. This is particularly important for the eyes.

3.6.6 Use of Chemicals (DETERGENTS) in Engine room

Under certain circumstances chemical cleaning of a system or component of the system will be required.
Details of the system, component materials and capacity are to be advised and, following discussion with the Fleet
Superintendent, a procedure plan prepared.

It is important not to proceed with such an exercise, without being fully prepared with adequate cleaning and
neutralising chemicals, water reserves, protective clothing, safety information and all the necessary hardware.

Detergents should not be used in the engine room unless its use is necessary. The work which the detergents or
chemicals need to be used should be under control of the Chief Engineer.
Oil/water separators (OWS) can be costly to maintain, and if not properly managed, can pollute surface and
ground water, and lead to costly violations.

Following procedure to be followed in the vessels;

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-Eliminate contaminants: Don't rely on the OWS to handle wash water from fuel, coolant, solvent, oil, or paint
spills. OWS shall not be used to discharge water, if contaminated with chemicals or detergent. Instead, clean up
spills when and where they occur with dry methods, where possible.

-Wash without detergents: Emulsifying cleaning compounds disperse oil in wash water and make OWSs
ineffective—oil passes right through to the sewer. High pressure water is sufficient for most cleaning applications.

The mixtures which contain chemicals or other substances (such as detergents) should be collected to a holding
tank. These mixtures should be disposed to a reception facility and the discharge of such mixtures should not be
through the oily water separator that the mixtures which are hazardous for the environment containing detergents
can circumvent the oily water separator.

TROUBLE SITUATIONS POTENTIAL IMPACT REMEDY

Detergents reach OWS
• Oil is emulsified and flows out of
OWS to sewer
• Use dry cleaning techniques
eliminate contaminants. Collect
solids and oily by this way.
• if washing necessary, use only
water cleaning first and transfer to
the bilge holding tanks.
• Try not to use detergent. But
incase of necessary use minimum
quantity.
• If the chemicals - detergent used,
use of OWS is not allowed and
deliver bilge water to the reception
facility.

3.6.7 Use of Detergent in Tank Cleaning

Only approved type tank cleaning detergent shall be used for tank cleaning as listed in the MEPC.2/Circ xx
Cleaning additives (annex 12, see the latest Circular in MILBROS.)
The crew in charge of tank cleaning should be aware of the possible health hazards associated with use of tank
cleaning chemicals / agents which may have a low TLV.

Toxic tank cleaning chemicals/agents may only be used through fixed machines under closed conditions

Tank cleaning chemicals act as electrostatic generators and should therefore only be used to clean tanks
which are in non flammable condition. Before tank cleaning chemicals introduced in to the tank, atmosphere
measurement should be carried out and to be recorded in to the ism form 3102

For additional information refer to 10.16.7 Chemical Washing (Washing with Tank Cleaning Detergent)

3.6.8 Use of Detergent in Public Areas

Detergents are commonly used throughout the ship for a variety of reasons including laundry, galley and general
cleaning purposes. They do not normally present serious hazards in handling, although care must be taken when
handling strong or concentrated detergents and in cases where there may be prolonged contact with the skin. This
can cause a degreasing effect of the skin and subsequent skin irritation.

It is therefore recommended that gloves are to be worn in such circumstances. Where gloves are not practical, a
good quality barrier cream is to be used. Splashes of neat detergent onto the skin are to be washed with plenty of
water followed by, if necessary, a moisturizing cream or similar substance. If contact is made with the eyes, then
again water is to be used in copious amounts to flush the eyes clear.
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The manufacturer will supply instructions in the use and handling of the detergent. These instructions must be
followed at all times.

3.6.9 Use and Storage of Paints and Thinners

Paints and thinners present significant fire and explosion hazards due to their volatile nature.
They also have toxic properties if vapors are inhaled.
They must only be stored in the designated fire protected locker which is to be kept well ventilated.
Light and other fittings are to be explosion proof and be kept in good order.
Drums of paint and thinners must be kept closed to reduce vapour release to a minimum.
MSDS must be available and posted up at the locker for all types of paint stored and proper ventilation is to be
available.
Enclosed areas where painting is being carried out are to be kept well ventilated and appropriate fire precautions
taken.
Smoking is not permitted in smoking rooms during painting and until paint has fully dried.
Paint spraying equipment must only be operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and with great
care. During paint spraying, the body is to be kept fully covered to prevent accidental penetration of the skin.
SCBA is also to be used. Paints containing mercury lead or any other toxic compound must not be sprayed in
enclosed spaces.

3.6.10 Handling and Storage of Metalic Drums

Health hazards may exist from contact with some oils used for fuel, lubrication and hydraulic systems. Particularly
materials such as residual fuel oil or used engine lubricating oils contain poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s)
which are known to be carcinogenic. Additional to any carcinogenic effects a range of skin diseases ranging from
irritation to severe oil acne may occur.
When handling oil or waste oil, direct contact with skin must be avoided and PPE to be used as stated chapter 2

This is particularly the case with degraded oils that may have undergone chemical changes during use, and
therefore may exhibit different characteristics from their MSDS.
Lubricating or Hydraulic Oil Drums should be stored in a well ventilated area.
Corrosion time of Metal Oil Drums should be considered when ordering the Oil in drums.

Master should not order more than the required number of drums to avoid corrosion of drums on deck.

Metal Oil drums should be checked regularly against rust and leaks where stored. If any corrosion or suspect of
waste of drum, oil content should be transferred to storage tanks or a plastic drum to avoid spill and leak risks.

Posted material data and ID information should not be painted.

For proper securing

Fixing of oil drums with wire rope or soft rope is not recommended.
Fixing with adjustable car type belt is recommended.
To prevent metal to metal contact, dunnage to be placed between the oil drums and rails
Also wood dunnage plates should placed to bottom of drums to avoid metal to metal contact and reduce corrosion.
Drums should be covered by canvas to protect fm sun and sea affect.

3.6.11 Use of Adhesives

Adhesives, in many cases emit fumes that are highly flammable and toxic if inhaled. Additionally, some “super
glues” are very powerful and bond materials on contact. In all cases adhesives must only be used for their
intended purposes in accordance with the maker’s instructions. They must only be stored in a sealed manner and
if possible in a well ventilated room. During use, appropriate ventilation must be provided in order to prevent build
up of toxic or explosive vapors and fire precautions and equipment must be observed and available. Handlers are
to wear appropriate respiratory (SCBA) protection.

3.7 Portable Ladders

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• Always check to be sure a ladder is in good condition before using. Discard any ladder when the side rail
or rungs are bent, deformed or cracked. Never use a ladder when a rung is missing, the ladder is not
sturdy or where make -shift or major repairs have been made or attempted.

• All portable ladders must have shoes in good non-skid condition

• Place a straight ladder with its feet approximately 1/4 the ladder length away from the vertical surface it
rests against at the top. (pitched between 60° and 75° from the horizontal)

• Be sure the footing is solid and secure and the top rests against a solid surface that will not give under the
pressure of the ladder in use.

• Have someone hold the base and secure the top if possible: otherwise secure the ladder in use.

• Do not paint wooden ladders. Keep all ladders clean of grease and oils

• Ladders are designed to carry only one person

• When using ladders in heights over 2m, this is considered as working at heights and the necessary
precautions shall be taken (permit to work)

• Never use a step ladder as a straight ladder.

• When using a step ladder, make sure the spreader is straight.

• When climbing up or down, always face the ladder and use both hands on the rungs.

• Never try to carry tools in the hands while climbing a ladder.

• Never reach any further than is permitted while keeping the trunk of your body between the ladder rails.

• Always get off a ladder to move it. Never try to move the ladder when on top of the ladder.
• Never climb higher than the third rung from the top of straight or extension ladders, nor than the second
tread from the top of step ladders.

3.8 Manual Handling

The term manual handling is used to describe any operation which includes any transporting or supporting of a
load, lifting, putting down, pushing, carrying, or moving by hand or by bodily force.

The back supports the weight of the entire upper body. When you lift objects or move heavy loads, your back has
to support even more weight. If you exceed your body's natural limits, your back cannot support both your body
and the extra load. The excess, unsupported pressure is transferred to the lower back, where injury is imminent.
By using the muscles in your arms and legs and exercising proper lifting techniques, you can move loads safely
and protect your back from possible injury.

 Avoid moving objects manually. Jobs and work areas should be arranged so that heavy items may be
moved mechanically by trolley or similar device.

 Wear your safety shoes to protect your toes, adequate gloves to protect your hands, boiler suit to protect
not catching in the load and helmet to protect your head.

 Do not handle more than 20kg by yourself.

 Lift with your legs and keep your back strait. Slightly bend the back and knees prior to the start of the lift.
Keep your feet apart with one leg slightly forward to maintain balance. For lowering, follow the same way.
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As simply;

- Keep the object as close to your body as possible. (Pull the load in close before lifting.)
- Bend at the knees. Lift by straightening your legs and slightly straightening your back.

- Do not twist the back or bend sideways.

- Do not lift objects at arm's length.
- When moving objects, proceed with caution through doors and around corners

 Know the weight and keep the load close the body (around the waist)

 Get a good grip

 Get help for heavy loads. There is a difference between what you can lift and what can be safely lifted.

 Get a good vision, look ahead and not down

 Move smoothly. Lift the load gently and move under control.

How to reduce the risk from manual handling;

Can you;
 Use a lifting aid
 Reduce the amount of twisting and bending your body
 Avoid lifting from floor level or above shoulder heights by using mechanical handling aids
 Reduce the carrying distance
 Vary the work, thus allowing one set of muscles to rest while using another set

Can you make the load:

 Lighter or less bulky by dividing it
 Easier to grip by providing handles or handle grips
 More stable

Can you:
 Remove obstructions to allow free movement
 Avoid steps and inclines
 Improve lighting, so it is easier to see
 Make the work loads and schedule more acceptable

Are you aware of:

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 Manual handling risk factors and how injuries occur

 Safe manual handling techniques
 The use of mechanical aids

Good handling techniques for pushing/pulling:

Handling devices: aids such as trolleys should have handles at heights that are between the shoulder and waist.
Ensure that they are well maintained.

Forces: as a rule of thumb, the force required to move a load using a handling device over a flat, level surface
using a well maintained handling device is at least 2% of the load. For example, a 500 kg load, the force required
to move the load is 10 kg.

Inclines: get help when going up or down inclines as pushing and pulling forces can be very high.

Uneven surfaces: moving a load over uneven or soft surfaces requires larger forces i.e on an uneven surface. This
force could increase to 10% of the load weight.

Position and pace: to make it easier to push or pull, you should keep your feet well away from the load and only go
at a walking speed.

3.9 Electrical Work

See the “chapter 12.4 Electric Circuit Work Permit” for details.

3.10 Synthetic Clothings

Experience has shown that clothing made from synthetic material does not give rise to any significant electrostatic
hazard under conditions normally encountered on tankers.

However, the tendency for synthetic material to melt and fuse together when exposed to high temperatures leads
to a concentrated heat source which causes severe damage to body tissue. Remember that synthetic clothing
is not considered suitable for personnel who in the course of their duties will be exposed to high temperatures or
flame. The melting and fusing of such materials leads to a concentrated heat source that causes severe burns.
See chapter 2.1 boiler suit.

3.11 Additional Activities

Besides routine daily work, additional activity such as fishing, sports should be considered in the light of Safety
Culture.

During heavy weather the activities such as gym which could cause injury shall be avoided. All the weights,
equipments shall be secured while not in use.

Fishing could be dangerous on board. All crew should pay attention during fishing. Fishing hooks may cause
serious hand injury. Also unfamiliar fish could be poisonous. All suspicious fishes shall be handled with care,
without hand touch, it should be dispose to the sea again.

3.12 Lockout – Tagout System

Whenever a person is working on an installation or equipment a safe system of work is required. When this work is
other than the normal operation of the equipment, such as fault finding, maintenance or repair an increased level
of risk is created.
The lockout tag out system is to be incorporated in all work practices to help reduce this risk.
Prior to commencing work on equipment all sources of hazard/energy and their isolation points are to be identified.
Possible sources include;
• Electricity
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• Hydraulics
• Gravity
• Radiation
• Biological
• Chemical

In order to prevent injury caused by the accidental operation of equipment during maintenance, a
Lock-Out / Tag-Out procedure is to be adopted and used to isolate energy (e.g. electric power, steam,
hydraulic). The tag is to be placed on the main supply valve or circuit breaker. Whenever possible the
tag should be tied in such a way that removal of the tag is required before the valve or breaker can be
moved.

The Chief Engineer and Chief Officer are overall responsible for maintaining a Lock-Out / Tag-Out program
onboard and the procedure is to be followed:
• Prior to work involving maintenance of machinery or equipment;
• When machinery or equipment is out of service;
• When maintenance is being carried out in close proximity to potentially dangerous equipment;
• Prior to any work where isolation control is required a permit to work, such as enclosed space, working aloft etc.;
• Where identified during the work planning and risk-assessment process.

The 2nd Engineer must establish and maintain a Lock-Out / Tag-Out device log for work on deck where Lock-Out /
Tag-Out is required. The Chief Officer must also be involved for any work on deck.
This log will record:
• Date and Time equipment was locked out and / or tagged out;
• The name of the Responsible Officer who performed the Lock-Out / Tag-Out;
• Which piece of equipment was locked out / tagged out (e.g. Grinder);
• Reason why it was locked out / tagged out (e.g. Grinder has no shields);
• Date and Time Lock-Out / Tag-Out was removed.

This log will be checked on a weekly basis by the Chief Engineer who should sign the page(s) as
verification. The log will also be checked by visiting superintendents to ensure compliance with this
procedure.
Each person performing work is to be made aware of isolation points and is to effectively lockout or control all
energy sources affecting their work. Locks or Tags shall not be removed by any other crew without verification of
authorized person who tagged/locked the system.

Out of Service (Caution) Tags

Out of Service tags are to be of a durable nature, marked with the workers name, rank, date of placement, details
of defect and signature. Tags will be yellow with black striping bearing the label “Caution” and/or “Out of Service”.
Out of Service tags are placed for the protection of the general populace or plant and are to be left attached to the
device until the defect listed is remedied. Once the defect is remedied an authorized and competent person may
remove the tag, returning the device to service. This system should be used together with Lock out system. For
example if there is any short cut in electricity system or an machinery is out of service and operating may be
resulted with a hazardous situation, this system shall be marked with "out of service" tag and also switch should be
locked at off position to avoid accidental opening by unauthorized persons.

Danger Tags

Danger tags are to be marked current date of work and signature. This is a minimum requirement
on the tag. Tags will be white with red striping, prominently marked “Danger – Do Not Enter” / “Danger – Do Not
Touch”.
Danger tags are to be placed only to restrict an area or act if not sure to enter/act safe.
Danger tags can be used in conjunction with locks. Danger tags are to only be removed by the person who placed
them. In the event they can not be made available an approved procedure for determining their location, the status
of the equipment, risk assessment and then removal of the tag is to be followed. For example cargo Tanks should
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be tagged by “Danger – Do Not Enter” when NOT issued an enclosed space entry or under Nitrogen blanketing
etc...

Stop - Repair Under Progress Tags

Repair Under Progress tags are to be marked with current date/time nature of repair work and name of person.
This is for the protection of personnel who working on plant. It should not be removed till that person completes
their work, or an Out of Service Tag is o be placed if an item is unfit for use after the worker has left. For example
when the Electrician working at radar antenna, radar in Bridge shall be marked with this tag and "11.12.2011/1030
- Repair of antenna- electrician" should be marked on tag.

Lockout Devices

This is mainly locking the device/equipments place in off position to avoid accidentally opening/entering etc.. .A
wide range of devices is available to lockout various plant and equipment, whichever device is chosen must
effectively prevent the isolation point from being operated in anyway. Additional to tag out, lock put system should
be considered always if there any serious risk by operating the device. For example a main electric switch can be
locked / fixed to closed position or system energy shall be isolated by another way to avoid accidental opening
during a repair.