Solution

B-02 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Class 12 - Biology

1. (b) Between the zygote and blastocyst

Explanation: The mitotic division starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct called cleavage towards the
uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called blastomeres. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a morula. The
morula continues to divide and transforms into a blastocyst.
2. (d) Day 14 of the cycle

Explanation: The changes that the ovary and the uterus undergo during a menstrual cycle also brings about a change in the
level of the pituitary and ovarian hormones such as the LH and FSH. Both attain a peak value in the middle of the cycle at
about the 14th day that causes rupture of Graafian follicle and release of the ovum by the process of ovulation. 
3. (c) E-Morula, G-Blastocyst, H-Blastocyst implantation

Explanation: E-Morula, G-Blastocyst, H-Blastocyst implantation

4. (c) All of these

Explanation: The oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus and vagina constitute the female accessory ducts. The oviduct is the site
for fertilization of the egg and the sperm. The uterus is the site for implantation and the vagina acts as the birth canal.
5. (b) Maintaining pregnancy and bring about labour pain.

Explanation: Progesterone hormone is called a pregnancy hormone as it helps in maintaining pregnancy and brings about
labour pain. This hormone also helps in the growth and differentiation of a foetus.
6. (b) Zona pellucida

Explanation: Immediately after ovulation, the mammalian egg (released in the form of a secondary oocyte) is covered by a
transparent, thick, and non-cellular membrane called zona pellucida. 
7. (d) Sertoli cells

Explanation: Sertoli cells

8. (c) Ampulla

Explanation: The ampulla is a part of fallopian tube which is an accessory duct of the female reproductive system.
9. (d) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens

Explanation: hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens

10. (c) The acrosome is derived from the nucleus.

Explanation: The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of
many animals. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus.
11. (b) Inguinal canals

Explanation: Inguinal canals

12. (c) Both placenta as well as fully developed foetus

Explanation: The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed fetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine
contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
13. (a) Ejaculatory duct

Explanation: The male sex accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens. The seminiferous
tubules of the testis open into the vasa efferentia through rete testis. The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into
epididymis located along the posterior surface of each testis. The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends to the abdomen
and loops over the urinary bladder. It receives a duct from the seminal vesicle and opens into the urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
14. (b) Upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening

Explanation: The clitoris is a tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the
urethral opening.
15. (b) Fifth month

Explanation: The movement of the fetus is observed on the fifth month of pregnancy. In the first month, the heart is formed. In
second month limbs and digits are formed. At the end of three months, all major organs and genital organs are formed.

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16. (d) Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm enter cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida

Explanation: Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm enter cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida
17. (b) Decrease in estradiol

Explanation: Decrease in estradiol

18. (b) Archenteron

Explanation: Archenteron
19. (b) Corpus luteum

Explanation: Corpus luteum

20. (b) To assist in formation of seminal fluid

Explanation: To assist in formation of seminal fluid

21. (c) Placenta

Explanation: The placenta acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin
(hCG).
22. (d) 1-Myometrium, 2-Ampulla, 3-Fimbriae, 4-Cervical canal

Explanation: 1-Myometrium, 2-Ampulla, 3-Fimbriae, 4-Cervical canal

23. (b) Chorion

Explanation: Chorion
24. (d) Cleavage

Explanation: The zygote undergoes mitotic division as it moves through the isthmus of oviduct by cleavage to form 2, 4, 8, 16
blastomeres.
25. (d) Luteal phase and lasts for about 13 days

Explanation: Luteal phase and lasts for about 13 days

26. (d) Seminiferous tubule

Explanation: The testicular lobules contain one to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced.
Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells. Hence, the Sertoli cells are located in the seminiferous tubule of the testis.
27. (b) Neuroendocrine mechanisms

Explanation: Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. Fully developed foetus triggers signal from the
uterus to release oxytocin hormone from pituitary hormones.
28. (a) Only (B) is correct

Explanation: At the time of puberty, there are 1,20,000-1,60,000 primary follicles found in female body.
29. (b) Heart

Explanation: The heart is formed first in the foetus after one month of pregnancy. Limbs and digits after the second month,
and external genital organs after three months, and eyelids and hair after six months.
30. (d) Clitoris

Explanation: Clitoris
31. (b) Menstrual

Explanation: Menstrual
32. (b) Polar bodies

Explanation: Polar bodies

33. (b) Meiosis I and before the release of second polar bodies

Explanation: During ovulation, the LH hormone increases, known as the LH surge which results in the release of the oocyte
from the ovary. The oocyte is released after completing meiosis I in the ovary and releasing its first polar body before liberating
the second polar body.
34. (d) Secondary spermatocyte

Explanation: A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two
equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes, which have only 23 chromosomes each.

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35. (d) The embryo develops up to blastocyst stage in fallopian tube

Explanation: The embryo develops up to blastocyst stage in fallopian tube

36. (d) Parturition

Explanation: The process of delivery of fully developed foetus at the end of the pregnancy period is called Parturition. The
middle wall of the uterus undergoes rigorous contraction to release the baby through the birth canal.
37. (b) Primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte

Explanation: In spermatogenesis, diploid spermatogonia undergoes mitosis to develop into gametes, one of which develops
into a primary spermatocyte that undergoes the first meiotic division to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
38. (c) 400

Explanation: In each menstrual cycle, a thousand follicles are lost and only one follicle matures into an ovum, which is
released into the fallopian tube, It means out of 1-2 million follicles, only about 400-500 mature.
39. (a) Fertilization of ovum

Explanation: Menstrual cycles get stopped during pregnancy. Sometimes it becomes irregular due to stress and other hormonal
activities of the body.
40. (c) Coitus : Sexual intercourse

Explanation: Transfer of male gamete into the female genital tract takes place during sexual intercourse, which is also called
coitus.
41. (b) It agglutinates sperm

Explanation: It agglutinates sperm

42. (d) Increase in level of progesterone

Explanation: Increase in level of progesterone

43. (b) Fructose

Explanation: Fructose in semen is a source of energy for the spermatozoa. It provides the primary source of energy for
ejaculated spermatozoa.
44. (c) All of these

Explanation: All of these

45. (d) Unequal and unequal

Explanation: The unequal distribution of the cytoplasm during oogenesis is necessary as the zygote that results from
fertilization receives all of its cytoplasm from the egg. So the egg needs to have more cytoplasm. The three polar bodies formed
during oogenesis will not form mature gametes.
46. (a) 1-Zona pellucida, 2-Corona radiata, 3-Perivitelline space

Explanation: 1-Zona pellucida, 2-Corona radiata, 3-Perivitelline space

47. (c) Fimbriated funnel or Infundibulum
Explanation: Fimbriated funnel or Infundibulum
48. (a) Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula

Explanation: Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula

49. (d) Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells

Explanation: Each seminiferous tubule is lined by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions leading to sperm formation. Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells. 
50. (d) All of these

Explanation: All of these

51. (d) Copulation

Explanation: Copulation
52. (a) Size does not increase

Explanation: The cleavage division is short and does not involve growth so that the resulting blastomeres become smaller in
size as their number increases. Thus, the size of the cells (blastomeres) does not increase during cleavage.
53. (a) Give rise all the tissues and organs

Explanation: The inner cell mass contains certain cells that contain cells called stem cells which have the potency to give rise
to all the tissues and organs. Now a day’s stem cells are preserved for future use.

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54. (c) Ectopic pregnancy

Explanation: Ectopic pregnancy

55. (d) Maintaining the scrotal temperature lower than the internal body temperature

Explanation: The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called the scrotum to maintain the
temperature lower than the body temperature (2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal body temperature) necessary for
spermatogenesis.
56. (d) (ii) and (iv) are incorrect

Explanation: The ovaries are located one on each side of the lower abdomen. The stroma is divided into two zones - a
peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.
57. (a) Four

Explanation: Four
58. (b) (B), (C) and (D)

Explanation: Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of the cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading
to its maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge induces ruplure of Graafian follicle and thereby the release of ovum
(ovulation).
59. (b) It secretes oxytocin during parturition

Explanation: It secretes oxytocin during parturition

60. (a) Cortical reaction

Explanation: After the entry of the sperm into the egg, the zona pellucida layer undergoes physical changes that prevent the
entry of additional sperm. This reaction between zona pellucida is called the cortical reaction.

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