822 |||| CHAPTER 13 VECTOR FUNCTIONS

N Some computer algebra systems provide us
with a clearer picture of a space curve by enclos-
ing it in a tube. Such a plot enables us to see
whether one part of a curve passes in front of or
behind another part of the curve. For example,
Figure 13 shows the curve of Figure 12(b) as ren-
dered by the tubeplot command in Maple.
We have seen that an interesting space curve, the helix, occurs in the model of DNA.
Another notable example of a space curve in science is the trajectory of a positively
charged particle in orthogonally oriented electric and magnetic fields E and B. Depending
on the initial velocity given the particle at the origin, the path of the particle is either a
space curve whose projection on the horizontal plane is the cycloid we studied in Section
10.1 [Figure 12(a)] or a curve whose projection is the trochoid investigated in Exercise 40
in Section 10.1 [Figure 12(b)].

B B

E E

t t
3 3
(a)  r(t) = kt-sin t, 1-cos t, tl (b)  r(t) = kt- 2  sin t, 1- 2  cos t, tl

FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13
Motion of a charged particle in
orthogonally oriented electric For further details concerning the physics involved and animations of the trajectories of
and magnetic fields the particles, see the following websites:
N
www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/emField/emField.html
N
www.physics.ucla.edu/plasma-exp/Beam/

13.1 EXERCISES

1–2 Find the domain of the vector function. 9. r共t兲 苷 具t, cos 2t, sin 2t典 10. r共t兲 苷 具1 ⫹ t, 3t, ⫺t典

1. r共t兲 苷 具s4 ⫺ t 2 , e⫺3t, ln共t ⫹ 1兲 典 11. r共t兲 苷 具1, cos t, 2 sin t典 12. r共t兲 苷 t 2 i ⫹ t j ⫹ 2 k
t⫺2 13. r共t兲 苷 t 2 i ⫹ t 4 j ⫹ t 6 k
2. r共t兲 苷 i ⫹ sin t j ⫹ ln共9 ⫺ t 2兲 k
t⫹2 14. r共t兲 苷 cos t i ⫺ cos t j ⫹ sin t k

3–6 Find the limit.

15–18 Find a vector equation and parametric equations for the line
3. lim⫹ 具cos t, sin t, t ln t典 segment that joins P to Q.
tl0

4. lim
tl0
冓 e t ⫺ 1 s1 ⫹ t ⫺ 1
t
,
t
,
3
1⫹t
冔 15. P共0, 0, 0兲,

16. P共1, 0, 1兲,

Q共1, 2, 3兲

Q共2, 3, 1兲

冉
5. lim e⫺3t i ⫹
tl0
t2
sin 2 t
j ⫹ cos 2t k 冊 17. P共1, ⫺1, 2兲, Q共4, 1, 7兲
Q共6, ⫺1, 2兲

冓 冔
18. P共⫺2, 4, 0兲,
ln t
6. lim arctan t, e⫺2t,
tl⬁ t
19–24 Match the parametric equations with the graphs
(labeled I–VI). Give reasons for your choices.
7–14 Sketch the curve with the given vector equation. Indicate
with an arrow the direction in which t increases. 19. x 苷 cos 4t, y 苷 t, z 苷 sin 4t
7. r共t兲 苷 具sin t, t典 8. r共t兲 苷 具t , t 典
3 2
20. x 苷 t, y苷t , 2
z 苷 e⫺t
 CHAPTER 13 VECTOR FUNCTIONS AND SPACE CURVES |||| 823

21. x 苷 t, y 苷 1兾共1 ⫹ t 2 兲, z 苷 t2 ; 33. Graph the curve with parametric equations

22. x 苷 e⫺t cos 10t, y 苷 e⫺t sin 10t , z 苷 e⫺t x 苷 共1 ⫹ cos 16t兲 cos t, y 苷 共1 ⫹ cos 16t兲 sin t,
z 苷 1 ⫹ cos 16t. Explain the appearance of the graph by
23. x 苷 cos t, y 苷 sin t, z 苷 sin 5t showing that it lies on a cone.

24. x 苷 cos t, y 苷 sin t, z 苷 ln t ; 34. Graph the curve with parametric equations
I z II z x 苷 s1 ⫺ 0.25 cos 2 10t cos t
y 苷 s1 ⫺ 0.25 cos 2 10t sin t
z 苷 0.5 cos 10t

Explain the appearance of the graph by showing that it lies on

a sphere.
x y
x y
35. Show that the curve with parametric equations x 苷 t 2,
III z IV z y 苷 1 ⫺ 3t, z 苷 1 ⫹ t 3 passes through the points (1, 4, 0)
and (9, ⫺8, 28) but not through the point (4, 7, ⫺6).

y 36 –38 Find a vector function that represents the curve of

x intersection of the two surfaces.
x 36. The cylinder x 2 ⫹ y 2 苷 4 and the surface z 苷 xy
y
37. The cone z 苷 sx 2 ⫹ y 2 and the plane z 苷 1 ⫹ y
V z VI z
38. The paraboloid z 苷 4x 2 ⫹ y 2 and the parabolic
cylinder y 苷 x 2

x
y ; 39. Try to sketch by hand the curve of intersection of the circular
x y cylinder x 2 ⫹ y 2 苷 4 and the parabolic cylinder z 苷 x 2.
Then find parametric equations for this curve and use these
equations and a computer to graph the curve.

25. Show that the curve with parametric equations x 苷 t cos t,
y 苷 t sin t, z 苷 t lies on the cone z 苷 x ⫹ y , and use this
2 2
fact to help sketch the curve.
26. Show that the curve with parametric equations x 苷 sin t,
y 苷 cos t, z 苷 sin 2t is the curve of intersection of the
surfaces z 苷 x 2 and x 2 ⫹ y 2 苷 1. Use this fact to help sketch
the curve.
27. At what points does the curve r共t兲 苷 t i ⫹ 共2t ⫺ t 2 兲 k inter-
sect the paraboloid z 苷 x 2 ⫹ y 2 ?
28. At what points does the helix r共t兲 苷 具sin t, cos t, t典 intersect
the sphere x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫹ z 2 苷 5 ?
; 29–32 Use a computer to graph the curve with the given vector
equation. Make sure you choose a parameter domain and view-
points that reveal the true nature of the curve.
29. r共t兲 苷 具cos t sin 2t, sin t sin 2t, cos 2t典
30. r共t兲 苷 具t 2, ln t, t典
31. r共t兲 苷 具t, t sin t, t cos t典
32. r共t兲 苷 具t, e t, cos t典
; 40. Try to sketch by hand the curve of intersection of the
parabolic cylinder y 苷 x 2 and the top half of the ellipsoid
2
x 2 ⫹ 4y 2 ⫹ 4z 2 苷 16. Then find parametric equations for
this curve and use these equations and a computer to graph
the curve.
41. If two objects travel through space along two different curves,
it’s often important to know whether they will collide. (Will a
missile hit its moving target? Will two aircraft collide?) The
curves might intersect, but we need to know whether the
objects are in the same position at the same time. Suppose the
trajectories of two particles are given by the vector functions
r1 共t兲 苷 具t 2, 7t ⫺ 12, t 2 典 r2 共t兲 苷 具4t ⫺ 3, t 2, 5t ⫺ 6 典
for t 艌 0. Do the particles collide?
42. Two particles travel along the space curves
r1 共t兲 苷 具t, t 2, t 3 典 r2 共t兲 苷 具1 ⫹ 2t, 1 ⫹ 6t, 1 ⫹ 14t典
Do the particles collide? Do their paths intersect?
43. Suppose u and v are vector functions that possess limits as
t l a and let c be a constant. Prove the following properties
of limits.
(a) lim 关u共t兲 ⫹ v共t兲兴 苷 lim u共t兲 ⫹ lim v共t兲
tla tla tla
828 |||| CHAPTER 13 VECTOR FUNCTIONS

This means that we can evaluate an integral of a vector function by integrating each com-
ponent function.
We can extend the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to continuous vector functions as
follows:
b
y r共t兲 dt 苷 R共t兲]ba 苷 R共b兲 ⫺ R共a兲
a

where R is an antiderivative of r, that is, R⬘共t兲 苷 r共t兲. We use the notation x r共t兲 dt for
indefinite integrals (antiderivatives).

EXAMPLE 5 If r共t兲 苷 2 cos t i ⫹ sin t j ⫹ 2t k, then

冉
y r共t兲 dt 苷 y 2 cos t dt 冊 冉y 冊 冉y 冊
i⫹ sin t dt j ⫹ 2t dt k

苷 2 sin t i ⫺ cos t j ⫹ t 2 k ⫹ C

where C is a vector constant of integration, and

␲兾2 ␲兾2 ␲2
y0
[
r共t兲 dt 苷 2 sin t i ⫺ cos t j ⫹ t 2 k ] 0 苷 2i ⫹ j ⫹
4
k M

13.2 EXERCISES

1. The figure shows a curve C given by a vector function r共t兲. (b) Draw the vector r⬘共1兲 starting at (1, 1) and compare it with
(a) Draw the vectors r共4.5兲 ⫺ r共4兲 and r共4.2兲 ⫺ r共4兲. the vector
(b) Draw the vectors r共1.1兲 ⫺ r共1兲
0.1
r共4.5兲 ⫺ r共4兲 r共4.2兲 ⫺ r共4兲
and Explain why these vectors are so close to each other in
0.5 0.2
length and direction.
(c) Write expressions for r⬘共4兲 and the unit tangent vector T(4). 3– 8
(d) Draw the vector T(4). (a) Sketch the plane curve with the given vector equation.
(b) Find r⬘共t兲.
y (c) Sketch the position vector r共t兲 and the tangent vector r⬘共t兲 for
C R
the given value of t.
r(4.5) 3. r共t兲 苷 具t ⫺ 2, t 2 ⫹ 1 典 , t 苷 ⫺1
1
4. r共t兲 苷 具 1 ⫹ t, st 典 ,
Q
r(4.2) t苷1
5. r共t兲 苷 sin t i ⫹ 2 cos t j, t 苷 ␲兾4
P
⫺t
6. r共t兲 苷 e i ⫹ e
t
j, t苷0
r(4)
x 7. r共t兲 苷 e i ⫹ e j,
t 3t
t苷0
0 1
8. r共t兲 苷 共1 ⫹ cos t兲 i ⫹ 共2 ⫹ sin t兲 j, t 苷 ␲兾6

2. (a) Make a large sketch of the curve described by the vector

9–16 Find the derivative of the vector function.
function r共t兲 苷 具t 2, t典 , 0 艋 t 艋 2, and draw the vectors
r(1), r(1.1), and r(1.1) ⫺ r(1). 9. r共t兲 苷 具t sin t, t 2, t cos 2t典
 SECTION 13.2 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS |||| 829

10. r共t兲 苷 具tan t, sec t, 1兾t 2 典 33–38 Evaluate the integral.

11. r共t兲 苷 i ⫺ j ⫹ e k 4t 1
共16t 3 i ⫺ 9t 2 j ⫹ 25t 4 k兲 dt
33. y0

冉 冊
12. r共t兲 苷 sin⫺1t i ⫹ s1 ⫺ t 2 j ⫹ k
1 4 2t
j⫹
2
13. r共t兲 苷 e t i ⫺ j ⫹ ln共1 ⫹ 3t兲 k 34. y k dt
0 1⫹t 2
1 ⫹ t2
14. r共t兲 苷 at cos 3t i ⫹ b sin t j ⫹ c cos t k
3 3
␲兾2
15. r共t兲 苷 a ⫹ t b ⫹ t 2 c 35. y 共3 sin 2 t cos t i ⫹ 3 sin t cos 2 t j ⫹ 2 sin t cos t k兲 dt
0

16. r共t兲 苷 t a ⫻ 共b ⫹ t c兲 2
36. y (t
1
2
i ⫹ tst ⫺ 1 j ⫹ t sin ␲ t k) dt

17–20 Find the unit tangent vector T共t兲 at the point with the 37. y 共e t
i ⫹ 2t j ⫹ ln t k兲 dt
given value of the parameter t.
17. r共t兲 苷 具te⫺t, 2 arctan t, 2e t 典 , t苷0 38. y 共cos ␲ t i ⫹ sin ␲ t j ⫹ t k兲 dt
18. r共t兲 苷 4st i ⫹ t j ⫹ t k,
2
t苷1
19. r共t兲 苷 cos t i ⫹ 3t j ⫹ 2 sin 2t k, t苷0 39. Find r共t兲 if r⬘共t兲 苷 2t i ⫹ 3t 2 j ⫹ st k and r共1兲 苷 i ⫹ j.
20. r共t兲 苷 2 sin t i ⫹ 2 cos t j ⫹ tan t k, t 苷 ␲兾4 40. Find r共t兲 if r⬘共t兲 苷 t i ⫹ e t j ⫹ te t k and r共0兲 苷 i ⫹ j ⫹ k.
41. Prove Formula 1 of Theorem 3.
21. If r共t兲 苷 具t, t 2, t 3 典 , find r⬘共t兲, T共1兲, r⬙共t兲, and r⬘共t兲 ⫻ r⬙共t兲.
42. Prove Formula 3 of Theorem 3.
22. If r共t兲 苷 具e 2t, e⫺2t, te 2t 典 , find T共0兲, r⬙共0兲, and r⬘共t兲 ⴢ r⬙共t兲.
43. Prove Formula 5 of Theorem 3.
23–26 Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve
44. Prove Formula 6 of Theorem 3.
with the given parametric equations at the specified point.
45. If u共t兲 苷 具sin t, cos t, t典 and v共t兲 苷 具t, cos t, sin t典 , use
23. x 苷 1 ⫹ 2 st , y 苷 t 3 ⫺ t, z 苷 t 3 ⫹ t ; 共3, 0, 2兲
Formula 4 of Theorem 3 to find
24. x 苷 e t, y 苷 te t, z 苷 te t ; 共1, 0, 0兲
2

d
25. x 苷 e⫺t cos t, y 苷 e⫺t sin t, z 苷 e⫺t; 共1, 0, 1兲 关u共t兲 ⴢ v共t兲兴
dt
26. x 苷 ln t, y 苷 2st , z 苷 t 2; 共0, 2, 1兲 46. If u and v are the vector functions in Exercise 45, use
Formula 5 of Theorem 3 to find
; 27–29 Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the d
关u共t兲 ⫻ v共t兲兴
curve with the given parametric equations at the specified point. dt
Illustrate by graphing both the curve and the tangent line on a
47. Show that if r is a vector function such that r⬙ exists, then
common screen.
27. x 苷 t, y 苷 e ⫺t, z 苷 2t ⫺ t 2 ; 共0, 1, 0兲 d
关r共t兲 ⫻ r⬘共t兲兴 苷 r共t兲 ⫻ r⬙共t兲
dt
28. x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 2 sin t, z 苷 4 cos 2t ; (s3 , 1, 2)
29. x 苷 t cos t, y 苷 t, z 苷 t sin t ; 共⫺␲, ␲, 0兲 d
48. Find an expression for 关u共t兲 ⴢ 共v共t兲 ⫻ w共t兲兲兴.
dt
30. (a) Find the point of intersection of the tangent lines to the d 1
curve r共t兲 苷 具sin ␲ t, 2 sin ␲ t, cos ␲ t典 at the points 49. If r共t兲 苷 0, show that
dt ⱍ
r共t兲 苷 ⱍ ⱍ
r共t兲
r共t兲 ⴢ r⬘共t兲.
ⱍ
where t 苷 0 and t 苷 0.5.
; (b) Illustrate by graphing the curve and both tangent lines. [Hint: ⱍ r共t兲 ⱍ2 苷 r共t兲 ⴢ r共t兲]
31. The curves r1共t兲 苷 具t, t 2, t 3 典 and r2共t兲 苷 具sin t, sin 2t, t典 50. If a curve has the property that the position vector r共t兲 is
intersect at the origin. Find their angle of intersection correct always perpendicular to the tangent vector r⬘共t兲, show that
to the nearest degree. the curve lies on a sphere with center the origin.
32. At what point do the curves r1共t兲 苷 具t, 1 ⫺ t, 3 ⫹ t 2 典 and 51. If u共t兲 苷 r共t兲 ⴢ 关r⬘共t兲 ⫻ r⬙共t兲兴, show that
r2共s兲 苷 具3 ⫺ s, s ⫺ 2, s 2 典 intersect? Find their angle of
intersection correct to the nearest degree. u⬘共t兲 苷 r共t兲 ⴢ 关r⬘共t兲 ⫻ r⵮共t兲兴
836 |||| CHAPTER 13 VECTOR FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 8 Find and graph the osculating circle of the parabola y 苷 x 2 at the origin.
y SOLUTION From Example 5 the curvature of the parabola at the origin is 共0兲 苷 2. So the
y=≈ radius of the osculating circle at the origin is 1兾 苷 2 and its center is (0, 2 ). Its equation
1 1
osculating
circle is therefore
x 2  ( y  12 ) 苷 14
2

For the graph in Figure 9 we use parametric equations of this circle:

1
2
x 苷 12 cos t y 苷 12  12 sin t M
0 1 x
We summarize here the formulas for unit tangent, unit normal and binormal vectors,
FIGURE 9 and curvature.

r共t兲 T共t兲
T共t兲 苷 N共t兲 苷 B共t兲 苷 T共t兲  N共t兲
TEC Visual 13.3C shows how the oscu- ⱍ r共t兲 ⱍ ⱍ T共t兲 ⱍ
冟 冟
lating circle changes as a point moves along
a curve.
苷
dT
苷 ⱍ T共t兲 ⱍ 苷 ⱍ r共t兲  r共t兲 ⱍ
ds ⱍ r共t兲 ⱍ ⱍ r共t兲 ⱍ 3

13.3 EXERCISES

1–6 Find the length of the curve.
1. r共t兲 苷 具2 sin t, 5t, 2 cos t典 ,
2. r共t兲 苷 具 2t, t 2, 3 t 3 典 , 0t1
1
12. Find, correct to four decimal places, the length of the curve
of intersection of the cylinder 4x 2  y 2 苷 4 and the plane
10  t  10
x  y  z 苷 2.

13–14 Reparametrize the curve with respect to arc length mea-

3. r共t兲 苷 s2 t i  e t j  et k, 0t1 sured from the point where t 苷 0 in the direction of increasing t.

4. r共t兲 苷 cos t i  sin t j  ln cos t k, 0  t  兾4 13. r共t兲 苷 2t i  共1  3t兲 j  共5  4t兲 k

14. r共t兲 苷 e 2t cos 2t i  2 j  e 2t sin 2t k
5. r共t兲 苷 i  t 2 j  t 3 k, 0t1

6. r共t兲 苷 12t i  8t 3兾2 j  3t 2 k, 0t1 15. Suppose you start at the point 共0, 0, 3兲 and move 5 units
along the curve x 苷 3 sin t, y 苷 4t, z 苷 3 cos t in the positive
direction. Where are you now?
7–9 Find the length of the curve correct to four decimal places.
(Use your calculator to approximate the integral.)
16. Reparametrize the curve
7. r共t兲 苷 具 st , t, t 2 典 , 1t4

8. r共t兲 苷 具t, ln t, t ln t典 , 1t2 r共t兲 苷 冉 2

t2  1
冊
1 i 2
2t
t 1
j

9. r共t兲 苷 具sin t, cos t, tan t典 , 0  t  兾4

; 10. Graph the curve with parametric equations x 苷 sin t,
y 苷 sin 2t, z 苷 sin 3t. Find the total length of this curve
correct to four decimal places.
11. Let C be the curve of intersection of the parabolic cylinder
x 2 苷 2y and the surface 3z 苷 xy. Find the exact length of C
from the origin to the point 共6, 18, 36兲.
with respect to arc length measured from the point (1, 0) in
the direction of increasing t. Express the reparametrization in
its simplest form. What can you conclude about the curve?
17–20
(a) Find the unit tangent and unit normal vectors T共t兲 and N共t兲.
(b) Use Formula 9 to find the curvature.
17. r共t兲 苷 具2 sin t, 5t, 2 cos t典
846 |||| CHAPTER 13 VECTOR FUNCTIONS

ⱍ ⱍ
where c 苷 c . Then
r ⴢ 共v  h兲 1 r ⴢ 共v  h兲
r苷 苷
GM  c cos  GM 1  e cos 

where e 苷 c兾共GM兲. But

r ⴢ 共v  h兲 苷 共r  v兲 ⴢ h 苷 h ⴢ h 苷 h ⱍ ⱍ 2
苷 h2

ⱍ ⱍ
where h 苷 h . So
h 2兾共GM兲 eh 2兾c
r苷 苷
1  e cos  1  e cos 

Writing d 苷 h 2兾c, we obtain the equation

ed
12 r苷
1  e cos 

Comparing with Theorem 10.6.6, we see that Equation 12 is the polar equation of a conic
section with focus at the origin and eccentricity e. We know that the orbit of a planet is a
closed curve and so the conic must be an ellipse.
This completes the derivation of Kepler’s First Law. We will guide you through the der-
ivation of the Second and Third Laws in the Applied Project on page 848. The proofs of
these three laws show that the methods of this chapter provide a powerful tool for describ-
ing some of the laws of nature.

13.4 EXERCISES

1. The table gives coordinates of a particle moving through space (d) Draw an approximation to the vector v(2) and estimate the
along a smooth curve. speed of the particle at t 苷 2.
(a) Find the average velocities over the time intervals [0, 1],
[0.5, 1], [1, 2], and [1, 1.5].
y
(b) Estimate the velocity and speed of the particle at t 苷 1.

r(2.4)
t x y z
2 r(2)
0 2.7 9.8 3.7
0.5 3.5 7.2 3.3 1 r(1.5)
1.0 4.5 6.0 3.0
1.5 5.9 6.4 2.8
2.0 7.3 7.8 2.7 0 1 2 x

2. The figure shows the path of a particle that moves with position 3– 8 Find the velocity, acceleration, and speed of a particle with
vector r共t兲 at time t. the given position function. Sketch the path of the particle and
(a) Draw a vector that represents the average velocity of the draw the velocity and acceleration vectors for the specified value
particle over the time interval 2  t  2.4. of t.
(b) Draw a vector that represents the average velocity over the 3. r共t兲 苷 具 2 t 2, t 典, t苷2
1

time interval 1.5  t  2.

(c) Write an expression for the velocity vector v(2). 4. r共t兲 苷 具 2  t, 4st 典, t苷1
 SECTION 13.4 MOTION IN SPACE: VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION |||| 847

5. r共t兲 苷 3 cos t i  2 sin t j , t 苷 兾3 26. A gun is fired with angle of elevation 30. What is the
muzzle speed if the maximum height of the shell is 500 m?
6. r共t兲 苷 e t i  e 2t j , t苷0
27. A gun has muzzle speed 150 m兾s. Find two angles of eleva-
7. r共t兲 苷 t i  t 2 j  2 k , t苷1 tion that can be used to hit a target 800 m away.
8. r共t兲 苷 t i  2 cos t j  sin t k , t苷0 28. A batter hits a baseball 3 ft above the ground toward the
center field fence, which is 10 ft high and 400 ft from home
plate. The ball leaves the bat with speed 115 ft兾s at an
9–14 Find the velocity, acceleration, and speed of a particle with angle 50 above the horizontal. Is it a home run? (In other
the given position function. words, does the ball clear the fence?)
9. r共t兲 苷 具t 2  1, t 3, t 2  1典 29. A medieval city has the shape of a square and is protected
10. r共t兲 苷 具2 cos t, 3t, 2 sin t典 by walls with length 500 m and height 15 m. You are the
commander of an attacking army and the closest you can get
11. r共t兲 苷 s2 t i  e t j  et k
to the wall is 100 m. Your plan is to set fire to the city by cat-
12. r共t兲 苷 t 2 i  ln t j  t k apulting heated rocks over the wall (with an initial speed of
80 m兾s ). At what range of angles should you tell your men to
13. r共t兲 苷 e t共cos t i  sin t j  t k兲 set the catapult? (Assume the path of the rocks is perpendicu-
14. r共t兲 苷 t sin t i  t cos t j  t 2 k lar to the wall.)
30. A ball with mass 0.8 kg is thrown southward into the air with
a speed of 30 m兾s at an angle of 30 to the ground. A west
15–16 Find the velocity and position vectors of a particle that has
wind applies a steady force of 4 N to the ball in an easterly
the given acceleration and the given initial velocity and position.
direction. Where does the ball land and with what speed?
15. a共t兲 苷 i  2 j, v共0兲 苷 k, r共0兲 苷 i
; 31. Water traveling along a straight portion of a river normally
16. a共t兲 苷 2 i  6t j  12t 2 k, v共0兲 苷 i, r共0兲 苷 j  k flows fastest in the middle, and the speed slows to almost
zero at the banks. Consider a long straight stretch of river
flowing north, with parallel banks 40 m apart. If the maxi-
17–18 mum water speed is 3 m兾s, we can use a quadratic function
(a) Find the position vector of a particle that has the given accel- as a basic model for the rate of water flow x units from the
eration and the specified initial velocity and position. west bank: f 共x兲 苷 4003
x共40  x兲.
; (b) Use a computer to graph the path of the particle. (a) A boat proceeds at a constant speed of 5 m兾s from a point
17. a共t兲 苷 2t i  sin t j  cos 2t k, v共0兲 苷 i, r共0兲 苷 j A on the west bank while maintaining a heading perpen-
t
dicular to the bank. How far down the river on the oppo-
18. a共t兲 苷 t i  e j  e
t
k, v共0兲 苷 k, r共0兲 苷 j  k site bank will the boat touch shore? Graph the path of the
boat.
19. The position function of a particle is given by (b) Suppose we would like to pilot the boat to land at the
r共t兲 苷 具t 2, 5t, t 2  16t典 . When is the speed a minimum? point B on the east bank directly opposite A. If we main-
tain a constant speed of 5 m兾s and a constant heading,
20. What force is required so that a particle of mass m has the find the angle at which the boat should head. Then graph
position function r共t兲 苷 t 3 i  t 2 j  t 3 k? the actual path the boat follows. Does the path seem
21. A force with magnitude 20 N acts directly upward from the realistic?
xy-plane on an object with mass 4 kg. The object starts at the 32. Another reasonable model for the water speed of the river in
origin with initial velocity v共0兲 苷 i  j. Find its position Exercise 31 is a sine function: f 共x兲 苷 3 sin共 x兾40兲. If a
function and its speed at time t. boater would like to cross the river from A to B with con-
22. Show that if a particle moves with constant speed, then the stant heading and a constant speed of 5 m兾s, determine the
velocity and acceleration vectors are orthogonal. angle at which the boat should head.

23. A projectile is fired with an initial speed of 500 m兾s and 33–38 Find the tangential and normal components of the acceler-
angle of elevation 30. Find (a) the range of the projectile, ation vector.
(b) the maximum height reached, and (c) the speed at impact.
33. r共t兲 苷 共3t  t 3 兲 i  3t 2 j
24. Rework Exercise 23 if the projectile is fired from a position
34. r共t兲 苷 共1  t兲 i  共t 2  2t兲 j
200 m above the ground.
35. r共t兲 苷 cos t i  sin t j  t k
25. A ball is thrown at an angle of 45 to the ground. If the ball
lands 90 m away, what was the initial speed of the ball? 36. r共t兲 苷 t i  t 2 j  3t k
A114 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

37. 39. 33. Hyperboloid of two sheets 35. Ellipsoid

4 2
z z
(0, 1, 2)
z 0 z 0

y
_4 _4 _2 _2 (1, 1, 0) (0, 2, 0)
_4 _2 0x (0, 2, 0)
0 0 0 x
y 44 x y 2 2
x y

41. z z=2
(0, 1, _2)

37. 4x  y  z 苷 16
2 2 2

z=œ„„„„„
≈+¥
0 PROBLEMS PLUS N PAGE 815
x y
1. (s3  1.5) m
43. y 苷 x  z 2 2
45. 4x 苷 y  z , paraboloid
2 2 3. (a) 共x  1兲兾共2c兲 苷 共 y  c兲兾共c 2  1兲 苷 共z  c兲兾共c 2  1兲
(b) x 2  y 2 苷 t 2  1, z 苷 t (c) 4兾3
x2 y2 z2
47. (a)   苷1
共6378.137兲2
共6378.137兲2
共6356.523兲2
(b) Circle (c) Ellipse CHAPTER 13
51.
EXERCISES 13.1 N PAGE 822
2 1. 共1, 2兴 3. 具1, 0, 0典 5. i  j  k
z1
7. y 9. z
0
1 1
0 0
y x π
1 1
(0, 1, 0)

y
1 x
x (π, 1, 0)
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW N PAGE 812

True-False Quiz
1. True 3. True 5. True 7. True 9. True
11. False 13. False 15. False 17. True
11. z 13. z
Exercises
1. (a) 共x  1兲2  共 y  2兲2  共z  1兲2 苷 69
(b) 共 y  2兲2  共z  1兲2 苷 68, x 苷 0 y
y=≈
(c) Center 共4, 1, 3兲, radius 5
ⱍ ⱍ
1 x
3. u ⴢ v 苷 3 s2; u  v 苷 3 s2; out of the page x
5. 2, 4 7. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0 y

9. cos1( 3 ) ⬇ 71 11. (a) 具4, 3, 4典

1
(b) s41兾2
13. 166 N, 114 N
15. x 苷 4  3t, y 苷 1  2t, z 苷 2  3t 15. r共t兲 苷 具t, 2t, 3t典 , 0  t  1;
17. x 苷 2  2t, y 苷 2  t, z 苷 4  5t x 苷 t, y 苷 2t, z 苷 3t, 0  t  1
19. 4x  3y  z 苷 14 21. (1, 4, 4) 17. r共t兲 苷 具3t  1, 2t  1, 5t  2 典 , 0  t  1;
23. Skew 25. x  y  z 苷 4 x 苷 3t  1, y 苷 2t  1, z 苷 5t  2, 0  t  1
27. 22兾s26 19. VI 21. IV 23. V
29. Plane 31. Cone 25. z 27. 共0, 0, 0兲, 共1, 0, 1兲
z z

0 0
y
y
x x
y
x
 APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES |||| A115

29. r共4  h兲  r共4兲 r 共4兲

(c) r 共4兲 苷 lim ; T共4兲 苷
hl0 h r 共4兲 ⱍ ⱍ
1 3. (a), (c) y (b) r 共t兲 苷 具1, 2t典

z 0 (_3, 2)

_1 r(_1)
rª(_1)
0 x
_1 0 x
_1
0 1
y 1
5. (a), (c) y 7. (a), (c) y
31.
” œ„
2
2
2’
, œ„

10 π
rª” 4 ’
rª(0)
0 π x
z 0 r” 4 ’
r(0) 1 (1, 1)

0 1 x
_10 _10
10
0 10
0 y (b) r 共t兲 苷 cos t i  2 sin t j (b) r 共t兲 苷 e i  3e j t 3t
_10
x 9. r 共t兲 苷 具t cos t  sin t, 2t, cos 2t  2t sin 2t典
2
33. 11. r 共t兲 苷 4e 4t k 13. r 共t兲 苷 2te t i  [3兾共1  3t兲兴 k
15. r 共t兲 苷 b  2t c 17. 具 3 , 3 , 3 典 19. 5 j  5 k
2 1 2 2 3 4

z 21. 具1, 2t, 3t 2 典 , 具1兾s14, 2兾s14, 3兾s14 典, 具0, 2, 6t典 , 具6t 2, 6t, 2典
23. x 苷 3  t, y 苷 2t, z 苷 2  4t
0 25. x 苷 1  t, y 苷 t, z 苷 1  t
2
0 2 27. x 苷 t , y 苷 1  t , z 苷 2t
y 0
2 2 x 29. x 苷   t, y 苷   t, z 苷  t
37. r共t兲 苷 t i  2 共t 2  1兲 j  2 共t 2  1兲 k
1 1 31. 66° 33. 4 i  3 j  5 k 35. i  j  k
37. e t i  t 2 j  共t ln t  t兲 k  C
39. x 苷 2 cos t, y 苷 2 sin t, z 苷 4 cos 2t 41. Yes
39. t 2 i  t 3 j  ( 23 t 3兾2  23) k
45. 2t cos t  2 sin t  2 cos t sin t
EXERCISES 13.2 N PAGE 828
1. (a) y EXERCISES 13.3 N PAGE 836
C R
3. e  e1 共13 3兾2  8兲
1
1. 20 s29 5. 27 7. 15.3841
r(4.5) r(4.5)-r(4)
9. 1.2780 11. 42

冉 冊 冉 冊
1 Q
r(4.2) 2 3 4
r(4.2)-r(4) 13. r共t共s兲兲 苷 si 1 s j 5 s k
s29 s29 s29
P 15. 共3 sin 1, 4, 3 cos 1兲
r(4)
17. (a)具(2兾s29 ) cos t, 5兾s29, (2兾s29 ) sin t典,
具sin t, 0, cos t典
0 x 2
1 (b) 29
1 1
(b), (d) r(4.2)-r(4) 19. (a) 2t
e 1
具 s2 e t, e 2t, 1 典 , e 2t  1 具 1  e 2t, s2 e t, s2 e t 典
0.2
r(4.5)-r(4) (b) s2 e 2t兾共e 2t  1兲2
0.5
21. 2兾共4t 2  1兲3兾2
4 1 19
23. 25 25. 7 s14
27. 2兾共4x  8x  5兲
2 3/2
29. 15sx 兾共1  100x 3兲3兾2
y
31. ( 2 ln 2, 1兾s2 ); approaches 0
1
C R
33. (a) P (b) 1.3, 0.7 35. 4
r(4.5)
1 Q y=x–@
T(4)
r(4.2) y=k(x)

P
_4 4
r(4)
_1
0 1 x
37. a is y 苷 f 共x兲, b is y 苷 共x兲
A116 |||| APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

6s4 cos 2 t  12 cos t  13 11. s2 i  e t j  et k, e t j  et k, e t  et

39. 共t兲 苷
共17  12 cos t兲 3兾2 13. e t 关共cos t  sin t兲 i  共sin t  cos t兲 j  共t  1兲 k兴,
k(t) e t 关2 sin t i  2 cos t j  共t  2兲 k兴, e tst 2  2t  3
15. v共t兲 苷 t i  2t j  k, r共t兲 苷 ( 2 t 2  1兲 i  t 2 j  t k
1

17. (a) r共t兲 苷 ( 3 t  t ) i  共t  sin t  1兲 j  ( 4  4 cos 2t) k

1 3 1 1

(b)
integer multiples of 2
0.6
0.4
0 2π 4π 6π t z
0.2
0
43. 具 3 , 3 , 3 典, 具 3 , 3 ,  3 典, 具 3 , 3 , 3 典
_10
41. 1兾(s2e t)
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
200 0 y
0
45. y 苷 6x  , x  6y 苷 6 x _200 10

47. ( x  2 )  y 2 苷 4 , x 2  ( y  3 ) 苷 9
ⱍ ⱍ
5 2 81 5 2 16
19. t苷4 21. r共t兲 苷 t i  t j  2 t 2 k, v共t兲 苷 s25t 2  2
5

5 23. (a) ⬇22 km (b) ⬇3.2 km (c) 500 m兾s

25. 30 m兾s 27. ⬇10.2, ⬇79.8
29. 13.0    36.0, 55.4    85.5
31. (a) 16 m (b) ⬇23.6 upstream
7.5 2.5
20 12

0 40
5

49. 共1, 3, 1兲 57. 2兾共t  4t  1兲 4 2

0 40
59. 2.07  1010 Å ⬇ 2 m
_4 _12

EXERCISES 13.4 N PAGE 846 33. 6t, 6 35. 0, 1 37. e  et, s2 t

2
39. 4.5 cm兾s , 9.0 cm兾s 2
41. t 苷 1
1. (a) 1.8 i  3.8 j  0.7 k, 2.0 i  2.4 j  0.6 k,
2.8 i  1.8 j  0.3 k, 2.8 i  0.8 j  0.4 k
(b) 2.4 i  0.8 j  0.5 k, 2.58 CHAPTER 13 REVIEW N PAGE 850
3. v共t兲 苷 具t, 1典 y
v(2) True-False Quiz
a共t兲 苷 具1, 0典 (_2, 2)
ⱍ ⱍ
v共t兲 苷 st 2  1 a(2) 1. True 3. False 5. False 7. True
9. False 11. True
0 x

Exercises
1. (a) z

5. v共t兲 苷 3 sin t i  2 cos t j y

a共t兲 苷 3 cos t i  2 sin t j (0, 2) v” π3 ’ 3
” 2 , œ„
3’
ⱍ ⱍ
v共t兲 苷 s5 sin 2 t  4
(3, 0)
(0, 1, 0)

a” π3 ’ y
0 x x (2, 1, 0)

(b) r 共t兲 苷 i   sin  t j   cos  t k,

r
共t兲 苷  2 cos  t j   2 sin  t k
7. v共t兲 苷 i  2t j z 3. r共t兲 苷 4 cos t i  4 sin t j  共5  4 cos t兲 k, 0  t  2
a共t兲 苷 2 j 5. 3 i  共2兾 2兲 j  共2兾 兲 k
1
7. 86.631 9. 兾2
ⱍ ⱍ
v共t兲 苷 s1  4t 2 a(1) 11. (a) 具t , t, 1典兾st  t  1
2 4 2
(1, 1, 2)
v(1) (b) 具2t, 1  t 4, 2t 3  t典兾st 8  4t 6  2t 4  5t 2
y
(c) st 8  4t 6  2t 4  5t 2兾共t 4  t 2  1兲2
13. 12兾17 3兾2 15. x  2y  2 苷 0
x
17. v共t兲 苷 共1  ln t兲 i  j  et k,
ⱍⱍ
9. 具2t, 3t , 2t典 , 具2, 6t, 2典 , t s9t 2  8
2
ⱍ ⱍ
v共t兲 苷 s2  2 ln t  共ln t兲2  e2t, a共t兲 苷 共1兾t兲 i  et k