1 Tecp3792 - HV - Slides Introduction Week1

HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING
(TECP 3792)
Dr. Dickson K. Chembe
Jose Edwardo Dos Santos (JEDS) CAMPUS,

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 1/79

Prescribed Books

High Voltage Engineering - Week 1
Introduction to High Voltage Engineering

• Definition
• Classification of voltage levels
• Components of high voltage systems
• Application of High voltage
• Electric field stress
Dr. Dickson K. Chembe

High Voltage Engineering Overview
Figure 1: Overview of HV system

Definition
What is High Voltage?
• The IEC and its national counterparts (IET, IEEE, VDE, etc.) define
high voltage circuits as those with more than 1000 V for AC and at least
1500 V for DC
• In electric power transmission engineering, high voltage is usually
considered any voltage over approximately 35 kV.
AC systems:
High voltage levels: 35-220 kV
Extra high voltage (EHV) levels: ≥330 kV and < 1000 kV
Ultra high voltage (UHV) levels: 1000 kV and above
DC systems:
HVDC levels: 600 kV and below
UHVDC levels: above 600 kV
High voltage engineering consists of generation, measurement, and
control of high voltages, dielectric discharges and electrical insulation
breakdown, overvoltages and their protection, and electrical insulation
condition monitoring and diagnosis
Understanding relationships of HV Engineering

Classification of Voltage levels
Voltage Class Voltage Range
Low Voltage (LV) V ≤ 1 kV
Medium High Voltage (MHV) 1 kV < V ≤ 70 kV
High Voltage (HV) 110 kV ≤ V ≤ 230 kV
Extra High Voltage (EHV) 275 kV ≤ V ≤ 800 kV
Ultra High Voltage(UHV) 1000 kV ≤ V
Table 1: classification of voltage levels


Figure 2: Major AC systems - year of installation

Figure 3: Major DC systems - year of installation

Components of High Voltage Systems
Figure 4: Windings of a 220-kV

Figure 5: 750-kV transmission line
transformer

HV Components - Substation and sf6 switch gear.
SF6 gas-insulated switchgear and substation
Figure 6: SF6 gas-insulated switchgear and substation

HV Components -Circuit Breakers.
Figure 7: SF6 Circuit Breaker Figure 8: Oil Circuit Breaker

HV Components -Power Transformers.
Figure 9: Transparent Power Transformer Figure 10: Power Transformers

HV Components -Instrument Transformers.
Figure 11: current-transformers

Figure 12: Voltage/Potential transformers

Figure 13: Connections of CTs and VTs

HV Components
Other High voltage components include:

• Lightning arrestors,
• Insulators,
• Surge arrestors,
• Testing Transformers
• impulse generators
• DC generators

Application of High Voltage Engineering
Electrostatic Precipitators - Used for air-pollution removal by

electrostatically charging particles in the gas stream
Figure 14: Electrostatic precipators –maintaining clean environment

Application of High Voltage Engineering
High Voltage Ozone Generator - Using HV to break the molecule of
oxygen to form ozone (3 oxygen particles). Impure
particles (virus, bacteria) are destroyed when they come in
contact with ozone through oxidation
Figure 15: High Voltage ozone generator –odor treatment, water treatment
Application of HV
Transmission of Bulk power - Over long distance
Homework-SHOW DURING TUTORIAL CLASS

DESCRIBE OTHER AREAS OR TECHNOLOGY WHERE HIGH
VOLTAGE IS APPLIED AT LEAST IN ONE/TWO PAGES

Application of HV
Laboratories - HV is applied in laboratories in nuclear research, in

particle accelerators, and Van de Graaff generators
Automobile ignition coils
X-ray equipment - medical and industrial X-rays use HV to produce
the rays

Electric Field Stresses
ELECTRIC FIELD STRESSES

D.K. CHEMBE

Electric Field Stresses
• The diverse conditions under which a high-voltage

apparatus is used necessitate careful design of its
insulation and the electrostatic field profiles.
• The principal media of insulation used are gases,
vacuum, solid, and liquid, or a combination of these.
• For achieving reliability and economy, a knowledge of
the causes of deterioration is essential.
• In High Voltage apparatus, conductors are used to
carry current , while insulators are used to prevent
current from flowing in undesired paths.

Electric Fields
Definition (Electric Field Intensity E)

- also known as the "Electric Field Strength"(related to the electric
potential V ), is defined as the electrostatic force F exerted by the field
on a unit positive test charge q, placed at a particular point P in a
dielectric. In other ways Electric Field Intensity can be defined as the
Electric Force per unit charge [N/C]
• The electric field intensity is measured in its practical units of [Volts per
meter V/m or kV/mm]
• The electric field intensity is often more specifically mentioned as "
Electric Stress" experienced by a dielectric or an electrical insulating
material.
• A dielectric (or dielectric material or dielectric medium) is an electrical
insulator that can be polarised by an applied electric field

Electric Fields
• Faraday described space around

magnet to be filled with "Lines of
magnetic force",
• Similarly, the region around an
electrified object may be
considered to be filled with "lines
of electric force"
• Electric Force per unit charge is
given by:
~
~ =F
E (1)
q
where: E - Electric field, F -
electric force in Newtons and q - Figure 16: above: Sphere/cylinder field
charge in Coulombs and plane
below: 4 conductor bundle field
Electric Fields
• The electric field intensity can be obtained from the potential by

gradient operation on the potential, i.e
E = −∇V
Using the electric field intensity, electric flux density can be found by
D = E
Divergence of flux density results in volume charge density
∇ · D = ρv
The goal is to evaluate potential. Replacing D = E results in
ρv
∇2 V = − Poisson Equation

• In most of the high voltage equipments, space charges are not present
and hence ρv = 0 and so Poisson converts to Laplace
∇2 V = 0 Laplace equation

Electric Fields
• If ρv = 0, it indicates zero volume charge density but it allows point

charges, line charge, ring charge and surface charge density to exist at
singular location as sources of the field.
• Here ∇ is a vector operator and is termed as del operator
∂ ∂ ∂
∇= a~x + a~y + a~z
∂x ∂y ∂z
• where a~x , a~y , a~z are unit vectors in the respective increasing directions
• Laplace’s equation in cartesian coordinates is given as
∂2V ∂2V ∂2V

∇2 V = 2
+ 2
+ =0
∂x ∂y ∂z 2

Electric Fields
Following methods are normally used for determination of the potential

distribution:
1. Electrolytic tank method

2. Numerical methods
Some of the numerical methods used are
2.1 Finite difference method (FDM)
2.2 Finite element method (FEM)
2.3 Charge simulation method (CSM)
2.4 Surface charge simulation method (SCSM).

Electric Fields
Why analyse electric fields?
HV Busbar - Electric field analysis is required to evaluate the

possibility of corona or dielectric breakdown,
HV Bushing - Electric field analysis is required to design bushing with
good electric field stress control. This will reduce the
possibility of field stress leading to the formation of
leakage path,
Cables - In cable insulators, there is a void/cavity. If this void is
filled with water, depending on the sharpness of water
droplet, the electric field will increase. Analysis of can be
done using FEM,
Transformer - Analysis of electric field is essential to reduce the
maximum electric field intensity in transformer insulation
hence reducing the manufacturing cost of power
transformer
Degree of uniformity of Electric Fields
Definition
Schwaiger factor η is the degree of uniformity η introduced by
Schwaiger in 1922 as a measure of the uniformity of a field, and is
defined as following:
~ mean
E U~ 1
η= = ·
~ max
E d E ~ max
~ =E
U ~ max · η · d
~ mean and E
• E ~ max are the peak values of the Mean and the Maximum field
Intensities in a dielectric respectively. U is the peak value of potential
difference applied between the two electrodes at a distance "d" apart.
• The value of η also represents the degree of utilization of the dielectric in
between two electrodes. A higher value of η represents better utilization
of the insulating properties of a dielectric. Thus η, a dimensionless
quantity enables a comparison of the uniformity of field configuration
formed between different electrodes.
Figure 17: classification of electric fields

• PB - Partial Breakdown
• Ui - PB inception voltage
• Ub - Complete Breakdown Voltage
• η - Schwaiger factor
The value of η lies between 0 ≤ η ≤ 1
Figure 18: classification of uniformity of electric fields

The value of η lies between 0 ≤ η ≤ 1
Figure 19: LEFT: Uniform field between two parallel plates; RIGHT:
Extremely non uniform field between needle-needle electrodes

Strength of Dielectrics
Electric Stress
The qualitative definition of "electric strength" of a dielectric is ’the
maximum electric stress a dielectric can withstand
• A large number of factors affect the electric breakdown of a dielectric,

these include:
pressure, humidity, temperature, electric field configuration
(electrode shape and size) electrode material,
applied voltage waveform, its duration and magnitude, presence of
impurities and imperfections in the dielectric, the composition of
dielectric material
• Hence a quantitative definition is complicated

Strength of Dielectrics
• In a time varying ac power frequency field (quasi stationary

field), the maximum electric stress occur at the peak value of
the applied voltage
• Intrinsic strength of a dielectric: It is defined for gaseous and
other than gaseous dielectric differently.
Gaseous dielectric: It is the magnitude of breakdown voltage
measured across a gap distance of one cm in
uniform field (η = 1) at normal temperature and
pressure.
Liquid and Solid dielectrics: It is the highest value of
breakdown strength obtained after eliminating all
known secondary effects which may influence the
breakdown adversely.

Stress Control
Field Uniformity and its effects

Understanding field uniformity and its effect on stress in HV equipment
• The more uniformity the electric field, better the utilisation of the
dielectric becomes
• An ideal utilisation is accomplished only where η is equal to one,
however this is not possible in real practice.
• More nonuniform field represents higher electric stress in the dielectric.
It could be at only a particular location. Insulation design in an
equipment is made with due consideration to the value of the estimated
maximum electric field intensity.

Stress control methods
1. By shaping the conductors to reduce stress concentrations,

2. By insertion of higher dielectric strength insulation at higher stress
points,
3. By selection of materials appropriate permittivity’s to obtain more
uniform voltage gradients,
4. It is possible to achieve a higher degree of uniformity of fields by giving
suitable shapes and sizes to various electrodes in an equipment,
5. Electrodes at high potentials in the laboratory are given large, smooth
shaped dome like bodies or shapes like toroids to bring down electric
stress on the atmospheric air (dielectric),
6. The modern trend in such electrode design includes ’segmented
electrodes’, constituting a number of small, identical, smooth discs given
a large desired continuous shape as per requirement. The curvatures of
the individual segment discs are worked out by optimisation of the
suggested profiles.

Figure 20: Segmented electrodes(Complete HV lab (600 kV AC))

• Capacitive grading is provided in high voltage bushings, potential

transformers and cable terminations in order to achieve a better potential
distribution leading to a more uniform field distribution in the dielectric.
Figure 21: Potential distribution in a bushing with and without capacitive

grading
Figure 22: Cable Termination and Stress Cone

Figure 23: Extended shapes of electrodes for stress control

End of first session To be continued...

1 Tecp3792 - HV - Slides Introduction Week1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Tecp3792 - HV - Slides Introduction Week1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING

Jose Edwardo Dos Santos (JEDS) CAMPUS,

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 1/79

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 2/79

Introduction to High Voltage Engineering

Dr. Dickson K. Chembe

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 3/79

Figure 1: Overview of HV system

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 6/79

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 7/79

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 8/79

Figure 2: Major AC systems - year of installation

Figure 3: Major DC systems - year of installation

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 10/79

Figure 4: Windings of a 220-kV

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 11/79

SF6 gas-insulated switchgear and substation

Figure 6: SF6 gas-insulated switchgear and substation

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 12/79

Figure 7: SF6 Circuit Breaker Figure 8: Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure 9: Transparent Power Transformer Figure 10: Power Transformers

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 14/79

Figure 11: current-transformers

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 15/79

Figure 12: Voltage/Potential transformers

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 16/79

Figure 13: Connections of CTs and VTs

Other High voltage components include:

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 18/79

Electrostatic Precipitators - Used for air-pollution removal by

Figure 14: Electrostatic precipators –maintaining clean environment

Transmission of Bulk power - Over long distance

Homework-SHOW DURING TUTORIAL CLASS

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 21/79

Laboratories - HV is applied in laboratories in nuclear research, in

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 22/79

ELECTRIC FIELD STRESSES

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 23/79

• The diverse conditions under which a high-voltage

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 24/79

Definition (Electric Field Intensity E)

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 25/79

• Faraday described space around

• The electric field intensity can be obtained from the potential by

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 27/79

• If ρv = 0, it indicates zero volume charge density but it allows point

∂2V ∂2V ∂2V

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 28/79

Following methods are normally used for determination of the potential

1. Electrolytic tank method

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 29/79

Why analyse electric fields?

HV Busbar - Electric field analysis is required to evaluate the

Figure 17: classification of electric fields

The value of η lies between 0 ≤ η ≤ 1

Figure 18: classification of uniformity of electric fields

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 33/79

The value of η lies between 0 ≤ η ≤ 1

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 34/79

• A large number of factors affect the electric breakdown of a dielectric,

www.unam.edu.na Dr. D.K. Chembe Open your mind 35/79

• In a time varying ac power frequency field (quasi stationary