1 (SIMPLE STRESS)

(Stress) (Internal resisting force)

(External load)

1-1

() () a-a
1-1

Pxx (Axial Force) P

Pxy , Pxz (Shear Force) V

Mxx (Torque) T

Mxy , Mxz (Bending Moment) M

(Compressive Stress)

P
c=
A

1-2

A=

(Tensile Stress)

P
t=
A

1-3

A=
 (Bearing Stress)

P
b=
A

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เปนพื้นที่รับความเคนกดแทน

()

()

1-4

A = td t d
 (Shearing Stress)

=V
A

FBD FBD

1-5

= V/2As FBD

1. (Tangential Stress)

F
t =
A
F=pxa

t (Tangential Stress)

F
 p

1-6

2. (Longitudinal Stress)
pD
l =
4t

(Longitudinal Stress)

p
D
t

pD
=
4t

(Tangential Stress)

p
D
t

1-7
 1

1.1 500 kN 140

MPa 1 10

P
=
A

P
[ = ] 140 x103 = 500
A d2
64 2
d
4 0 100 0
d0 = 0.187 m (187 mm)

1.2 W
AB AC 100 MPa 150 MPa
AB 400 mm2 AC 200 mm2
mm 2
 FBD A AB BC

FBD A

0 0
cos 30 cos 45
Fx 0 T AB T AC
T AB 0.8165T AC
T AC AC

P A T AC AC A
150 x10 6 200 x10 6

3 x10 4 N

0 0
sin 30 sin 45
Fy 0 T AB T AC w
0 0
sin 30 sin 45
0.8166T AC T AC w
w 1.115T AC
1.115 3 x10 4
3.35 x10 4 N
33.5kN
1.3
AB 53.1° BC
R = 20 kN

BC FBD MC = 0 AB

AB 2

[∑ MC = 0 ]
-20 (650) + RAB sin 53.1° (450) = 0
RAB = 36.125 kN
A = d o2 d i2
4
 = (0.042 – 0.032)
4
= 5.498 x 10-4m2
[ = P]
A
R AB
AB = = 36.125
A 5.498 x 10 4

= 65705.7 kPa
AB = 65.7 MPa

1.4 B

FBD 2
FBD
FBD1 : Fa-60 = 0, Fa = 60 kN ( )
FBD2 : Fb + 125 + 125 – 60 = 0, Fb = -190 kN ( )
[ = P]
A
60
AB : AB = = 84882.6 kPa
2
( )0.03
4
= 84.9 MPa ( )
190
BC : BC = = 96766.2 kPa
2
( )0.05
4
= 96.8 MPa ( )

1.5 3 B,C D 325

kN, 215 kN 175 kN
150 MPa

FBD
= P/A
 FBD 1

FBD 2

FBD 3

FBD1 : Fa +175 = 0, Fa = -175 kN ( )

FBD2 : Fb + 215 + 175 = 0, Fb = -390 kN ( )
FBD3 : Fc + 325 + 215 + 175 = 0, Fc = -175 kN ( )

P
[A = ]
175 x 103
ACD = = 1.167 x 10-3 m2 = 1167 mm2
150 x 10 6
390x 103
ABC = = 2.60 x 10-3 m2 = 2600 mm2
150 x 106
715x 103
AAB = = 4.767 x 10-3 m2 = 4767 mm2
150 x 106

1.6
A, B, C D
( ) 125 MPa , 70 MPa
85 MPa
 1.5

()

()

FBD1 : FS +270 = 0, FS = -270kN ( )

FBD2 : Fb + 270 -245 = 0, Fb = -25 kN ( )
FBD3 : Fa + 270 + 200 -245 = 0, Fa = -225 kN ( )
ABCD ( )
 P
[A = ]
270 x 103
d S2 = dS = 52.4 mm
4 125 x 106
3
25 x 10
d b2 = 6
db = 21.3 mm
4 70 x 10
225 x 103
d a2 = da = 58.1 mm
4 85 x 106

1.7 M
1500 N.m

) P

) AB
450 mm2

BC 2 AB BC FBD

[∑ MA= 0 ]
+Cx(0.280) – 1500 = 0
Cx = 5357.14 N
Cy = P = Cx tan θ
(BC 2 )
200
P = 5357.14
60
P = 17857 N (17.86 kN)
FBD ABC

BC :
 C = C x2 C y2 = 5.357 2 17.857 2

= 18.643 kN ( )
BC = C
A
18.643
= 6
= 41429 kPa
450 x 10
= 41.4 MPa ( )

1.8 P 50 kN
t = 5 mm
d = 20 mm

AS = dt

P
= P =
AS dt
50
= = 159155 kPa
( 20 x10 3 ) (5 x10 3 )

= 159.2 MPa
1.9 (timber truss)
) b 900 kPa
) c 7 MPa
 ) b
= V
AS
50 cos 30
900 =
(150 x10 3 ) (bx10 3 )
b = 321 mm
) c
b = P
Ab
50 cos 30
7 x 103 =
(150 x10 3 ) (cx10 3 )
c = 41.2 mm

1.10 750 mm
50 mm b 75
mm 70 MPa
 FBD

[∑ Mo = 0, ] -V(25) – 6(375) + 10(375) = 0

V = 60 kN
= V
A
3
70 x 10 = 60
b (0.075)

b = 0.0114 m (11.4 mm)

1.11
) AB
100 MPa
) D 20 mm
 BDC FBD D P
AB D

[∑ MD = 0, ] P(200) – 30sin 60 (240) = 0

P = 31.18 kN
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] Dx-31.18 – 30cos 60 = 0
Dx= 46.18 kN
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] Dy- 30sin 60 = 0
Dy= 25.98 kN
D = Dx2 D 2y
= 46.182 25.982

) AB σ = 100 MPa
[P = σA]
31.18 = (100 x 103) ( d2)
4
d = 0.0199 m (19.92 mm)
) D d = 20 mm
V
[ ]
2 AS
=
3
52.986 x 10
2( ) (0.020 2 )
4
= 84.33 MPa
1.12 10 MPa (C) B 200 MPa (T)
A

) P
) C
75 MPa
) D
85 MPa

CE FBD P C
CE C D = V/A

) FBD P
Dy
Dy = σA
= (200 x 103) (300 x 10-6) = 60 kN
Ey B
Ey = σA
= (10 x 103) (4500 x 10-6) = 45 kN
[∑Mc = 0, ] 60 (150)+45(400)-P(400) =0
P = 67.5 kN
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] -Cy+45+60-67.5 =0
Cy = 37.5 kN

) C
: = V ,A= V
A

d2 = 37.5
4 75 x 10 3
d = 0.0252 m (25.2 mm)

) D
: = V = Dy
A 2A

A = Dy
2

d2 = 60
4 2(85 x 10 3 )
d = 0.0212 m (21.2 mm)
1.13 AB 2000 kg
B
A
B
60 MPa

AB FBD Bx By
B B = Bx2 B y2

[∑ MB = 0, ] Ax(8) – 19.614(3) = 0
Ax = 7.355 kN
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] Bx – 7.355 = 0
Bx = 7.355 kN
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] By – 19.614 = 0
By = 19.614 kN
W = 2000 (9.807) B B = Bx2 B y2
= 19614 N = 7.355 19.614 2 2

= 20.95
V
[ ]
2A
60x103 = 20.95

2 d2
4
d = 0.0149 m (14.9 mm)
1.14 20 mm
100 mm
) 140 MPa
80 MPa
) )

P P=A
b = P/td

[P = A ]
P = (0.0202) (80 x 103)
4
= 25.13 kN

P
[ b= ]
Ab
25.13
140 x 103 =
t (0.020)
t = 8.975 x 10-3m (8.98 mm)
 P
[ t= ]
A
25.13
t =
(8.975 x 10 3 ) (0.100 0.020)
= 35.0 MPa

1.15 (yoke)
P = 55 kN 70 MPa
140 MPa

= V/2As FBD

FBD FBD

[ = P ]
2 As
 70 x 103 = 55

2 d2
4
d = 0.0224 m (22.4 mm)

[ b= P ]
Ab

140 x 103 = 27.5

t 0.0224
t = 0.0088 m (8.8 mm)

1.16 22.2 mm
(root of the thread) 18.6 mm
34 kN
)
)
) (washer)
28 mm 6 MPa

(V)
(AS)
 FBD FBD

)
[ V ]
AS
= 34 = 40.6 MPa
(0.0222) (0.012)

)
[ V ]
AS
= 34 = 36.4 MPa
(0.0186) (0.016)

)
Ab = (D2 – d2)
4
= (D2 – 0.0282)
4
P
[Ab = ]
b

34
(D2 – 0.0282) = 3
4 6 x 10
D = 0.0894 m (89.4mm)
1.17 AC BD
900 mm2

FBD 1 FBD 1 Ay, Hy

HX
A FBD 2 FBD 2 AB
AC
a–a BD, BE CE FBD 3
FBD BD

FBD 1 Ay = 40 kN, Hy = 60 kN HX = 0
FBD 2
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] Ay + 3 AB =0
5
 AB = - 5 Ay = - 5 (40)
3 3
= -66.7 kN ( )
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] AC + 4 AB =0
5
AC = - 4 (-66.7) = 53.4 kN ( )
5

[ = P] AC = 53.4
= 59333 kPa
A 6
900 x 10

= 59.3 MPa ( )
FBD 3
[∑ ME = 0, ] -Ay(8) + 30(4) – BD(3) = 0
3BD = -8(40) + 120 = -200
BD = -66.7 kN ( )
[ = P] BD =
66.7
= 74111 kPa
A 6
900 x 10

= 74.1 MPa ( )

1.18
DF, CE
BD
1200 mm2 (T)
(C)

FBD A F
A, B, C D
FBD

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] Ay + Fy – 100 – 200 = 0

Ay + Fy = 300
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] Ax =0

[∑ MA = 0, ] Fy(10) – 100(4) – 200(7) = 0

Fy = 180 kN
Ay = 300 – 180 = 120 kN
FBD A
AB AC
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+]
3
120+ AB = 0
13
AB = -144.22 kN ( )
[∑ Fx = 0, →+]
2
AB+AC = 0
13
AC = +80 kN ( )
FBD B
BC BD
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+]
3 2
(144.22) – BC - BD = 0
13 13
13 BC + 2BD = 432.66
[∑ Fx = 0, →+]
2 3
(144.22) + BD = 0
13 13
BD = -96.147 ( )
96.147
BD = 6
1200 x 10
= 80122 kN
= 80.1 MPa ( )
BC = 173.33 kN ( )
FBD C
CD CE
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+]
4
CD + 173.33 – 100 = 0
5
CD = -91.66 kN ( )
[∑ Fx = 0, →+]
80+ 3 CD + CE = 0
5
3
-80 + (-91.66) CE =0
5
CE = 134.996 kN ( )
[ = P]
A

CE = 134.996
6
1200 x 10
= 112497 kN
= 113 MPa ( )
FBD D
DE DF
[∑ Fx = 0, →+]
3 3
(91.66) + (96.14) + 3 DF = 0
5 13 5
DF = -224.992 ( )
[ = P]
A
 DF = 224.992
6
1200 x 10
= 187493 kN
= 188 MPa ( )

1.19
BE, BF CF
100 MPa
80 MPa

(bucking)

FBD
D, A C CF
CF, BF BE

FBD

x
[∑ Fx = 0 ] Ax = 0
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] Ay + Dy – 40 – 50 = 0
[∑ MA = 0, ] Dy(6) – 40(9) – 50(12) = 0
Dy = 160 kN
Ay = -160 + 40 + 50 = -70 kN
FBD D
AD = 0
DC

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] DC + 160 =0
DC = -160 kN ( )
FBD A
AB AC

4
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] AB – 70 =0
5
AB = 87.5 kN ( )
3
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] (87.5) + AC = 0
5
AC -52.5 kN ( )
y FBD C
BC CF

[∑ Fx = 0, →+] CF + 52.5 =0
 CF = -52.5 Kn ( )
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] BC + 160 =0
BC = -160 kN ( )

FBD a-a

8
[∑ MG = 0, ] BF(3) + 70(12) – 160(6) = 0
73
BF = 42.72 kN ( )
[∑ MF= 0, ] - 4 BE(3) + 70(9) – 160(3) = 0
5
BE = 62.5 kN ( )

3
F 62.5 x10
[A = ] ABE = 6
100 x10
= 625 x 10-6 m2 (625 mm2)
3
42.72.5 x10
ABF = 6
100 x10
= 427 x 10-6 m2 (427 mm2)
3
52.5 x10
ACF = 6
80 x10
= 656 x 10-6 m2 (656 mm2)
1.20 1800 kg
) AB 200 mm2
) EF 50 MPa
) AG 150 MPa
g = 9.81 m/s2

FBD A G
a–a AB, AF GF AB b–b
AB, BF EF EF G
AG

FBD
FBD
[∑ Fx = 0, →+] -Ax + Gx =0
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] A y -17.66 = 0, A y = 17.66 kN
[∑ MA = 0, ] G x +(9) –17.66(12) =0
Gx = 23.55 kN
 Ax = 23.55 kN

) FBD a–a

()
AB, AF
[∑ MF= 0, ]
23.55(3) + 23.55(6) - 17.66(4) – AB(6) = 0
AB = 23.55 kN ( )
F
[ = ]
A
23.55
AB = 6
200 x10
= 117.75 MPa ( )

) FBD b–b

()
[∑ MB = 0, ]

23.55(9) + 4 EF(6) – 17.66(4) = 0

5
EF = 29.44 kN ( )
F
[A = ]
3
29.44 x10
AEF = 6
50 x10

) FBD G

AG, GF

()

[∑ Fx = 0, →+] 23.55 + 4 GF = 0
5
GF = -29.44 kN ( )
[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] AG + 3 GF =0
5
AG = 17.66 kN ( )
F
[A = ]
3
17.66 x10
AAG = 6
150 x10
= 117.7 mm2
1.21 B
= 70 MPa b = 140 MPa 19 mm
BC (gusset plate) BE
BC BE

FBD A
A, C B

FBD

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] Ay + Hy – 96 – 200 – 96 = 0
[∑ MA = 0, ] Hy(16) – 96(4) – 200(8) – 96(12) = 0
Hy = 196 kN
Ay = 196 kN
FBD A

AB AC

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] 196+ 3 AB =0
5
AB = -326.67 kN ( )
[∑ FX = 0, →+] 4 AB + AC =0
5
AC = 261.34 kN ( )
FBD C

BC CE

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] BC – 96 = 0
BC = 96 kN ( )
FBD B

BD BE

[∑ Fy = 0, ↑+] 3 (326.67) – 96 - 3 BE + 3 BD =0
5 5 5
BE – BD = 166.67
[∑ FX = 0, →+] 4 (326.67) + 4 BD + 4 BE = 0
5 5 5
BE + BD = 326.67
BE = -80 kN ( )
 BC
(1) n
P P
, A= (P = BC)
A
P
n d2
4
96
n (0.0192) = 3
4 70 x10
n = 4.8 = 5
(2) n BC 6 mm
P
ndt =
b
96
n(0.019) (0.006) = 3
140 x10
n = 6.02 = 7
7 BC
BE
(1) n
P
n d2 (P = BE)
4
80
n (0.0192) = 3
4 70 x10
n = 4.03 = 5
(2) n BE 13 mm
P
ndt =
b
80
n(0.019) (0.013) = 3
140 x10
n = 2.3 = 3
5 BE
 BC BE

BC ( )

ABC = [75 – (2x19) + (75-6)]6

= 636 mm2
P
[ t ]
A
96
t = 6
= 151 MPa
636 x10
BE ( 13 mm)
ABE = [75 – (2x19) + (75 – 13)]13 = 1287 mm2
P
[ c ]
A
80
C = 6
= 62.2 MPa
1287 x10
1.22 50 mm
P = 6 kN

FBD

FBD :

V = P sin
= 6 sin 30° = 3 kN
F = P cos
= 6 cos 30° = 5.2 kN
P
= sin 2
2 A0
6 sin 60
=
2 0.050 0.020

= 2.598 MPa
1.23
50 mm x 100 mm

20
MPa
5 MPa 20°

= 20°
= P(1+cos 2 )/2AO = (P sin 2 )/2AO P

P
= (1+cos 2 )
2 A0

P (1 cos 40 )
20 x 103 =
2 0.050 0.100

P = 113.2 kN
P
= sin 2
2 A0

P sin 40
5 x 103 =
2 0.050 0.100

P = 77.8 kN
77.8 kN
1.24 AB
12 MPa (C) P Ø = 36°
) P
) AB
)

AB =P
(1+cos 2 )/2AO = (P sin 2 )/2AO

) P
= 54°
P
= (1+cos 2 )
2 A0

P (1 cos 108 )
20 x 103 =
2 0.200 0.100

P = 695 kN
) AB
P
= sin 2
2 A0

695 sin 108

=
2 0.200 0.100

= 16.52 kN
) max max
 P
max =
A0
695
max =
2 0.200 0.100

= 34.75 MPa ( )
P
max =
2 A0
695
max =
2 0.200 0.100

= 17.38 MPa

1.25 100 mm
57° 400 kN
= 70 MPa = 45 MPa

AO

P
= (1+cos 2 )
2 A0
400
70 x 103 = 1 cos 66
2 A0

AO = 4019.25 mm2
4019.25
tO = = 40.2 mm
100
 P
= sin 2
2 A0

400 sin 66
45 x 103 =
2A
0
AO = 4060.2 mm2
4060.2
tO = = 40.6 mm
100

40.6 mm
1.26
ABC 9 mm
6 mm B
A 9 mm C
6 mm
) A
) C
) ABC
) B
) C

FBD AC

FBD
[ MD = 0, ] 2400(360) – AC(240) = 0
AC = 3600 N ( )

) A
A
P
[ = ]
A
3600
=
(0.009 2 )
4
= 56.6 MPa
) C
C
P
[ = ]
2A
 3600
=
2 (0.006 2 )
4
= 63.7 MPa
) ABC
P
[ = ]
A
3600
=
(0.009) (0.030 0.009)
= 19.05 MPa
) B
P
[ = ]
2A
3600
=
2 (0.030) (0.040)
= 1.50 MPa

) C
P
[ b = ]
Ab
1800
b =
(0.006) (0.006)
= 50 MPa

1.27 (bracket) BCD

 ) AB 600 MPa
3.3
) C 350 MPa
C 3.3
) C
300 MPa

BCD FBD C P
AB C

FBD

[ MC = 0, ] P(0.6) – 50(0.3) – 15(0.6) = 0

P = 40 kN
[ Fx = 0, →+ ] Cx – 40 = 0, Cx = 40 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑+ ] Cy – 50 - 15 = 0, Cy = 65 kN
C = C x2 C y2 = 40 2 65 2
= 76.3 kN
) AB F.S. = 3.3
600
= u
= = 181.8 MPa
F .S . 3 .3
 P
[A = ]
P 40
d2 = =
4 181.8 x10 3
d = 0.01674 m (16.74 mm)
) C F.S. = 3.3
350
= u
= = 106.1 MPa
F .S . 3 .3
C
P
[ = ]
2A
C/2 76.3 / 2
d2 = =
4 106.1x10 3
d = 0.0214 m (21.4 mm)

d = 22 mm
) C
P
[Ab = ]
b

C/2 76.3 / 2
Ab = =
b 300 x10 3
= 127.2 mm2
Ab = dt
127.2 = 22t ; t = 5.78 mm
= 6 mm

1.28 BCD B C
D dB = dD = 6 mm, dC = 10 mm
u = 300 MPa

AB u = 450 MPa F.S.

= 3.0 C
 FBD BCD C B D
( ) C

FBD BCD

[ MB = 0, ] C(250) – D(550) = 0
C = 2.2 D
[ MD = 0, ]
-C(300) + B(550) = 0
11
C = B
6
(F.S. = 3.0)
450
= = 150 MPa
3
300
= = 100 MPa
3
B
B = A = (150x103) (0.008 2 ) = 7.54 kN
4
 11
C = (7.54) = 13.82 kN
6
B
B = (2A) = (100x103) (2) (0.006 2 ) = 5.655 kN
4
11
C = (5.655) = 10.37 kN
6
D
D = (2A) = (100x103) (2) (0.006 2 ) = 5.655 kN
4
C = (2.2) (5.655) = 12.44 kN
C
C = (2A) = (100x103) (2) (0.010 2 ) = 15.7 kN
4
10.37 kN

1.29 ABC 60 kN A P C
) B 250 MPa
F.S. = 3.0
) B 300 MPa

FBD ABC B
B Ab
[ MP = 0, ] 60(150) – By(300) = 0
By = 30 kN ↑
[ Fy = 0, ↑+ ] P sin 45 = 30
P = 30 2 kN
[ Fy = 0, →+] Bx+30 2 cos 45 -60 = 0
Bx = 30 kN
B= B x2 B y2 = 30 2 kN

250
) = u
= MPa
F .S . 3
B 30 2
2 d2 = =
4 250
x10 3
3
d = 0.018 m (18 mm)
) b = 300x103 kPa
B
= 15 2 kN
2
B
Ab b = = 15 2
2
15 2
Ab = = 70.71 mm2
300 x10 3
18 mm
70.71
dt = Ab t = = 3.928 mm
18
t = 4.0 mm
1.30 1.5 m

300 mm2
130 MPa 30 m (
1000 kg/m3)

L
L

30m

[p = gh]
P = (1000) (9.81) (30)
= 294.3 x 103 N/m2
= 294.3 kPa
L
L FBD
[pDL = 2p] P=A
(294.3 x 103) (1.54) L = 2 (300 x 10-6) (130 x 106)
L = 0.177 m (177 mm)
1.31 20 mm
500 mm 3m
140 MPa

( h) 2

pr
[ h = ]
t
ht (140) (20)
p =
r 250
= 11.2 MPa
1.32
140 MPa 7850 kg/m3
200 MPa 250 mm

FBD FBD P

FBD
2rc
M= V = Arc, r=

2
F = mr
2rc 2
= ( Arc) = 2 AV2 …(1)

[ Fx = 0, →+]
-2P + F = 0 2P = F
P AV 2
= V2 …(2)
A A
140 x 106 = 7850V2
V = 134 m/s
[ = V2]
200 x 106 = 7850V
V = 159.62 m/s
V 159.62
=
rc 0.250
640 rad/s
1.33 8m 12 m
40 MPa

P = gh
P=0

P=0 ( ) P = gh
p = gh
= (1000) (9.81) (12)
= 117.72 kPa
pr
[ h = ]
t
pr (117.72)
T = = = 0.011772
h 40 x 10 3
= 11.8 mm

1.34 3.5 MPa 450 mm

10 mm
40 mm
80 MPa 55 MPa
 1

P
P = d2p
4
= (430 x 10 3 ) 2 (3.5 x 10 3 ) 508.27 kPa
4
1
T = d2( – i) ( = , i= )
4
= (40 x 10 3 ) 2 (80 x 10 3 55 x 10 3 )
4
= 31.42 kPa

508.27
n= = 17
31.42

pr
[ ]
2t
(3.5 x 10 3 ) (430 x 10 3 )
=
2 (10 x 10 3 )
= 75.3 MPa
1.35 10 mm
1.2 MPa

P = ( dt + 2Lt)
= [ (400 x 10-3) (10 x 10-3) + 2 (600 x 10-3) (10 x 10-3)]
= 24.566 x 10-3 kN
P = pA = p ( d2 dL )
4
= (1.2 x 103) [( ) (400 x 10-3)2 + (400 x 10-3) (600 x 10-3) ]
4
= 438.8 kN
438.8
= = 17862 Kpa
24.566 x 10 3
= 17.9 MPa
[ Fy = 0, ↑+] P(L + d)L’ - 2 h (L’t) = 0
p( L d )
h =
2t
(1.2) (600 400)
= = 60 MPa
2 (10)

1.36 P
60 MPa 110 MPa
140 MPa

P
P

1
P = (3) d2
4

= (60 x 103) (3) (0.022) = 56.5 kN

4
 2
P = b (3) dt
= (110 x 103) (3) (0.02 x 0.025) = 165 kN
3
P = (b-d) t
= (140 x 103) (0.130-0.02) (0.025) = 385 kN
4

P = (2) d 2+ dt
b
4

= (2) (60 x 103) (0.022) + (110 x 103) (0.02) (0.025)

4
= 92.7 kN
1 P = 56.5 kN

1.37 3 20
mm t = 12 mm b = 175 mm
100 MPa 70 MPa 140 MPa

1.36
1
P = (3) d2
4

= (70 x 103) (3) (0.022) = 66 kN

4
2
P = b (3) dt
= (140 x 103) (3) (0.02) (0.012) = 100.8 kN
3
P = (b-2d) t
= (100 x 103) (0.175-0.04) (0.012) = 162 kN
4 1

P = (2) d 2+ bdt
4

= (70 x 103) (2) (0.022) + (140 x 103) (0.02) (0.012)

4
= 77.6 kN
5

P = d 2+ b (2)dt
4

= (70 x 103) (0.022) + (140 x 103) (2) (0.02) (0.012)

4
= 89.2 kN

1 P = 66.0 kN
1.38 W 460 x 97 (girder) W 610 x 125 2
100 mm x 90 mm x 10 mm 19 mm
= 80 MPa b = 170 MPa = 70
MPa b = 140 MPa (web) 11.9 mm 11.4
mm

8
P = (8) d2
4

= (70 x 103) (8) (19 x 10-3)2 = 159 kN

4
8 10 mm
P = b(8)dt
= (140 x 103) (8) (19 x 10-3) + (10 x 10-3) = 213 kN
4
P
= P’ = 2 A ( 1 )
2A
P = 2 (4) d2
4

= 2 (80 x 103) (4) (19 x 10-3)2 = 181.5 kN

4
 4 11.4 mm
P = b(4)dt (t = )
= (170 x 103) (4) (19 x 10-3) (114 x 10-3) = 147.3 kN
= 147.3 kN

1.39 P (repeating section)

20.5
mm t = 14 mm t’ = 10 mm
= 300 MPa, b = 650 MPa

t = 400 MPa F.S. = 5

1.5 m (longitudinal
seam)
 300
[ = u
] = = 60 MPa
F .S . 5
650
[ b= u
] b = = 130 MPa
F .S . 5
400
[ t= u
] t = = 80 MPa
F .S . 5
1) 1

PS = d2 = (20.5 x 10-3)2 (60 x 103) = 19.8 kN

4 4

PS = 2(19.8) = 39.6 kN

Pb = (td) = (14 x 10-3) (20.5 x 10-3) (130 x 103) = 37.3 kN

b
1
P’b = (t’d) b = (14 x 10-3) (20.5 x 10-3) (130 x 103) = 26.7 kN

2)
2.1)
1 1
- PS = 19.8 kN
- Pb = 37.3 kN
- P’b = 26.7 kN
19.8 kN
2 2
- PS = 2(39.6) = 79.2 kN
- Pb = 2(37.3) = 74.6 kN
- P’b = 2(2) (26.7) = 106.8 kN
2 74.6 kN
3 2
3 2
 2
3 74.6 kN

Pr = 19.8 + 74.6 + 74.6 = 169.0 kN …(1)

2.2)
1 t= 80 MPa
w = 180 mm d = 20.5 mm
t = 14 mm 1

[P1 = (w – d)t t]
P1 = (0.180 – 0.0205) (0.014) (80 x 103)
= 178.64 kN …(2)
2

() 2 ()

P2 = +
2 1

P2 = (w – 2d) t t +
1
= [0.180 – 2(0.0205)] (0.014) (80 x 103) + 19.8
= 175.48 kN …(3)
 3 2
3

P2 = + +
3 2 1

= [0.180 – 2(0.0205)] (0.014) (80 x 103) + 74.6 + 19.8

= 250.08 kN …(4)
2 3 2
3
3
2

3
3 2
3
3
3

P2 = (w – 2d) t’ t
= [0.180 – 2(0.0205)] (0.010) (80 x 103)
= 111.2 kN
4
P’c = 4 d2 = 4 (19.8) = 79.2 kN
4

Pc = 111.2 + 79.2 = 190.4 kN …(5)

 (5)
3 (111.2 kN)
(79.2 kN)

222.2 kN

222.2 kN

(1) (5)

P = 169.0 kN

169
=
(0.180) (0.014) (80 x 10 3 )
= 0.838 (83.8%)
169.0 kN
180 mm
[2P = pDL]
2(169) = p(1.5) (0.180)
P = 1.25 x 103 kPa

1.40 P (long pitch) = 350 mm

d = 25 mm t = 14 mm t’ = 10 mm ( )
= 60 MPa, b = 130 MPa t = 80 MPa
) P
)
) p = 2.5 MPa
 1.39

= 60 MPa, b = 130 MPa, t = 80 MPa

1) 1

PS = d2 = (0.0252) (60 x 103) = 29.45 kN

4 4

PS = 2(29.45) = 58.9 kN

Pb = (td) = (0.014) (0.025) (130 x 103) = 45.5 kN

b
1
P’b = (t’d) b = (0.010) (0.025) (130 x 103) = 32.5 kN
2)
2.1)
1 1
- PS = 29.45 kN
- Pb = 45.5 kN
- P'b = 32.5 kN
 29.45 kN
2 3
- PS = 3(58.9) = 176.7 kN
- Pb = 3(45.5) = 136.5 kN
- P'b = 3(2)(32.5) = 195.0 kN
136.5 kN
3 4
- PS = 4(58.9) = 235.6 kN
- Pb = 4(45.5) = 182.0 kN
- P'b = 4(2)(32.5) = 260.0 kN
182 kN

Pr = 29.45 + 136.5 + 182.0 = 347.95 kN …(1)

2.2)
1
[P1 = (w-d) t t]
P1 = (0.350 – 0.025) (0.014) (80 x 103)
= 364.0 kN …(2)
2

P2 = (w – 3d) t t +
1

= [0.350 – 3(0.025)] (0.014) (80 x 103) + 29.45

= 364.0 kN …(3)
3

P3 = (w – 4d) t t + +
1 2
= [0.350 – 4(0.025)] (0.014) (80 x 103) + 29.45 + 136.5
= 445.95 kN …(4)
 3

Pc = (w – 4d) t' t
= [0.350 – 4(0.025)] (0.010) (80 x 103)
= 200 kN

P'c = 7( d2 ) = 7(29.45) = 206.15 kN

4

Pc = 200 + 200 = 400 kN …(5)

) (1) (5)

P = 337.45 kN

) =

337.45
=
(0.350) (0.014) (80 x 103)
= 0.86 (86%)
) [2P = pDL]
2(337.45) = (2.5 x 103) D (0.350)
D = 0.771 m
1.41 144 kN
200 mm 23.5
mm 14 mm 10
mm

1) FBD 144 kN
1 4
1
9 (144) = 16.0 kN
9

Ps 16.0 x 10 3
=
d2 (23.5 x 10 3 ) 2
4 4
= 36.9 MPa
 2) FBD 2 3
2 32.0 kN
1 16.0 kN
2

Pb
[ b= ]
td
32.0 x 10 3
b =
(14 x 10 3 ) (23.5 x 10 3 )
= 97.3 MPa
3)
1 144 kN
(w – d)t
P1
[ t= ]
( w d )t
144 x 10 3
t = 3
(200 x 10 23.5 x 10 3 ) (14 x 10 3 )
= 58.3 MPa
2 1 1
( 16.0 kN) 2 2
P2
[ t= ]
( w 2d )t
(144 16) x 10 3
t = 3
(200 x 10 2(23.5 x 10 3 )) (14 x 10 3 )
= 59.8 MPa
3 3
2 2 2(32.0) = 64.0
kN P3 = 144 – 16 – 64 = 64 kN 3
2 2
4) 3

5 5(16) = 80 kN
3
 Pc
[ t= ]
( w 2d )t
5(16 x 10 3 )
t = 3
(200 x 10 2(23.5 x 10 3 )) (10 x 10 3 )
= 52.3 MPa

2 59.8 MPa

1.42 700 kN 1
140 mm 70 mm
23.5 mm 14 mm
10 mm

1.41

= 700 (0.140) = 98 kN
 1) FBD
1
6 (98) = 16.33 kN
6

Ps
[ = ]
2
d
4
16.33
=
(0.0235 2 )
4
= 37.7 MPa
37.7 MPa
2)
2
16.33 kN ( 1 )

Pb
[ b= ]
2t d
2(16.33)
b =
2(0.010) (0.0235)
= 69.5 MPa
32.66 kN ( 2 )
Pb
[ b= ]
td
32.66
b =
(0.014) (0.0235)
= 99.3 MPa
99.3 MPa
3)
1 98 kN
(w – d) t
 P1
[ t= ]
(w d ) t
98
t = = 60.1 MPa
(0.140 0.0235) (0.014)

2 2 1 1
P2 = 98 – 2(16.33) = 65.34 kN (w – 2d) t
P2
[ t= ]
( w 2d ) t
65.34
t = = 50.2 MPa
(0.140 2 x 0.0235) (0.014)

4) 2
3(16.33) = 49 kN
(w – 2d) t'
Pc
[ t= ]
( w 2d ) t
49
t = = 52.7 MPa
(0.140 2 x 0.0235) (0.010)

60.1 MPa

1.43 ( ) P = 360 kN
w = 250 mm 19
mm 14 mm 8 mm
 2 100 MPa
3 2

FBD

10 P = 360 kN
1 1
(360) kN 1 1 (360)
10 10
2
kN 2 (360) kN
10
7
(360) kN ( )
10
3
P1
[ t= ] (d = drivet+3)
( w 3d ) t
7
(360 x 10 3 )
= 10
t
(250 x 10 3 3(22 x 10 3 )) (14 x 10 3 )
= 97.8 MPa
3
( ) 2 (360)
10
kN

[Pc = A t = (w'-2d) (2t') t]

 3
(360 x 103) = [w – 2(22 x 10-3)] [2(8 x 10-3)] (100 x 106)
10
w' = 0.112 m = 112 mm

1.44 19
mm 8 mm = 95 MPa, t = 140 MPa
b = 220 MPa P

1.44

= 95 MPa, t = 140 MPa b = 220 MPa

9
1
[Ps = d 2n ]
4
Ps = (0.0192) (9) (95 x 103) = 242.42 kN
4

2
[Pb = ntd b]
Pb = (9) (0.008)(0.019) (220 x 103) = 300.96 kN

3 2

P = 6 d2 3 b dt
4
 = 6(95 x 103) (0.0192) + (220 x 103) (3) (0.019) (0.008)
4
= 261.93 kN

P = 3 d2 6 b dt
4
= 3(95 x 103) (0.0192) + 6(220 x 103)(3)(0.019) (0.008)
4
= 281.45 kN
5
[Pt = b (w-d)t]
Pt = (140 x 103) (0.250 – 0.019) (0.008)
= 258.72 MPa
P 243 kN
 2 - (SIMPLE STRAIN)

- (Simple Strain)

2-1

O =
L

- (Simple Strain)

-
1. TENSILE STRAIN ( t) -
t =
L
2. COMPRESSIVE STRAIN ( c) -

c =
L
3. SHEAR STRAIN ( ) -

= s

L
 - (Stress-Strain Curve)

2-2 Stress-Strain Diagram

Stress-Strain

A -
(Proportional Limit)

B (Elastic Limit)
B

B
( Permanent Set )

C (Yield Point) Load

D (Ultimate Stress) (Ultimate Strength)

D E

E (Rupture Strength)
(Failure)

(Necking)

F
(Hooke’s low)

0 = E = PL
A

- (Simple Strain)

L
E (Modulus of Elastisticity)
A

As G
= G= s

L
=
= (Shear Strain)
G= (Modulus of Rigidity)

( Poisson’s Ratio)

= -
-
( Poisson’s Ratio)

= y
= z

x x

2-3
1.

1.1 1 x

x
x
E

1.2 2 x y

x x y
x y
E E E

y y x
y x
E E E

1.3 3 x ,y z

x y z
x
E E E

y z x
y
E E E

z x y
z
E E E

2.

2.1 1 x

x
x
E

2.2 2 x y

x x y
x y
E E E

y y x
y x
E E E

2.3 3 x ,y z
 x y z
x
E E E

y z x
y
E E E

z x y
z
E E E

(Thermal stresses)

A =

L =

1.

2.
2.1
2.2 -
2.3
( Fc, Ft )
P
2.4 ( thermal stress ) =
A
 2

2.1
E = 200 GPa

= (PL/AE)

L1 = L2 = 0.300 m L3 = 0.400 m
A1 = A2 = 600 x 10-6m2 A3 = 200 x 10-6m2
FBD
P1 = 400 kN ( )
 P2 = -100 kN ( )
P3 = 200 kN ( )
1 P1 L1 P2 L 2 P3 L 3
=
E A1 A2 A3
1 ( 400 x10 3 ) (0.300 )
=
200 x 10 9 600 x10 6
( 100x10 3 ) (0.300 ) ( 200 x10 3 ) (0.400)
600x10 6 200 x10 6

= 2.75x10-3m (2.75 mm) ( )

2.2 300 mm2 150 m

20 kN 1
3
7850 kg/m E = 200x103 MPa

gL2 PL
=
2E AE
( 7850) (9.81) (150 ) 2 ( 20 x10 3 ) (150 )
=
2 ( 200 x10 9 ) (300 x10 6 ) ( 200 x10 9 )
= 0.0543 m (54.3 mm)
2.3 10 m 2000 N
140 MPa
5 mm E = 200 GPa

: 140 MPa ; 5 mm
P
[A = ]
2000
d2 =
4 140 x10 6
d = 0.0043 m (4.3 mm)
PL
[ = ]
AE
PL
A =
E
( 2000) (10 )
d2 =
4 ( 0.005) ( 200 x10 9 )
d = 0.005 m (5 mm)
5 mm
2.4 160 mm2 E=
70 GPa

FBD
= (PL/AE)

PL
[ = ]
AE
(10 x10 3 ) (0.8 ) ( 5x10 3 ) (1.0 )
=
(160 x10 6 ) (70 x10 9 ) (160 x10 6 ) (70 x10 9 )
( 35x10 3 ) ( 0.6 )
(160 x10 6 ) (70 x10 9 )

= -1.607 x 10-3m
= 1.61 mm ( )
2.5
P
2 mm 140 MPa 80 MPa
120 MPa
Es = 200 GPa, Ea = 70 GPa Eb = 83 GPa

FBD
P = A = (PL/AE)
P

: 120 MPa
[P = A]

3P = (120x103) (450x10-6)
P = 18 kN ( )
80 MPa
 [P = A]
2P = (80x103) (600x10-6)
P = 24 kN ( )
140 MPa
[P = A]
2P = (140x103) (300x10-6)
P = 21 kN ( )
PL
[ = ]
AE
:
( 3P) (0.6) ( 2 P) (1.0)
+0.002 =
(450 x10 6 ) (83 x10 6 ) (600 x10 6 ) (70 x10 6 )
(2 P) (0.8)
(300 x10 6 ) (200 x10 6 )
P = -28.9 kN
P = 28.9 kN ( )
P = 28.9 kN ( )
P 18 kN

2.6 M
FBD :

[ MA = 0, ] Ta(5) – Mg(3) = 0
3
Ta = Mg
5
[ Fy = 0, ↑+] Ts + Ta – Mg = 0
2
Ts =
Mg
5
Ts L s TL
[ s = a] = a a
AsEs AaEa
2 3
Mg (3) Mg (6)
5
= 5
As (200) A a (70 )
Aa
= 8.57
As

2.7 C
A D B 50 kN CD
C

B
C
 FBD CD :
[ MD = 0, ]
50(2) – RC(4) = 0
RC = 25 kN
FBD ABC :
[ MA = 0, ]
T(3) – 25(4.5) = 0
T = 37.5 kN
PL
[ = ]
AE
(37.5) (3)
B =
(300 x10 6 ) (200 x10 6 )
= 1.875 x 10-3m
C 4.5
B 3
C = (1.5) (1.875x10-3)
= 2.81x10-3m
= 2.81 mm

2.8 BDE AB
CD AB (E =
70 GPa) 500 mm2
CD (E = 200 GPa)
600 mm2
30 kN B, D
E

BDE FBD AB CD
B C E
FBD BDE
[ MD = 0, ] -30(0.6) + CD(0.2) = 0
CD = 90 kN ( )
[ MD = 0, ] -30(0.4) + AB(0.2) = 0
AB = -60 kN ( )
AB
PL
[ = ]
AE
( 60 x10 3 ) (0.3)
B =
(500 x10 6 ) (70 x10 9 )
= -514x10-6m
= 0.514 mm ( )
CD
PL
[ = ]
AE
(90 x10 3 ) (0.4)
D =
(600 x10 6 ) (200 x10 9 )
= 300x10-6m
= 0.300 mm ( )
B
BDE
B’ D’ E’
BB’ O ~ DD’ O :
0.514 200 x
B
=
D 0.300 x
x = 73.7 mm
DD’ O ~ EE’ O :
473.7
B
=
0.300 73.7
B = 1.928 mm
2.9 80 mm

400 kN V = 1/3 Ea = 70 GPa

( x) x P/ A
- y

P
[ = ]
A
400 x10 3
x = = -79.6 MPa ( )
2
(0.08 )
4
[ y = -V x = -V x
]
E
1 79.6 x10 6
y =
3 70 x10 9
= 379 x 10-6 ( )

[ = L]

y = (379 x 10-6) (80) = 0.0303 mm

 D = 80 + 0.0303 = 80.0303 mm

2.10 d P
4PV/ Ed

- x
- y

P x
y y /d y /d
V =
x x /L PL /( d 2 EL)
4
4 PV
y =
Ed

2.11
x 100 mm y 75
mm z 50 mm

200 kN
x 160 kN y
220 kN z V = 1/3, E =
70 GPa
 x z

P
[ = ]
A
200
x = = 53333.3 kPa
75 x50 x10 6
160
y = = -32000 kPa
100 x50 x10 6
220
z = = -29333.3 kPa
100 x75 x10 6
1
[ z= z V( x y ) ]
E
1 1
z = 29333.3 (53333.3 32000)
70 x10 6 3
= -5.21 x 10-4m
[ = L]
z = (-5.21 x 10-4) (0.05) = -2.605 x 10-5m ( )
’x 0 ’y = ’z =0 z
P
[ = ]
A
P
’x = 6
= 266.67P kN
75 x50 x10

1
[ z= z V( x y ) ]
E
1 1
-5.21 x 10-4 = 6
0 (266.67 P 0)
70 x10 3
P = 410 kN ( )
2.12 10 mm
1.20m 1.5 MPa
V = 0.30 E = 200 GPa

pD (1.5 x10 3 ) (1.20)

z = =
2t 2(0.01)
= 90000 kPa
pD (1.5 x10 3 ) (1.20)
x = =
4t 4(0.01)
= 45000 kPa
1
[ y= y V( x z ) ]
E
1
y = 6
0 0.30 (45000 9000)
200 x10
= -2.025 x 10-4
[ = L]
y = (-2.025 x 10-4) (1.20)
= -2.43 x 10-4m
0.243 mm
2.13 d = 200 mm t = 18 mm
x = 85 MPa z
= 150 MPa E = 70 GPa V = 1/3
) AB ) CD
) )

1
[ x= x V( y z) ] ) ) )
E
1

) AB
1
[ x= x V( y z) ]
E
1 1
x = 3
85 ( 0 150) 0.5 x10 3

70 x10 3

y = xd
= (+0.5 x 10-3) (200) = +100 m( )

) CD
1
[ z= z V( x y) ]
E
1 1
z = 150 (85 0) 1.738 x10 3
70 x103 3

z = zd
= (+1.738 x 10-3) (200) = +348 m( )
 )
1
[ y= y V( z x) ]
E
1 1
y = 0 (150 85) 1.119 x10 3
70 x103 3

y = yt
= (-1.119 x 10-3) (18) = -20.1 m( )

) 1 x, y z

V = (1+ x) (1+ y) (1+ z)

x, y z 1
V = 1+ x+ y+ z
V = V-1 = x+ y+ z
= (+0.500 – 1.119 + 1.738)10-3
-3 m3
= +1.119 x 10
m 3 ปริมาตรดิม
V = ( V)V
= (+1.119 x 10-3) (0.35) (0.35) (0.018)
= +2.47 x 10-6 m3
= +2470 mm3

2.14 ABCD AB = 100 mm BC = 75 mm

x = 150 MPa z = 100 MPa
E = 200 GPa V = 0.30
) AB ) BC ) AC
 - 2

3 3
x = 150 x 10 kPa, z = 100 x 10 kPa y=0

) AB
1
[ x= x V( y z) ]
E
1
x = 6
150 x10 3 0.30(0 100 x10 3 )
200 x 10
= +0.6 x 10-3
x
= +0.6 x 10-3
L AB

x = (+0.6 x 10-3) (100 x 10-3)

= +60 m ( )
) BC
1
[ x= z V( x y) ]
E
1
x = 6
100 x10 3 0.30(0 150 x10 3 0)
200 x 10
= +0.275 x 10-3
z = +0.275 x 10-3
LBC

z = (+0.275 x 10-3) (75 x 10-3)

= +20.6 m ( )
) AB BC AB BC
90
LAC ( ) = 100 2 75 2 = 125 mm
LAC ( ) = 100.06 2 75.0206 2 = 125.0604 mm
AC = 125.0604 – 125 = 0.0604 mm
= +60.4 m ( )
2.15 2.5 m
20 C -20 C
1200 mm2, = 11.7 x 10-6 C-1 E = 200 GPa

)
)
0.500 mm

()

()

()

T T
( ) P ( )
T = L T ……1)
PL
P = ……2)
AE

= T - P =0
PL
L T- = 0
AE
 P
T = = E T
A
= (200 x 109) (11.7 x 10-6) (40)
= 93.6 x 106 N/m2 93.6 MPa
)

T = P +y
L
L T= T
y
E
(11.7 x 10-6) (2.5) (40) = T ( 2.5) + 0.5 x 10-3
9
200 x 10

T = 53.6 MPa

2.16 150 mm2

20 C 5000 N
-20 C =
-6 -1
11.7 x 10 C E = 200 GPa

T = 20 C + E ( T)
 20 C
P 5000
20 C = =
A 150 x 10 6
= 33.33 MPa
-20 C
T = 40 C
( ) 20 C

-20 C = 20 C - E ( T) 20 C→-20 C
= 33.33 + (200 x 103) ( 11.7 x 10-6) (40)
= 127 MPa
( T)
20 C = 33.33 MPa T= 0
T = 20 C -E T
0 = 20 C - E T
33.33 x 10 6
T = 20 C
E (200 x 10 9 ) (11.7 x 10 6 )
T – 20 = 14.2 C
T = 34.2 C

2.17 130 C 600 mm

20 mm 15 mm 100 mm
20 C
-6 -1
Es = 200 GPa s = 11.7 x 10 C

Eb = 83 GPa b= 19 x 10-6 C-1

 ( T ) ( )

( T- )b = ( T+ )S
L L
( L T- ) = ( L T- )
E b E S
(0.600)
(19 x 10-6) ( )( 0.600) (130 – 20) - b
83 x 10 9
(0.600)
= (11.7x10-6) ( )( 0.600) (130 – 20) + s
200 x 10 9
2.27 x 10-11 b+9.425 x 10
-12
s= 1.514 x 10-3 …….(1)
pD
[ = ]
2t
(0.600) p
b =
2(0.020)
(0.600) p
s =
2(0.015)
(1)
p = 2.86 MPa

2.18
2 10 C
90 C Aa
= 1200 mm2, Ea = 70 x 109 N/m2 a = 23 x 10
-6
C-1 Ab =
1800 mm2, Eb = 83 x 109 N/m2 b = 19 x 10
-6
C-1
As = 500 mm2, Es = 200 x 109 N/m2 s = 11.7 x 10
-6
C-1
 =P
=P
P
=
2

( T+ P)s = ( T- P)a + ( T- P)b

( L T + PL )s = ( L T - PL )a + ( L T - PL )b
AE AE AE

(11.7 x 10-6) (215 x 10-3) (80) + ( P / 2) (215 x 10 3 )

(500 x 10 6 ) (200 x 10 9 )

= [(23x10-6) (75 x 10-3) (80) ( P) (75 x 10 3 ) ]

(1200 x 10 6 ) (70 x 10 9 )

+ [(19x10-6) (100 x 10-3) (80) - ( P ) (100 x 10 3 ) ]

6 9
(1800 x 10 ) (83 x 10 )
P = 33.65 kN
 P
[ = ]
A
33.65
a = = 28.04 kPa
1200 x10 6
33.65
b = = 18.70 kPa
1800 x10 6
33.65
s = = 33.7 kPa
2(500 x10 6 )

2.19 5 Mg
40 C

(mm2) 500 900

2
E (N/ m ) 200 x 109 83 x 109
x 10-6 C-1 11.7 18.9

FBD 1

1 = P/A
 ( T- P)s = ( T+ P)b
T =
P =

( L T) s +( PL )s = ( L T) b +( PL )b
AE AE

(11.7 x 10-6) (0.5) (40) + Ps (0.5)

(500 x 10 6 ) ( 200 x 10 9 )

= (18.9 x 10-6) (1) (40) + Pb (1)

(900 x 10 6 ) (83 x 10 9 )
Ps-2.68Pb = 104 x 103 N

FBD

[ Fy = 0, ↑+ ]
2Ps + Pb = (5000) (9.81) = 49.05 x 103 N
(1) (2)
Ps = 37.0 kN ( )
Pb = -25.0 kN ( )
 P
[ = ]
A
37 x103
s = = 74 MPa ( )
500 x10 6
25 x103
b = = 27.8 MPa ( )
900 x10 6

2.20 2 P = 200 kN
20 C 60 C = 11.7 x 10-6 C-1
= 23.0 x 10-6 C-1

FBD

: (R1) (R2)

( T+ P)a = ( p- T)s
( L T) a +( PL )a = ( PL )s - ( L T)s
AE AE

(23 x 10-6) (0.2) (40) + R1 (0.2)

(900 x 10 6 ) (70 x 10 9 )

(200 x103 R1 ) (0.3)

= 6 9
(11.7 x10 6 ) (0.3) (40)
(1200 x10 ) (200 x10 )

R1 = -16815 N ( )
R2 = 200 x 103 + 16815 = 216815 N ( )
P
[ = ]
A
16815
a = = 18.7 MPa
900 x10 6

s = 216815 = 181 MPa

1200 x10 6

2.21 3 P1 P2
30 C
) ) 0.300 mm
b = 18.9 x 10-6 C-1 a = 23.0 x 10-6 C-1
s = 11.7 x 10-6 C-1

A = 2400 mm2 A = 1200 mm2 A = 600 mm2

E = 83 x 109 N/m2 E = 70 x 109 N/m2 E = 200 x 109 N/m2

1.54
)

P 1 = P2 = 0 R1 = R2 = P

( T- P)b + ( T- P)a + ( T- P)s = 0

( L T)b -( PL )b + ( L T)a -( PL )a + ( L T)s -( PL )s = 0

AE AE AE

(18.9 x 10-6 ) (0.800) (30) - P (0.800)

(2400 x 10 6 ) (83 x 10 9 )

(23.0 x 10-6 ) (0.500) (30) - P (0.500)

(1200 x 10 6 ) (70 x 10 9 )

(11.7 x 10-6 ) (0.400) (30) - P (0.400)

0
(600 x 10 6 ) (200 x 10 9 )

P = 70.6 kN
P
[ = ]
A
70.6
b = = 29.4 MPa
2400 x10 6

a = 70.6 = 58.8 MPa

1200 x10 6
70.6
s = = 118 MPa
600 x10 6

( L T)b -( PL )b + ( L T)a -( PL )a + ( L T)s -( PL )s = 0.300 x 10-3

AE AE AE
 (18.9 x 10-6 ) (0.800) (30) - P (0.800)
(2400 x 10 6 ) (83 x 10 9 )

(23.0 x 10-6 ) (0.500) (30) - P (0.500)

(1200 x 10 6 ) (70 x 10 9 )

(11.7 x 10-6 ) (0.400) (30) - P (0.400) 0.300 x 10-3

(600 x 10 6 ) ( 200 x 10 9 )
P = 48.04 kN
P
[ = ]
A
48.04
b = = 20.0 MPa
2400 x10 6

a = 48.04
6
= 40.0 MPa
1200 x10
48.04
s = = 80.0 MPa
600 x10 6

2.22 25 mm
25 mm 50 mm

50 C
ES = 210 GPa S = 11 x 10-6 C-1
-6 -1
ECU = 105 GPa CU = 17 x 10 C
 = +

sL cu L
( CU - S )L T =
Es Ecu

(17 x 10-6-11 x 10-6) (50) = s cu

…(1)
210 105
[ sAs = cuAcu ]
s (0.025 2 ) = cu (0.050 2 0.025 2 )
4 4

s = 3 cu

(1)
cu = 0.0126 GPa (12.6 MPa)
s = 37.8 MPa

[Fs = sAs ]
Fs = (37.8 x 103) (0.025 2 )
4
= 18.56 kN

Fs
[ = ]
2A
18.56
=
2 (0.020 2 )
4
= 29.5 MPa
2.23
0.130 mm P

(mm2) 1200 1800

E (GPa) 120 70
(MPa) 140 70

[ c = a + (0.130 x 10-3)]
L L
= + (0.130 x 10-3)
E c E a
c (0.25) = c (0.25) + 0.130 x10 -3
120 x 10 9 70 x 10 9

c = 1.71 a+ (62.4 x 106)

a = 70 MPa c= 182 MPa (140
MPa) c = 140 MPa
 140 x 106 = 1.71 a + (62.4 x 10 )
6

a = 45.4 MPa

P
=
A
[ F = 0, ↑+] PC + Pa – P = 0, P = PC + Pa
P = CAC+ aAa
= (140 x106) (1200 x 10-6) + (45.4 x106) (1800 x10-6)
= 250 kN

2.24 50 mm 2m
5 mm 1 mm
2m E = 200 x 109 N/m2 E = 100 x
109 N/m2

1 1
s= ca

s= ca = 0.001 m

PL
=
AE
[ F = 0, ↑+] Ps + Pca – P = 0, P = Ps + Pca
AE AE
P =
L s L ca

(0.001) (0.05 2 ) (200 x10 9 )

4
P =
2
(0.001) (0.05 2 0.04 2 ) (100 x10 9 )
4
+
2
= 232 kN
2.25 250 mm
400 kN c = 6 MPa s = 120 MPa
Ec = 14 GPa Es = 200 GPa

1 1

sL cL
s= c
Es Ec
Es 200
s= c c
Ec 15

c= 6 MPa s= 85.7 MPa ( )

s= 120 MPa c= 8.4 MPa ( )
P
=
A
[ F = 0, ↑+] Ps + Pc – P = 0
P = Ps + Pc
= sAs + cA c

400 = (85.7 x 103) As + (6 x 103) [ (0.250 2 ) As ]

4
As = 1.323 x 10-3m2
= 1323 mm2
2.26 M
900 mm2, Ec = 120 GPa c
= 70 MPa 1200 mm2, Es = 200 GPa s=
140 MPa

1 1

s Ls c Lc
s= c
Es Ec
s ( 240) c (160)
s = 1.111 c
200 120
c = 70 MPa s = 77.78 MPa ( )
s = 140 MPa c = 126.01 MPa ( )
P
=
A
[ F = 0, ↑+] 2Pc + Ps – Mg = 0
1 1
M = (2 Pc Ps ) (2 Ac c As s )
g g
1
= [ (2) (900 x 10-6) (70 x 106) + (1200 x 10-6) (77.88 x 106)]
9.81
= 22.36 x 103 kg
2.27 A
2m 1m

(mm2) 600 300

E (GPa) 200 83
(MPa) 240 140

1
s L 1

FBD

[ MA = 0, ] 0.6PS + 1.6Pb = 2.4 (50 x 103) …(1)

 s b 1 PL 1 PL
0 .6 1 .6 0.6 AE s 0.6 AE b
1 Ps (1) 1 Pb (2)
=
0.6 (600) (200) 0.6 (300) (83)
PS Pb 3.61 Pb …(2)

(1) (2)
PS = 115 kN, Pb = 31.9 kN
P
[ = ]
A
Ps 115 x 10 3
S = = 192 x 106 N/m2
As 600 x 10 6
= 192 MPa
Pb 31.9 x 10 3
b = 6
= 106 x 106 N/m2
Ab 300 x 10
= 106 MPa

(indeterminate structure)
(principle of rigidities)
2.28 18 Mg 3
600 mm2 ES = 200 GPa 900 mm2
Eb = 83 GPa

1 1
S= b

s Ls b Lb
S = b
Es Eb
s (1) b (1.6)
S = 3.855 b …(1)
200 83

P
=
A
[ F = 0, ↑+] 2PS + Pb = (18000) (9.81)
SAS + bAb = (18000) (9.81)
2(600 x 10-6) S + (900 x 10-6) b = (18000) (9.81)
4 S + 3 b = (6000 x 104) (9.81) …(2)
(1) (2)
S = 123.4 MPa, b= 32.0 MPa
2.29 3 M
30 mm2
( ) 19.994 m, 20.000m
) M = 600 kg

) M = 200 kg

E = 200 GPa

1 2
3 1, 2 3

[ F = 0, ↑+] P1 + P2 + P3 = Mg …(1)
PL
[ = ]
AE
P1 (19.994)
1 = 6 9
= (3.3323 x 10-6) P1
(30 x 10 ) (200 x 10 )
P2 (19.997)
2 = 6 9
= (3.3323 x 10-6) P2
(30 x 10 ) (200 x 10 )
P3 (20.000)
3 = 6 9
= (3.3323 x 10-6) P3
(30 x 10 ) (200 x 10 )

19.994 + 1 = 19.997 + 2
19.994 + (3.3323 x 10-6) P1 = 19.997 + (3.3328 x 10-6)P2
P1 = 900.2791 + P2
19.997 + 2 = 20 + 3
-6
19.997 + (3.3328 x 10 ) P2 = 20 + (3.3333 x 10-6)P3
P2 = 900.1440 + P3
 ) M = 600 kg 3
P1 + P2 + P3 = (600) (9.81) = 5886
1800.4231 + P3 + 900.1440 + P3 + P3 = 5886 N
P3 = 1061.8110 N
P2 = 1961.9550 N
P1 = 2862.2341 N
P
[ = ]
A
1061.8110
3 =
30 x 10 6
= 35.4 MPa
) M = 200 kg 1
P1 + P2 + P3 = (200) (9.81) = 1962 N
2700.5671 + 3P3 = 1962
P3 = -246.189 N ( )
P 1 , P2 P3 3
P3 = 0
P1 + P2 = 1962
900.2791 + 2P2 = 1962
P2 = 530.8605 N, P1 = 1431.1396 N
P
[ = ]
A
1431.1396
1 =
30 x 10 6
= 47.7 MPa
2.30 P1 = 120 kN P2 = 50 kN

( )

PL
[ = ]
AE
R1 (0.600)
b = 6 6
= - (3.012 x 10-6)R1
(2400 x 10 ) (83 x 10 )
(120 R1 ) (0.400)
a = 6 6
= (4.762 x 10-6)(120- R1)
(1200 x 10 ) (70 x 10 )
(170 R1 ) (0.300)
S = 6 6
= (2.5 x 10-6) (170- R1)
(600 x 10 ) (200 x 10 )
 b+ a+ S = 0
-3.012 x 10-6 R1+ (4.762 x 10-6)(120- R1) + (2.5 x 10-6) (170- R1) = 0
R1 = 96.987 kN
R2 = 23.013 kN
R3 = 73.013 kN
P
[ = ]
A
96.987
b = = 40.4 MPa
2400 x 10 6
23.013
a = = 19.2 MPa
1200 x 10 6
73.013
s = = 121.7 MPa
600 x 10 6

2.31 3

600 kN

A
A A, B C
 xzx’ ~ yzy’
a 6
c
= 3
B c 2

A- C = 3 B- 3 C

A = 3 B- 3 C
PL
[ = ]
AE
PA (5) 3PB (6) 2 PE (6)
=
AE AE AE
5PA = 18PB – 12PC …(1)
[ Fy = 0, ↑+] PA + PB + PC = 600 …(2)
[∑ MA = 0, ] PB (4)+ PC(6) – 600(3) = 0
2 PB + 3PC = 900 …(3)
(1) (2)
23 PB - 7PC = 3000 …(4)
(3) (4)
PB = 184 kN
PC = 177 kN
PA = 239 kN

2.32 ( )
CD P A
1000 mm2 Ea = 75 GPa B
500 mm2 Es = 200 GPa
) A B
 ) D

FBD CD 1
CD (
CD) A B 1
= PL/AE

FBD CD

[∑ MC = 0, ]
PB (1.5) + PA (4) – 150 x 103 (5) = 0
4PA + 1.5 PB = 750 x 103 ...(1)

A B
4 1 .5

PL
[ = ]
AE
PA (2) PB (1.5)
6 9
=
4 (1000 x 10 ) (75 x 10 ) 1.5 (500 x 10 6 ) (200 x 10 9 )
PA = 1.5 PB
(1) (2)
PA = 150 kN, PB = 100 kN
 P
[ = ]
A
150 x 10 3
A = = 150 x 106 N/m2
1000 x 10 6
= 150 MPa ( )
100 x 10 3
B = 6
= 200 x 106 N/m2
500 x 10
= 200 MPa ( )
CD D
5 5 PA L A
D = A =
4 4 AA E A
5 (150 x 10 3 ) (2)
= = 5.0 x 10-3 m
4 (1000 x 10 6 ) (75 x 10 9 )
= 5.00 mm ( )

2.33 CE
10 mm DF
15 mm
ABCD
Ea = 70 GPa
)

) A

FBD ABCD 1
( ABCD)
1 = PL/AE
 FBD ABCD
[∑ MB = 0, ]
(32) (0.45) – CE(0.3) – DF(0.5) = 0
0.3CE + 0.5DF = 14.4 …(1)

ABCD
A’BC’D’
BCC’~ BDD’
c D ,
c 0.6 D …(2)
0 .3 0 .5
PL
[ = ]
AE
(2)
CE (0.6) 0.6 ( DF ) (0.75)
=
(0.010 2 ) E (0.015 2 ) E
4 4
CE = 0.333 DF …(3)
(1) (3)
DF = 24 kN
CE = 8 kN

(24) (0.75)
D =
(0.015 2 ) (70 x 10 6 )
4
= 1.455 x 10-3
= 1.455 mm
BAA’~ BDD’
A D
A = 0.9 D
0.45 0 .5
A = 0.9 (1.455)
= 1.310 mm
2.34 DEF
2 AD CF 18
mm

36 mm
2 mm

1 4
ES = 200 GPa Ea = 70 GPa

FBD 1

FBD ( RA = RC)
[∑ Fx = 0, →+ ]
- R A + R B- R C = 0
RB = 2 RA …(1)

R a La Ra L s 1
= (0.002)
Aa E a As E s 4

R B (0.300) R A (0.375)
= 0.5 x 10-3
(0.036 2 ) (70 x 10 6 ) (0.018 2 ) (200 x 10 6 )
4 4

7.368 x 10-6 RA+4.21 x 10-6 RB = 0.5 x 10-3 …(2)

 (1) (2)
RA = 31.6 kN
RB = 2 RA = 63.34 kN
P
[ = ]
A
63.34
rod = = 62.2 MPa
2
(0.036 )
4
 3 (TORSION)

3-1 ρ ใดๆ 3-2

T
J

T=

L=

G=

J=

=
 =
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P P
T
2 f
P= (Power)
= (Angular Speed)
f=
(Flanged Bolt Couplings)

3-3

(Bolt)
d2
P A
4
P=
=
A=
d=
 3-4 R1 R2

n
d2
Tr n AR n R nPR
4
Tr =
R=

d 12 d2
Tr n1 1 R1 n 2 2 R2 2 ...
4 4
Tr n1 P1 R1 n 2 P2 R2 ...

1 2

G1 R1 G 2 R2
=

() ( )

3-5 ( ) ( )
 3-6

q= (Shear Flow)
q t
=
t= .
q1 q2
T
2 At
A=
 3

3.1 100 mm
75 mm 7.5 kN m G=
80 GPa
)
)
) 2m

max = TrO/J =
Tri/J = TL/JG

[J = (d 04 d i4 ) ]
32
J = (100 4 75 4 )
32
= 6.711 x 106 mm4
= 6.711 x 10-6 m4
) r = rO
Tro
[ max = ]
J
(7.5 x10 3 ) (50 x10 3 )
[ max =
6.711x10 6
= 55.9 x 106 N/m2 = 55.9 MPa

) r = ri
Tri
[ = ]
J
(7.5 x10 3 ) (37.5 x10 3 )
=
6.711x10 6
= 41.9 x 106 N/m2 = 41.9 MPa
 ) 2m
TL
[ = ]
JG
(7.5 x10 3 ) (2)
=
(6.711x10 6 ) (80 x10 9)
= 0.0279 rad

3.2 20 30 mm
1.5 m
) 120 MPa
)

r = ro r = ri

) max = 120 MPa

40
ri = = 0.02 m
2000
60
ro = = 0.03 m
2000
[J = (r04 ri 4 ) ] J = (0.03 4 0.02 4 )
2 2
= 1.021 x 10-6 mm4

J (1.021x10 6 ) (120 x10 6 )

[T = max
] T =
ro 0.03
= 4.08 kN m
 )
ri
[ min = max ]
ro
0.02
min = (120)
0.03
= 80 MPa

3.3
100 mm 150 mm
85 MPa
) ( )
)
) 200 mm

r = rO
 )
[J = (ro4 ri 4 ) ]
2
J = (0.075 4 0.05 4 )
2
= 39.9 x 10-6 m4
J
[T = max
]
ro
(39.9 x10 6 ) (85 x10 3 )
T =
0.075
= 45.2 kN m

r2 = (752 – 502)
r = 55.9 mm
[J = r4 ]
2
J = (0.0559 4 )
2
= 1.534 x 10-5 m4
J
[T = max
]
r
(1.534 x10 5 ) (85 x10 3 )
T =
0.0559
= 23.3 kN m
 )

(1002 - ri2 ) = (752 -502)

r = 82.92 mm
[J = (ro4 ri 4 ) ]
2
J = (0.100 4 0.08292 4 )
2
= 82.82 x 10-6 m4
J
[T = max
]
ro
(82.82 x10 6 ) (85 x10 3 )
T =
0.100
= 70.4 kN m

3.4
75 mm
Ga = 28 x 109 N/m2 50 mm Gs = 83 x
109 N/m2 T = 1000 N m
( a) ( s)

FBD 1 (
Ts Ta) 1
 FBD

[∑ Mx = 0, + ]
Ts + Ta – T = 0
Ts + Ta = T = 1000 …(1)

A/B = A/C + C/B = 0

A/C = - C/B = B/C

A/C AC TAC FBD a-a'

B/C BC TBC FBD b-b'

TL TL
JG a JG s

Ts (1.5) Ta (3)
=
(0.05 4 ) (83 x10 9 ) (0.075 4 ) (28 x10 9 )
32 32
Ts = 1.17 Ta …(2)
(1) (2)
Ta = 461 N m , Ts = 539 N m
Tr
[ max = , J= r4 ]
J 2
2T 16T
max = =
r3 d3
 16(461)
a =
(0.075 3 )
= 5.57 x 106 N/m2
= 5.57 MPa
16(539)
s =
(0.050 3 )
= 22 x 106 N/m2
= 22.0 MPa

3.5 BC 90 mm 120 mm
AB CD d

) BC
) AB CD 65
MPa

BC
r = ro r = ri AB CD
= Tr/J
 AB FBD
[ Mx = 0, ]
6 - TAB = 0
TAB = 6 kN m
BC FBD
[ Mx = 0, ]
6 + 14 - TBC = 0
TBC = 20 kN m

) BC

J= (ro4 ri 4 )
2
J= (0.06 4 0.045 4 )
2
= 13.92 x 10-6 m4

TBC ro
max =
J
(20) (0.06)
=
13.92 x 10 6
= 86.2 MPa

ri
min = max
ro
45
= (86.2)
60
= 64.7 MPa
 ) AB CD
AB CD
T = 6 kN m
= 65 MPa
Tr
=
J
6r
65 x 103 =
r4
2
r3 = 58.8 x 10-6m3
r = 38.9 x 103m
d = 2(38.9 x 103)m
= 77.8 x 103m
= 77.8 mm

3.6 =2
G = 80 GPa

= TL/JG
 G = 80 x 109Pa
L = 1.5 m
2
= 2 = 34.9 x 10-3 rad
360
J = (ro4 ri 4 )
2
= (0.03 4 0.02 4 ) 1.021 x 10 6 m 4
2
JG
[T = ]
L
(1.021x10 6 ) (80 x10 9 ) (34.9 x10 3 )
T =
1.5
= 1.90 kN m

3.7 2m
70 mm 100 mm 1.5 m
70 mm 70 MPa
2.5 3.5 m G = 83 GPa
 AC
2Tro 16Td o
max =
(ro4 ri 4 ) (d o4 d i4 )
max (d o4 d i4 )
T
16d o
(70 x10 3 ) (0.14 0.07 4 )
T =
16(0.1)
= 10.44 kN m
CB
16T
[ max = ]
d3
d3
T = max

16
(70 x10 3 ) (0.07 3 )
=
16
= 4.71 kN m
x

( ) FBD AC
(TAC = +T)

( ) FBD BC
(TBC = +T)

[ B/A = B/C + C/A ]

2 .5
B/A = = 0.0436 rad
180
TL TL
B/C = , C/A =
JG BC JG AC

T (1.5) T (2)
0.0436 =
(0.07 4 )(83 x10 6 ) (0.14 0.07 4 )(83 x10 6 )
32 32
T = 4.0 kN m
4.0 kN m
3.8 AD D BC
44 mm CD (
) G = 80 GPa A

3 AB, BC CD
A/D = (TL/JG)

) FBD AB

[ My = 0, ]
250 – TAB = 0
TAB = 250 N m
) FBD BC

[ My = 0, ]
250 +2000 – TBC = 0
TBC = 2250 N m
FBD CD

[ My = 0, ]
250 +2000 – TCD = 0
TCD = 2250 N m

JAB = r4 (0.015 4 )
2 2
-6 4
= 0.0795 x 10 m
JBC = (0.03 4 )
2
= 1.272 x 10-6m4
JCD = (ro4 ri 4 )
2
= (0.03 4 0.022 4 )
2
= 0.904 x 10-6 m4

TL
[ A/D = ]
JG
T AB L AB TBC LBC TCD LCD
A/D =
GJ AB GJ BC GJ CD
1 (250) (0.4) (2250) (0.2) (2250) (0.6)
=
80 x10 9 0.0795 x10 6
1.272 x10 6 0.904 x10 6
= 0.0388 rad = 2.22
3.9 AC, CD DB
G = 83 GPa G = 28 GPa
G = 35 GPa

A/B = (TL/JG) TA T B1 FBD

TA TB 1 TA TB

( ) FBD AC

( ) FBD CD

( ) FBD DB
 TL
[ A/B = , T- ]
JG

A/B = 0 = A/C+ C/D+ D/B

D/B = A/C+ C/D …(1)

[J= r4 ]
2
J1 = (0.0125 4 ) 3.835 x10 8 m 4
2
J2 = (0.025 4 ) 6.136 x10 7 m 4
2
J3 = (0.0125 4 ) 3.835 x10 8 m 4
2
(1)
TB (1) T A (2) (T A TC )(1.5)
(3.835 x10 ) (35 x10 ) (3.835 x10 8 ) (83x10 9 )
8 9
(6.136 x10 7 ) (28 x10 9 )

7.156 x 10-4 TA – 7.450 x 10-4 TB = 0.0262

7.156 TA – 7.450 TB = 261.92 …(2)
FBD

TA + TB = 300+700 = 1000 …(3)

(2) (3)
TB = 472 N m
TA = 528 N m
16T
[ = ]
d3
16(528)
s = = 172.1 MPa
(0.025 3 )
16(528 300)
a = = 9.3 MPa
(0.050 3 )
16(472)
b = = 153.8 MPa
(0.025 3 )
3.10
G = 80 GPa 55 MPa
) To A
) A AB

B C
A B

FBD

B
[∑ MB = 0 ]
F(20) – To = 0
C
[∑ MC = 0 ]
F(56) – TCD = 0
TCD = 2.8 To …(2)
 rB B = rC C
rC 56
B = C C
rB 20

B = 2.8 C …(2)

FBD AB

AB TAB = TO r = 0.009 m = 55 MPa

Tr
[ = ]
J
TO (0.009)
55 x 106 =
(0.009 4 )
2
TO = 63.0 N m
CD (1) r = 0.012 m = 55 MPa
 Tr
[ = ]
J
2.8TO (0.012)
55 x 106 =
(0.012 4 )
2
TO = 53.0 N m
TO = 53.0 N m

AB TAB = TO = 53.0 N m
TL
[ = , ]
JG
(53.3) (0.6)
A/B =
(80 x10 9 ) (0.009 4 )
2
= 0.0388 rad
= 2.22

CD TCD = 2.8 TO
TL
[ = , ]
JG
(2.8) ( 53.3)(0.9)
C/D =
(80 x10 9 ) (0.012 4 )
2
= -0.0515 rad
= -2.95
C
 D C/D = C = 0.0515 rad (2.95 )
(2)
B = -2.8 C = -(2.8) (-2.95)
= 8.26

AB A B
[ A = B + A/B ]
= 8.26 + 2.22
= 10.48

1.
(fixed end) CD 3.10
C/D = C- D
D D= 0
C = C/D
2. AB 3.10

A/B = A- B ( A B)
B/A = B- A ( B A)

3.11 2 35 mm
B
C 250 mm 150 mm A
AB 1.5 kN m G = 80 GPa
) D CD
) A AB D CD
 FBD CD max =
Tr/J A/D = A/B + B/D

) D
FBD B AB
[∑ MB = 0 ]
TA – rBF = 0 …(1)
FBD C CD
[∑ MC = 0 ]
TD – rCF = 0 …(2)

rC
TD = TA
rB
75
= (1.5 x10 3 )
125
= 900 N m
CD
Tr
max =
J
 900 (17.5 x10 3 )
=
(17.5 x10 3 ) 4
2
= 106.9 x 106 N/m2
= 106.9 MPa
) A/D
D
CD

TL
[ C/D = ]
JG
900(1.6)
C/D =
(35 x10 3 ) 4 (80 x10 9 )
32
= 0.12218 rad
B C

S = rB B/D = rC C/D
rC
[ B/D = C/D ]
rB
75
B/D = (0.12218) = 0.07331 rad
125
AB
A B
TL
[ A/B = ]
JG
(1.5 x10 3 ) (2)
A/B =
(35 x10 3 ) 4 (80 x10 9 )
32
= 0.2545 rad
[ A/D = A/B+ B/D]
 A/D = 0.07331 + 0.2545
= 0.328 rad
= 18.78

3.12 (tapered shaft)

T, L, G r

(3.5)
d d
= =
dL dx
d = dx = dx …(1)
G
T 2T 2T
= = 4
= 3
J
(1)
2T
d = dx = 4
dx …(2)
G
x
 L x
y = r
L
L x
= 2r – r
L
r
= (L x)
L
(2)
2TL4
d = dx
G r 4 ( L x) 4
L
2TL4 dx 2TL4 1 1
=
G r O ( L x) 4
4
3G r 4 8L3 L3
7TL
=
12G r 4

3.13 5m 60 MPa 4
G = 83 GPa
20

max
P =T

TL
[ = ]
GJ
2 T (5)
4 =
360
(83 x10 9 ) d4
32
d4 = 8.790 x 10-9T
16T
[ = ]
d3
6 16T 16d 4
60 x 10 = =
d3 ( d 3 )(8.790 x 10 9 )
d = 0.104 m
= 104 mm
 = 2 f
0.104 4
G = T = 9
(2 ) (20)
8.790 x10
P = 1.67 MW

3.14 8
20 mm
300 mm
1 40 MPa

T = PRn

[T = PRn]
T = d 2 Rn
2
= (0.02 2 ) (40 x10 3 ) (0.150) (8)
4
= 15.1 k N m

3.15 2
10 mm 6 300
mm 10 mm 4
130 mm
60 MPa
 2 T = P i R i ni

[T = PiRini]
T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2
= d 2 R1n1 d 2 R2 n2
4 4
= (0.012 ) (60 x10 3 ) (0.150) (6) (0.012 ) (60 x10 3 ) (0.065) (4)
4 4
= 5.50 k N m

3.16 10 mm
300 mm 3.22 8
kN m

3.22

[T = PiRini]
T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2
8 x 103 = (0.012 ) (60 x10 3 ) (0.150)n1 (0.012 ) (60 x10 3 ) (0.065) (4)
4 4
n1 = 9.58
10
3.17 20 mm 6
3.16
40 kN P
60 MPa

T= P i R i ni Pi = d2 1
4

1
R1 = 150 2 100 2
2
= 90.14 mm
R2 = 50 mm

1 2 R1
1 2
R1 R2 R2
90.14
1 = 2 = 1.803 2
50

40 kN
[ T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2 ]
T = d2 1 R1 n1 d2 2 R2 n 2
4 4
(40x103) (0.150) = (0.02 2 ) 1 (0.09014) (4) (0.02 2 ) ( 1
) (0.05) (2)
4 4 1.803
1 = 45.9 MPa
40 kN P
 1 = 60 x 106N/m2
[T = MO]
T = P (0.250) – (40 x 103) (0.150)
[ T = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2 ]
T = d2 1 R1n1 d 2 ( 1 ) R2 n 2
4 4 1.803
P(0.250) – (40 x 103) (0.150) = (0.02 2 )(60 x10 6 ) (0.09014) (4)
4
60 x10 6
= 2
(0.02 ) ( ) (0.05) (2)
4 1.803
P = 55.4 kN

T = (40 x 103) (0.150) – P (0.250) T = (40 x 103)

(0.150) N m 1 = 45.9 MPa

3.18 3
10 mm P
70 MPa

P
T = P i R i ni
 C =
2
R1 = (150) = 100 mm
3
R2 = 75 2 50 2 = 90.14 mm
[T = MC]
T = P(0.225)
1 2

R1 R2
100
1 = 2 = 1.109 2
90.14
[T = d2 1 R1 n1 d2 2 R2 n 2 ]
4 4

P(0.225) = (0.012 ) (70 x10 3 ) (0.100) (1)

4
70 x10 3
= (0.012 ) ( ) (0.09014) (2)
4 1.109
P = 6.42 kN

3.19 60 x 100 mm
() () ( ) 4 mm
(extrusion) ( ) AB AC 3 mm BD CD 5 mm
(defective frabrication)
3 kN m
 = T/(2At) A

)
100 4 60 4
A = 5.376 x10 3 m 2
1000 1000
T
[ = ]
2 At

3x10 3
=
2(5.376 x10 3 ) (4 x10 3 )

= 69.8 MPa ( )

)
( )
3 x10 3
AB = AC =
2(5.376 x10 3 ) (3 x10 3 )
= 93.0 MPa
3 x10 3
BD = CD =
2(5.376 x10 3 ) (5 x10 3 )
= 55.8 MPa

3.20
40 MPa
 3.19

[ = 2 At ]
r = 0.025 m
T = 2 r 2t
2

= 2 0.025 2 (0.002) (40 x10 6 )

2
= 157 N m
3.21 3 mm
60 MPa

A = ab (a = ,b=
)

[A = ab ]
A = 75 mm, b = 37.5 mm
A = (0.0375) (0.075)
= 8.836 x 10-3m2
T
[ max = ]
2 At
T
60 x 106 =
2(8.836 x10 3 ) (0.003)
= 3.18 kN m
3.22 a 600 N m 3 mm
70 MPa

max = T / (2At) A

A = r2+2ra
= (0.012) + 2 (0.01) (a)
= 3.1416 x 10-4+0.02a
T
[ max = ]
2 At
600
70 x 106 = 4
2(3.1416 x10 0.02a ) (0.003)
a = 0.0557 m
= 55.7 m

3.23 35 MPa
G = 40 MPa
 max = T / (c1ab2)
= TL/(c2ab3G)

(1)
3.1
A = 50 mm, b = 50 mm, a/b = 1.0
c1 = 0.208, c2 = 0.1406
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
T
35 x 106 =
(0.208) (0.05 3 )
= 910 N m
TL
[ = ]
c 2 ab 3G
(910) (0.325)
=
(0.1406) (0.05 4 ) (40 x10 9 )
= 8.414 x 10-3rad
= 0.482
(2)
3.1
70
a = 70 mm, b = 35 mm, a/b = = 2.0
35
c1 = 0.246, c2 = 0.229
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
T
35 x 106 =
(0.246) (0.070)(0.035 2 )
T = 738.3 N m
TL
[ = ]
c 2 ab 3G
(738.8) (0.325)
=
(0.229)(0.070) (0.035 3 ) (40 x10 9 )
= 8.728 x 10-3rad
= 0.5
3.24 T = 300 N m
60 MPa d

max = 16T/( d3)

max = T / (c1ab2)

(1)
16T
[ max = ]
d3
(16)(300)
60 x 106 =
d3
d = 0.0294
= 29.4 mm
(2)
3.1
a = d, b = d, a/b = 1.0
c1 = 0.208
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
300
60 x 106 =
0.208d 3
d = 0.0289 m
= 28.9 mm
 (3)
3.1
a = 2d, b = d, a/b = 2.0
c1 = 0.246
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
300
60 x 106 =
(0.246)(2d )(d 2 )
d = 0.0217 m
= 21.7 mm

3.25 40 MPa

max = T / (c1ab2)
max = T / (2At)
1)

a
a = b = 0.04 m, = 1.00 c1 = 0.208
b
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
T
40 x 106 =
(0.208) (0.04 3 )
T = 532 N m
2)
a
A = 0.064 m, b = 0.025 m, = 2.56
b
3.1 c1 = 0.259
T
[ max = ]
c1ab 2
T
40 x 106 =
(0.259)(0.064) (0.025 2 )
T = 414 N m
3)

A
A = (0.034) (0.034)
= 1.156 x 10-3m2
T
[ max = ]
2 At
T
40 x 106 =
2(1.156 x10 3 ) (0.006)
T = 555 N m
 4 (SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT IN BEAMS)

1. (Statically Determinate Beam)

Fx 0, Fy 0

M 0
1.1 (Simple Beam)
1.2 (Cantilever Beam)
1.3 (Overhanging Beam)

4-1
2. (Statically Indeterminate Beam)

2.1 (Propped Beam)

2.2 (Fixed or Restrained Beam)
2.3 (Cantinuous Beam)

4-2

1. (Roller Support)

4-3
2. (Hinge or Pinned Support)

4-4

1. (Fixed Support)

4-5
 FBD () P
R1 R2 ( ) a-a 2
(Resisting Shear, Vr) (Resisting
Moment, Mr) () ()

4-6
FBD FBD

V Fy L ,

FBD
(V)
 4-7

FBD
M M L , +

FBD

4-8

(Shearing Force Diagram, SFD) (Bending

Moment Diagram, BMD)

1. FBD
2.
FBD
V Fy L ,
x
3. 2 SFD

1. FBD
2. FBD
M M L , +
3. 2 BMD

(Moving Loads)

4-9

(Moving Loads)
4-10
 4

4.1 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD

[ MA= 0 ] R2(5) + 200 – 50(7) = 0

R2 = 30 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑ R1 + 30 – 50 = 0
R1 = 20 kN
AB (O < x < 2)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 20 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MAB = 20x kN m
BC (2 < x < 5)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
 VBC = 20 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = 20x-200 kN m
CD (5 < x < 7)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 20 + 30
= 50 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = 20x + 30 (x-5)-200
= 50x - 350 kN m
V M

SFD BMD
SFD
AC VAC = 20 kN CD VCD = 50 kN
x2
BMD 3 AB, BC CD AB
MAB = 20x B - 200 kN m (
) B -160 kN m ( )
BC MBC = 20x-200 C =
20(5) – 200 = -100 kN m ( ) CD
MCD = 50x - 350 x = 70 m D
160 kN m x = 2m

4.2 ( )
R1 R2 FBD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD
[ MA= 0 ]
-(30) (14) – (20) (5) (2.5)+10R2 = 0
R2 = 67 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R1 + R2 – 30 – 100 = 0
R1 = 130 – 67 = 63 kN
a–a ( AB O < x < 5)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 63 – 20x kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAB = 63x - (20x)
2
 = 63x – 10x2 kN m

b-b ( BC 5 < x < 10)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 63 – 100
= -37 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = 63x - 100(x-2.5)
= -37x + 250 kN m
c-c ( CD 10 < x < 14)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑ VCD = 63 – 100 + 67 = +30 kN

[M = ( M)L , ] MCD = 63x – 100(x-2.5) + 67(x- 10)
= 30x – 420 kN m
V M
 SFD BMD
SFD AB VAB
= 63 – 20x VAB = 0 x = 63/20 = 3.15 m B VB = 63 – 20(5) = -37
kN BC x
VAB = -37 kN C R2 = 67 kN VC =
+67 – 37 = +30 kN CD
x VCD = 30 kN
BMD AB
MAB = 63x – 10x2 x = 3.15 m 99.23 kN m
B MB = 63(5) – 10(5) 2 = 65 kN m BC
MBC = 250 – 37x
x = 6.76 m C MC = 250 – 37(10) = -120 kN m CD
x MCD = 30x –
420 ( ) D MD = 30(14) – 420 = 0
120 kN m x = 10 m
 4.3 ( )
R1 R2
SFD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD
[ MA= 0 ]
R2 (5) – 60(3) = 0
R2 = 36 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R1 +36 – 60 = 0
R1 = 24 kN
AB (O < x < 2)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 24 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MAB = 24x kN m
BC (2 < x < 4)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 24 – 30(x-2)
= -30 + 84 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x 2
MBC = 24x – 30(x-2)
2
= 24x – 15(x-2)2 kN m
CD (4 < x < 5)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 24 - 60 = -36 kN
= 50 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = 24x - 60 (x-3)
= 180 – 36x kN m

V M

SFD BMD
SFD AB VAB = 24 kN
x BC
VBC = 84 – 30x x x = 2.8 m CD
x VCD = 36 kN
 BMD AB
MAB = 24x BC
MBC = 24x – 15 (x-2)2 CD
180 – 36x D
BC x = 2.8 m (V = 0)
Mmax = 24(2.8) – 15(2.8-2) 2
= 57.6 kN m

4.4 ( ) R1
R2 SFD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD

[ MA= 0 ]
R2 (6) – 60(5) = 0
R2 = 50 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
 R1 +50 – 60 = 0
R1 = 10 kN
AB (O < x < 2)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 10 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MAB = 10x kN m
BC (2 < x < 6)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 10-10(x-2)
= 30 – 10x kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = 10x
x 2
– 10(x-2)
2
= 10x – 5(x-2)2 kN m
CD (6 < x < 8)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 10+50-10 (x-2)
= 80-10x kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x 2
MCD = 10x + 50 (x-6)-10(x-2)
2
= -300 – 60x
-5(x-2)2 kN m
V M
 SFD BMD

AB SFD
x + 10 kN BMD MAB
= 10x
BC SFD
VBC = 30 – 10x x = 3m C
VC = 50 – 30 = +20 kN BMD MBC = 10x
– 5 (x-2) 2 x = 3m Mmax = +25 kN m
0 = 10x – 5 (x-2) 2 x = 5.24 m
CD SFD BMD

Mmax = 25 kN m ( ) 3m

4.5 ( 2 )
R1 R2 SFD BMD
 FBD
V M

FBD
[ MA= 0 ]
R2 (6) – 60(1) - 60(4) = 0
R2 = 50 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R1 +50 – 60 - 60 = 0
R1 = 70 kN

AB (O < x < 1)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 70-30x
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAB = 70x- 30x
2
= 70x- 15x2
BC (2 < x < 6)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 70-60-15(x-2)
= 40 – 15x
[M = ( M)L , ]
x 2
MBC = 70x – 60(x-1)-15(x-2)
2
 = 10 +60-7.5(x-2)2
V M

SFD BMD
2 SFD
2 BMD 2
BC V=0 x = 2.67 m Mmax = 10(2.67) + 60 – 7.5(2.67 –
2) 2 = 83.33 kN m
Mmax = 83.33 kN m ( ) 2.67m

4.6 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

V M
 AB (O < x < 3)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = -2x
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAB = -2x
2
= -x2 kN m
BC (3 < x < 12)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 20-2x kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MBC = 20(x – 3)-2x
2
= 20(x – 3)-x2 kN m

CD (12 < x < 15)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 20 – 24 - 8
= -12 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = 20(x – 3)- 24(x-6)-8(x-2)
= -12x + 180 kN m
 V M

SFD BMD
1) 3 AB BC
SFD BMD
2 BC V = 0 = 20 – 2x
x = 10 m MBC = 20(10-3) – 102 = 40 kN m
CD SFD BMD

Mmax = 40 kN m ( ) 10m

2) SFD x x
1
A1 = (3) (-6) = -9 kN m
2
1
A2 = (7) (14) = +49 kN m
2
 1
A3 = (2) (-4) = -4 kN m
2
A4 = 3 (-12) = -36 kN m
A (MA = 0)
MB = MA + M = 0 + A1 = -9 kN m
ME = MB + M = -9 + A2 = +40 kN m
MC = ME + M = +40 + A3= +36 kN m
MD = MC + M = +36 + A4= 0 kN m

4.7 ( )
R1 R2 SFD
BMD

FBD
V M

FBD

[ ME= 0 ]
30(6) + 60(3.5) – 60 - R1(5) = 0
R1 = 66 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R2 +66 – 30 - 60 =0
R2 = 24 kN
AB (O < x < 1)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = -30 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MAB = -30x kN m
BC (1 < x < 4)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 66 – 30 - 20(x – 1)
= 56 - 20x kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x 1
MBC = 66(x – 1) -30x-20(x - 1)
2
= -66 + 36x-10(x – 1)2 kN m
CD (4 < x < 5)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 66 – 30 - 60
= -24 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = 66(x – 1)- 30x -60(x-2.5)
= 84 – 24x kN m
DE (5 < x < 6)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VDE = 66 – 30 - 60
= -24 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MDE = 66(x – 1)- 60 -30x - 60(x-2.5)
= 144 – 24x kN m
 V M

SFD BMD
AB SFD BMD

BC SFD
VBC = 56 – 20x V=0 x = 2.8 m BMD
MBC = -66 + 36x – 10(x-1) 2 BC x=
2.31 3.28 m x = 2.8 m M = -66 + 36(2.8) – 10(2.8 – 1) 2 =
+2.4 kN m
CE SFD
x -24 kN
BMD CD MCD = 84 – 24x
MD = 84 – 24(5) = -36 kN m DE MDE
=144 – 24x MD = +24 kN m ME = 0
Mmax = 36 kN m ( ) 5m
4.8 ( )
48 kN/m 2m 40 kN E SFD
BMD

40 kN D FBD B
V M

FBD
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R – 40 – (48) (2) = 0
R = 136 kN
[ MB= 0 ]
B
MB+40(1.25)+96(3) - 20 = 0
MB = -318 kN m
MB = -318 kN m ( )
AC (O < x < 2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAC = -48 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAC = -(48x)
2
= -24x2 kN m
 CD (2 < x < 2.75)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = -96 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = -96(x-1)
= 96-96x kN m
DB
(2.75 < x < 4)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VDB = -96 – 40
= -136 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MDB = -96(x – 1)- 40x (x-2.75)+20
= 226-136 kN m

V M
4.9 ( )
20 kN SFD BMD

AB BC V M

AB (O < x < 2)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = -8x
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAB = -8x = -4x2
2

BC (2 < x < 5)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
 VBC = 20 - 8x
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MBC = 20(x-2) – 8
2
= -4x2 +20x - 40
V M

SFD BMD
SFD BMD

B 20 kN V = -16 kN V=
+4 kN BC V = 0 x = 20/8 = 2.5 m MD = -4(2.52)
+ 20 (2.5) – 40 = -15 kN m C MC = -40 kN m

4.10 SFD BMD

 SFD w = dV/dx
M= V dx

(SFD)
 4 2
AB (0 < x < 3) VAB = x 10
3
BC (3 < x < 4) VBC = -2 kN
CD (4 < x < 5) VCD = -8 kN
DE (5 < x < 7) VDE = 4x - 28 kN

(FBD)
8
AB (0 < x < 3) W = x, w = -8 kN x=3
3
RA = 10
BC (3 < x < 4) VC = -2 - PC = -8 kN x=4
PC = 6 kN
DE (5 < x < 7) W = 4 kN/m

(BMD)
4 3
AB (0 < x < 3) MAB = 10 x x
9
BC (3 < x < 4) MBC = 10x – 12 (x - 2) = 24 – 2x
CD (4 < x < 5) MCD = 10x – 12 (x - 2) - 6 (x – 4)
= 48 – 8x
x 5
DE (5 < x < 7) MDE = 10x – 12 (x - 2) - 6 (x – 4) + 4 (x – 5)
2
= 48 – 8x + 2(x – 5)2
= 2x2 - 28x + 98

4.11 SFD BMD

4.10
 (SFD)
AB (0 < x < 2) VAB = 10x
BC (2 < x < 2.5) VBC = -80x + 180
CD (2.5 < x < 6.5) VCD = 10x - 45
DE (6.5 < x < 7) VDE = -80(x-6.5) +20
EF (7 < x < 9) VEF = 10(x - 7) -20

(FBD)
AB (0 < x < 2) WAB = 10 kN/m
BC (2 < x < 2.5) WBC = -80 kN/m
CD (2.5 < x < 6.5) WCD = 10 kN/m
DE (6.5 < x < 7) WDE = -80 kN/m
EF (7 < x < 9) WEF = 10 kN/m

(BMD)
AB (0 < x < 2) MAB = 5 x2
 BC (2 < x < 2.5) MBC = 20 (x - 1) -40(x - 2) 2
CD (2.5 < x < 6.5) MCD = 20 (x - 1) - 40 (x – 2.25) + 10 (x – 25) 2
2
DE (6.5 < x < 7) MDE = 20 (x - 1) - 40 (x – 2.25) + 40 (x – 4.5) – 40 (x – 6.5) 2
EF (7 < x < 9) MEF = 5 (9 – x) 2
BC DE V = 0 2.25 m 6.75 m
M = 20 (2.25 – 1) – 40 (2.25 – 2) 2
= 22.5 kN m

4.12 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

V M

AB (O < x < 9)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
2 2
VAB = 24 - x
3
[M = ( M)L , ]
MAB = 24x - 2 2
x
x
= 24x - 2 x3
3 3 9
BC (9 < x < 10)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
 VBC = 24 - 54
= -30 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = 24x – 54(x - 6)
= 324 - 30x kN m
CD (10 < x < 14)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 24+10.5 (x - 10) - 54
= 10.5x - 135 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = 24x + 10.5 (x-10)
x 2
-54 (x-6)
2
= 324 – 30x + 5.25 (x – 10)2 kN m
DE (14 < x < 15)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VDE = 24 + 42 – 54 = 12 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MDE = 24x + 42(x – 12)- 54 (x – 6)
= 12x – 180 kN m

V M
 SFD BMD
AB SFD
x (V = 0) x=6m BMD 3 (3rd degree curve)
2 3
MF = 24 (6) - (6 ) = 96 kN m
9
CD SFD
x G x = 135/10.5 = 12.86 m BMD
( 2) MG = 324 – 30 (12.86) + 5.25 (12.86 – 10)2 = -18.86
kN m
BC DE
Mmax = 96 kN m ( ) 6m
4.13 ( )
SFD BMD

FBD D V M
V M

AB (O < x < 6)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
x2
VAB = - kN
2
[M = ( M)L , ]
x2 x
MAB = -
2 3
3
= - x kN m
6
BC (6 < x < 8)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = -18 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = -18 (x - 4)
= -18x + 72 kN m
CD (8 < x < 10)
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = -18 - 20
= -38 kN
 [M = ( M)L , ]
MCD = -18 (x-4) - 20 (x-8)
= -38x + 232 kN m
V M

SFD BMD
AB SFD BMD
2 3 BC CD
SFD BMD
B MB = -36 kN m MBC = -18x + 72 CD
4.14 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD

Lw
R1 = R2 =
4
L
AB (O < x < )
2
1 x y
P1 = xy,
2 L/2 w
2 xw
y =
L
wx 2
P1 =
L
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
Lw wx 2
VAB =
4 L
[M = ( M)L , ]
Lw wx 2 x Lw wx 3
MAB = =
4 L 3 4 3L
 BC ( L < x < L)
2

L x y 2( L x) w
y
L/2 w L
1 1
P2 = (L – x)y = (L – x) 2( L x)w
2 2 L
w
= (L – x)2
L

[V = ( Fy) R , +]
w Lw
VBC = (L – x)2 -
L 4
[M = ( M)R , ]
Lw
MBC = (L – x) - w (L – x)2 L x
4 L 3
Lw
= (L – x) - w (L – x)3
4 3L

V M
 SFD BMD
SFD BMD
2 3 B VB = 0
MB = Mmax = wL2
L
Mmax = wL2 x=
2

4.15 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

4.14

FBD

Lw
R1 = R2 =
4
 L
AB (O < x < )
2

y ( L 2 x) / 2
=
w L/2
L 2x
y = w
L
1 L 2x
P1 = y
2 2
1 L 2x
= ( L 2 x) w
4 2
1 w
= ( L 2 x) 2
4 L
[V = ( Fy) R , +]
1 w Lw Lw
VAB = (L – x)2 + -
4 L 4 4
1 w
= (L – x)2
4 L
[M = ( M)R , ]
Lw Lw 5 w L 2x
MAB = (L – x) - L x - (L – x)2
4 4 6 4L 6
wL2 w
= - (L – x)3
24 24 L
BC ( L < x < L)
2

y 2x L
=
w L
(2 x L) w
Y =
L
P2 = 1 x L y
2 2
1 2x L
= ( 2 x L) w
4 L
w
= (2 x L) 2
4L
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
Lw Lw w
VBC = (2 x L) 2
4 4 4L
 w
= ( 2 x L) 2
4L
[M = ( M)L , ]
Lw Lw L w 1 L
MAB = ( x) x (2 x L) 2 x
4 4 6 4L 3 6
wL2 w
= (2 x L ) 3
24 24 L
V M

SFD BMD
3
1
( B) VB = 0 MB = Mmax = wL2
24
1 L
Mmax = wL2 x=
24 2
4.16 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

R1 R2 FBD V
M AB BC CD
DE FBD

FBD

R1 = R2 = 36 kN

AB (O < x < 3)

y 6 x
y 2( 6 x )
12 6
 1
P1 = ( 6 x ) ( 2) ( 6 x ) (6 x ) 2
2
[V = ( Fy) R , +]
VAB = (6 - x)2 + 36 – 36 – 36 = (6 - x)2– 36
[M = ( M)R , ]
1
MAB = 36 (3 – x) + 36(9 – x) – 36(10 – x)-(6 – x) 2 (6 – x)
3
1
= 36 (2 – x) - (6 – x) 3
3
BC (3 < x < 6)

y 6 x
y 2( 6 x )
12 6
1
P2 = ( 6 x ) ( 2) ( 6 x ) (6 x ) 2
2
[V = ( Fy) R , +]
VBC = (6 - x)2 + 36 – 36 = (6 - x)2
[M = ( M)R , ]
1
MBC = 36 (9 – x) -(6 – x) 2 (6 – x) – 36(10 – x)
3
= -36 - 1 (6 – x) 3
3
CD (6 < x < 9)

y x 6
y 2( x 6)
12 6
 1
P3 = ( x 6) ( 2) ( x 6) ( x 6) 2
2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VCD = 36 – 36 - (x - 6)2 = - (x - 6)2
[M = ( M)L , ]
1
MCD = 36 (x - 3) - 36(x - 2) - (x - 6)2 (x - 6)
3
1
= -36 - (x - 6) 3
3
DE (9 < x < 12)

y x 6
y 2( x 6)
12 6
1
P4 = ( x 6) ( 2) ( x 6) ( x 6) 2
2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VDE = – 36 - (x - 6)2 + 36 + 36 = 36 - (x - 6)2
[M = ( M)L , ]
1
MDE = 36 (x - 3) + 36(x - 9) - 36(x - 2) - (x - 6)2 (x - 6)
3
1
= 36 (x - 10) - (x - 6) 3
3
V M
SFD BMD
SFD BMD
3 B
D SFD -27 kN 9 kN B
 -9 kN 27 kN BMD B D 45
kN m FBD
Mmax = 45 kN m ( ) x=3 9m

4.17 ( ) SFD BMD

V M

y L x L x
= y w
w L L
1 L x 1 w 2
P1 = w w ( x) x
2 L 2 L
L x w
P2 = wx ( Lx x 2 )
L L
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
1 w 2 w
V = x ( Lx x 2 )
2 L L
1 wx 2
= - wx +
2 L
[M = ( M)L , ]
1 w 2 2 w x
M = x x ( Lx x 2 )
2 L 3 L 2
1 w 3 1 3 1 w 3
= x wx x
3 L 2 2 L
1 wx 3 1 2
= wx
6 L 2
V M

4.18 ( 2 )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

FBD
V M
FBD

[ MA = 0, ]
R2(9) – 36(2) – 27(8) = 0
R2 = 32 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
R1 + 32 – 36 - 27 = 0
R1 = 31 kN

AB (O < x < 6)
y 6 x
=
12 6
y = 2(6 – x)
1
P1 = (12 – 12 + 2x) (x) = x2
2
P2 = 2(6 – x) (x)
= 12x – 2x2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 31 – x2 – 12x + 2x2
= 31 – 12x + x2
[M = ( M)L , ]
2 1
MAB = 31x – (x2) x - (12x – 2x2) x
3 2
2 3 2 3
= 31x – x - 6x + x
3
= 31x – 6x2 + 1 x 3
3
BC (6 < x < 9)

y x 6
= y 6( x 6)
18 3
 1
P3 = (x – 6) (6) (x - 6) = 3(x – 6) 2
2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC = 31 – 36 – 3(x – 6) 2
= -5 – 3 (x – 6) 2
[M = ( M)L , ]
MBC = 31x – 36(x – 2) – 3(x – 6) 2 1 ( x 6)
3
= 31x – 36x + 72 - (x – 6) 3
= 72 – 5x - (x – 6) 3

V M

SFD BMD
2 SFD
2 D V=0 0 = 31 –
2
12x + x x = 3.763 m BMD
3 2 D MD = 31(3.763) – 6(3.7632) +
(3.7632) = 49.5 kN m
 Mmax = 49.5 kN m ( ) x = 3.763 m

4.19 SFD BMD

FBD
V M

FBD

[ Fy = 0, ↑
4w + 1w – 80 – 50 – 50 = 0
W = 36 kN/m

AB (O < x < 1)

y x
= y 36 x
36 1
1
P1 = x (36 x)
2
= 18x2
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VAB = 18x2 kN
[M = ( M)L , ]
x
MAB = 18x2 = 6x2 kN m
3
BC (1 < x < 5)

[V = ( Fy)L ,↑
VBC= 18 + 36(x - 1) – 50-20(x – 1)
= -48 + 16x
[M = ( M)L , ]
2 x 1
MAB= 18 x 36( x 1)
3 2
x 1
-50(x – 1) – 20(x – 1)
2
= -32x + 38 + 8 (x – 1)2 kN m
CD (5 < x < 6)

y 6 x
= y 36(6 x)
36 1
1
P2 = (6 x) (36) (6 x) 18(6 x) 2
2
[V = ( Fy) R , +]
VCD = -18(6 - x) 2 kN
[M = ( M)R , ]
6 x
MCD = 18(6 - x) 2
3
= 6(6 - x) 3 kN m
 V M

4.20 ( )
R1 R2 SFD BMD

V M
 FBD 1
[ MA = 0, ]
5(1) + 20(2.5) + 7(4) – R2(5) + 2(6) = 0
R2 = 19 kN
[ Fy = 0, ↑
19 + R1- 5 – 20 – 7 – 2 = 0
R1 = 15 kN
 V M
[V = ( Fy)L ,↑ [M = ( M)L , ]

AE (FBD2)
V = 15 – 4x kN, M = 15x – 2x2 kN m
ED (FBD3)
V = 15 – 5 - 4x = 10 – 4x kN
M = 15x – 5(x – 1) – 2x2 kN m
DB (FBD4)
V = 15 – 5 - 4x - 7 = 3 – 4x kN
M = 15x – 5(x – 1) – 2x2- 7(x – 4) kN m
BC (FBD5)
V = 15 – 5 - 20 - 7 + 19 = +2 kN
M = 15x – 5(x – 1) – 20(x – 2.5) - 7(x – 4) + 19(x – 5)
= -2(6 – x) kN m

MA = MC = 0
MB = 15(5) – 5(4) – 2(52) - 7(1) = -2 kN m
MD = 15(4) – 5(3) – 2(42) = +13 kN m
ME = 15(1) – 2(12) = +13 kN m
MF = 15(2.5) – 5(1.5) – 2(2.52) = +17.5 kN m(Mmax)
SFD ED VED = 0 = 10 – 4x x= 2.5 m
Mmax = 17.5 kN m ( ) x = 2.5 m
 V M

SFD BMD
3
1
( B) VB = 0 MB = Mmax = wL2
24
1 L
Mmax = wL2 x=
24 2
 5 (STRESSES IN BEAMS)
(Flexural Stress)

5-1 FBD

= (Flexural stress)

M=

y=

I=

y y
(Maximum flexural stress) y
c

Mc M
max
I S

I
S= (Section Modulus) =
C
 5-2

6M
max
bh 2

I
M
c

5-3
 M
S

S= (Section Modulus)

M=

(Md)
(M ) (Mr)
Mr Md + M
Mr Md M
+

S Sd + S

1) ( )
BMD (M)
2) S / a a

3) B
S>S 2) S select
4) Sd
( )
Sload = S +Sd

S select Sload S + sd

5) ( ac )

ac S select a (S Sd )
 (Unsymmetrical Section)

5-4

yc c

yt t

c t

_ _
Ay Ai y i

(Shearing Stress)

5-5 y1

VQ
h
Ib
 or h
V
I
Q
_
Ai' y i

5-6

V h2
h y2
2I 4

3V
hmax
2 bh
VQ
h b
Ib
b
(shear flow)

5-7 b
 VQ
q b
I
q 1

q
b

5-8

a
b h

h v
 W (W
)
1) (I) (Q)
2) SFD BMD (V) (M)
W
3) W = VQ/Ib = Mc/I
4) W
(Determination of Bolts or
Rivets Spacing in Built-Up Beam)

5-9

VQe
R
I
R=
V=
Q=
e=
I=
 5
5.1 20 x 60 mm

(yield strength) 250 MPa

z
c max Mc / I

( Z)
1
I bh 3
12
1 3 3 3
I 20 10 60 10 360 10 9 m 4
12
max Mc / I
 I max
M
c
360 10 9 250 10 3
30 10 3
3 kN m

5.2
r = 12 mm
2 .5 m

E = 70
GPa

-
max c/ (
C) max E max

(c)
4r 4(12)
y 5.09 mm
3 3
c r y 12 5.09 6.91 mm
c
max
p
 3
6.91 10 3
max 2.76 10
2.5
max E max

max 70 10 9 2.76 10 3

193.2 MPa ( )
t 193.2 a ( )

c y max /c
5.09 10 3 193.2
c
6.91 10 3
142.3 a ( )

5.3 150 mm x 250 mm R1

R2

SFD
(M max) max M max / S

AB MB - MA = SFD AB
1
MB - 0 = 14 2 2 16 kN m
2
 B 16 kN m ( )
BC MC - MB = SFD BC
1
MC - 16 = - 13 19 1
2
Mc 0
(S)
1 2
S bh
6
1
S = 0.150 0.250 2
6
= 1.5625 10 3 m 3

max
S

16
max 3
1.5625 10
= 10240 kPa
= 10.24 MPa

AC AC

X (0 < x < 3m)

5.4 60 mm x 200 mm 6m
w = 1000 N/m (
)
)
) 40 mm
x=3m

AB M max x = 6 m
AB
max M /S x My / I

) AB
 x y xw
y
6 x 6
1 1 2
P = xy x w
2 12
[M = (∑ M) L , +]
x
M = -P
3
1
= - 3w
36
= - 1000 x 3
36
X = 6 m, M = -6000 N m M max = 6000 N m
M max 6 M max
max
S bh 2
6 6000
max 15 10 6 a
0.060 0.200 2
= 15 MPa
max 15 MPa x= 6 m

BMD AB

) x=3m y = 100 – 40 = 60 mm

1000 3
3 750 m
M = - 36
 1 3 1
I = bh 0.060 0.200 3
12 12
= 4 x 10 -5 m 4
My
x
I
750 0.060
x 1.125 10 6 a
4 10 5
= +1.13 MPa ( )

5.5 25 mm 6 mm 1m
20 mm
E = 200
GPa

c
max c=
I

ABO
OB2 = AO2 + AB2
2 2
0.02 0 .5 2
6.26 m
 E Mc
max c
p I
bh 3 E
M =
12
0.025 0.006 3 200 10 9
=
12 6.26
= 14.37 N m
6M
max
bh 2
6 14.37
max 95.8 10 6 Pa
0.025 0.006 2
= 95.8 MPa

E 200 10 9 0.003
max c 95.8 MPa
6.26

5.6
y 150 Pa u 300 MPa E = 70 GPa

) F.S. = 3.0
) ( )

S = M/ a
)

1 1
I = 0.080 0.120 3 0.064 0.104 3
12 2
= 5.52 x 10 -6 m 4

u
a 100 MPa
F .S .
a y

I M
S
c a
6
5.52 10 M
0.060 100 10 3
M = 9.2 kN m
)
EI
M
70 10 9 5.52 10 6

9.2 10 3
42.0 m
5.7 100 mm 300 mm 8m
9 MPa w
P P

AB V= VB=0
M B M= AB max M /S

[ V= AB]
P
0- 4w 6w
4
P
4w + 6w
4
P = 8w …(1)
[ M = SFD AB] MA = 0 MB = M max
1
Mmax = 6 6w 18w …(2)
2
max bh 2
M max S
6
9 10 6 0.100 0.300 2
18W =
6
W = 750 N/m
(1)
P = 8w = 8(750)
= 6000 N
5.8 10 MPa

BMD max /S

FBD R1 = 7000 N, R2 = 6000 N

AB
M L ,
x
MAB = -2000(x) 1000 x 2
2
BC
M L ,
x
M BC = 7000(x – 1) – 2000(x)
2
= 7000(x – 1) – 1000x2
 CD
M L ,
x
MCD = 7000(x – 1) - 5000(x – 3) – 2000(x)
2
= 7000(x – 1) – 5000(x – 3) – 1000x2
BC
MBC = 0 = 70000(x – 1) – 1000x2
x 1 .2 m
BC x = 3 m
M max = 7000(3 – 1 ) – 1000(32)
= +5000 N m
M 6M
max
S bh 2
6M 6(5000)
b = 2
max h 10 10 6 0.200 2
= 0.075 m (75 mm)

5.9 AB
30 x 10 -3 mm CD 90 x 10-3 mm
200 mm E = 100 GPa

L
E
My
»
I
 AB AB ,
CD CD ,
L
E
200
AB 30 x 10 -3 = AB

E
AB 200
CD 90 x 10 -3 =
E
1
AB
=
CD 3
N.A. ( )

BE AB 1
DE 3BE
DE CD 3
BE DE BE 3BE 100
BE 25 mm
DE 75 mm
N.A. AB E
200
AB 30 x 10 -3 = AB

100 10 9
AB = 1.5 x 107 N/m2

x My / I x M y/I (M
)
My
x
I
M
AB 1.5 x 107 = 25 10 3

I
 6 10 8 N / m 3
I

x = 6 x 108 y
top = (6 x 108)(+75 x 10-3)
= +45 MPa ( )
bot = (6 x 108)(-150 x 10-3)
= -90 MPa ( )

5.10 40 mm 2m
(w) 60 MPa

BMD max M /S S=
d 3 / 32

1 3
FBD R1 = w R2 = w
4 4
BMD
W
AB MAB = x
4
W x 1
BC MBC = x wx 1
4 2
W w
= x x 1
2

4 2
2
5 w 5 w 5
x= m Mmax = 1
4 4 4 2 4
9
= w
32
d3
S =
32
M 32 M
max
S d3
32 9 w / 32
60 x 10 3 =
0.040 3
W = 1.340 kN/m

5.11 120 mm x 400 mm

w = 3kN/m P
10 MPa

BMD max 6M/bh2

FBD
1 15 4 15
R1 = , R2 =
5 2 5 2
BMD
M L ,
AB MAB = (0.2P + 7.5)x – 1.5x2
BC MBC = (0.2P + 7.5)x – 1.5x2 – P(x – 4)
x=4m Mmax = (0.2P + 7.5)(4) – 1.5(42)
= (0.8P + 6) kN m
6
max
bh 2
6 0 .8 P 6
10 x 103 =
0.120 0.400 2
P = 32.5 kN

5.12 150 mm x 300 mm

8 MPa w P
 BMD max 6 / bh 2

FBD
M L ,
P w
R1(6) + P(3) + 2w(1) = 0 R1
2 3
Fy 0,
w p 7w
R2 2w = 0 R2
2 3 2 3
BMD
M L ,
w
AB MAB = x
2 3
p w
BC MBC = x Px 3
2 3
M L ,
w
CD MCD = - 8 x
2

2
w
x=6m M = 8 x
2
2w
2
6 c
max
bh 2
6 2w
8 x 103 =
0.150 0.300 2
W = 9 kN/m
 6 B
max
bh 2
6 1 .5 P 9
8 x 103 =
0.150 0.300 2
P = 18 kN

5.13 5.12 10
kN/m R2 a P a
a 8 MPa

5.12

FBD
5 2
R1 = a
2 6
5 2
R2 = 10a a
2 6
BMD
w
AB MAB = x
2 3
5 2
x = 3m M = a (3) …(1)
2 6
p 5 2
BC MBC = a x Px 3
2 6
5 2
x = 6m M = a ( 6) P (3) 5a 2 …(2)
2 6
6
max
bh 2
6(5a 2 )
x = 6m 8 x 103 =
(0.150)(0.300 2 )
a = 1.897 m
P 5
6 (1.897 2 ) (3)
2 6
x = 3m 8 x 103 =
(0.150)(0.300 2 )
P = 18 kN

5.14
8 MPa

w FBD
BMD max 6 M / bh 2

FBD
Fy 0 2.4 w = 2(48)
W= 40 kN/m
 2
AB MAB = 40 x 20 x 2
2
2
2 48 x 0.5
BC MBC = 20x -
0.2 2
CD MCD = 20x2 - 48(x – 0.6)
DE EF BC AB

x = 0.6 m; Mmax = 20(0.62) – 120 (0.6 – 0.5)2

= 6 kN m
CD
M = 20x2 – 48(x – 0.6) = 0
5x2 – 12x + 7.2 = 0
50x2 – 120x + 72 = 0
25x2 – 60x + 36 = 0
(5x – 6)2 = 0
X = 1.2 m

BMD
 6
max h= b
bh 2
6( 6 )
8 x 103 =
b3
b = 0.165 m
165 mm x 165 mm

5.15 W
120 MPa

SFD BMD

BMD M = 15(4) = 60 kN m
 S
S
a

60 10 3
S 500 10 3 m 3
120 10 6
B–2 ( ) W S >500 x 10 3
mm3
W 200 x 52 S = 512 x 103 mm3 , = 0.513 kN/m
W 250 x 45 S = 543 x 103 mm3 , = 0.440 kN/m
W 310 x 39 S = 549 x 103 mm3 , = 0.380 kN/m
W 310 x 39 (
)
S select
Sd W 310 x 39

x = 4m; M M L,

Md = 1.14(4) – 0.380(4)(2) = 1.52 kN m

Md
Sd

1.52 10 3
Sd = = 12.7 x 10 -6 m3
120 10 6
= 12.7 x 103 mm3
S load = S +Sd
= 500 x 103 + 12.7 x103 = 512.7 x 103 mm3
S select = 549 x 103 mm3
S select > S load W 310 x 39
 ac S select a (S Sd

ac 549 10 3 (120)(512.7 10 3)

ac 112 MPa

5.16 W
16 kN/m
120 MPa

SFD BMD

BMD M = 80(5) - 16(5)(2.5) = 200 kN m

S
S
a

200 10 3
S 1.667 10 3 m 3
120 10 6
 = 1667 x 103 mm3
B-2 ( ) W S > 1667 x 103
mm3
W 610 x 82 S = 1870 x 103 mm3 , = 0.803 kN/m
W 530 x 82 S = 1810 x 103 mm3 , = 0.808 kN/m
W 460 x 89 S = 1770 x 103 mm3 , = 0.876 kN/m
W 610 x 82
S select
Sd W 610 x 39

BMD M = 4.015 (5) – 0.803 (5)(2.5) = 10.04 kN m

Md
Sd

10.04 10 3
Sd = = 8.367 x 10 -5 m3
120 10 6
= 83.67 x 103 mm3
S load = S +Sd
= 1667 x 103 + 83.67 x103
= 1750.67 x 103 mm3
S select = 1870 x 103 mm3
S select > S load W 160 x 82

ac S select a (S Sd

ac 1870 10 3 (120)(1750.67 10 3)

ac 112.34 MPa
5.17 12 m 30 kN/m
6m 140
MPa W

BMD
5.16

SFD BMD w kN/m

x=6m
M max = (90 + 6w)6- (6w)(3) – (30)(3)(1.5)
= 405 + 18w kN m
S ( mmax = 405 kN m)

S
a
 405 10 3
S 2.893 10 3 m 3
140 10 6
= 2893 x 103 mm3
W S > 2893 x 103 mm3

W 610 x 125 S = 3220 x 103 mm3 , = 1.227 kN/m

S select
Sd W 610 x 125 , w = 1.227 kN/m
x = 6m Md = 18w = 18(1.227) = 22.086 kN m
S
a

22.086 10 3
S 1.578 10 4 m 3
140 10 6
= 157.8 x 103 mm3
S load = S +Sd
= 2893 x 103 + 157.8 x103
= 3050.8 x 103 mm3
S select = 3220 x 103 mm3
S select > S load W 160 x 25

ac S select a (S Sd

ac 3220 10 3 (140 10 6 )(3050.8 10 3)

ac 113 MPa
5.18
w kN/m c 90 MPa

t 30 MPa
( b)
 Ay Ai y i
yc/yt = c / t

A 1 = 120 x 20 mm2 , A2 = b x 20 mm2 , y 1 = 60 + 20 = 80 mm, y 2 =

10 mm

yc
y yt
Ay Ai y i
Ay = A1 y 1 + A2 y 2
[120(20) + 20b]yt = 120(20)(80)+20b(10)
(120 +b)yt = 10(960 + b) ….(1)
yt t

yc c

yt 30 1
yc 90 3
yc 3 yt
yc + yt = 140 mm
4yt = 140 yt = 35 mm
(1)
(120+)35 = 10(960+b)
b = 216 mm
5.19
R1 R2

BMD

BFD BMD
 2 AC CB
AC
( c) ( t)
My
I
16.2 0.120
c 97.2 MPa
20 10 6
16.2 0.050
t 40.5 MPa
20 10 6
CB
( t) ( c)
My
I
8 .0 0.120
t 48.0 MPa
20 10 6
8 .0 0.050
c 20.0 MPa
20 10 6
97.2 MPa x = 1.8 m
48.0 MPa x = 4.0 m

5.20 (overhanging beam)

t 40 MPa c 100 MPa
(w)

M= I/y
w
 SFD BMD

BMD
1 .2
x = 1.2 m M1.2 = -w(1.2) 0.72 w kN m
2
x = 4.2 m M4.2 = 0.72 w kN m
2 .7
x = 2.7 m M2.7 = 2.7w(1.5) -w(2.7) 0.405w kN m
2

2
AB ( CD)
( t) ( c)
I
M
y
40 10 3 50 10 6
Mt 25.0 kN m
0.080
100 10 3 50 10 6
Mc 27.8 kN m
0.180
25.0 kN m
M Mr
0.72 w = 25
w = 34.7 kN/m …(1)
BC
( c) ( t)
I
M
y
 100 10 3 50 10 6
Mc 62.5 kN m
0.080
40 10 3 50 10 6
Mt 11.1 kN m
0.180
11.1 kN m
M Mr
0.405 w = 11.1
w = 27.4 kN/m ...(2)
w = 27.4 kN m

5.21 W
t 20 MPa á 6 0 MPa

= My / I
W

SFD BMD
 BMD
x=2m M2 = -2 W(1.2) kN m
x=4m M6 = 4 W kN m
x = 10 m M10 = -2 W kN m
2
AE ( FD)
( t) ( c)
My
t
I
4W (0.200)
60 x 103 =
60 10 6
W= 3 kN
My
c
I
2W (0.080)
20 x 103 =
60 10 6
W= 22.5 kN
EF
( c) ( t)
My
c
I
4W (0.200)
60 x 103 =
60 10 6
W= 4.5 kN
My
t
I
2W (0.080)
20 x 103 =
60 10 6
W= 3.75 kN
W = 3 kN
5.22

BMD
My / I

SFD BMD

ED
BMD M max = +4 kN m x=3m

ED
( c)
( t)
My
c
I
4.0 (0.060)
c = = 6.0 MPa
40 10 6
 My
t
I
4.0 (0.200)
t = = 20.0 MPa
40 10 6
BE

M = 2 kN m
My
c
I
2.0 (0.200)
c = = 10 MPa
40 10 6
My
t
I
2.0 (0.060)
t = = 3 MPa
40 10 6
20 MPa x=3m 10
MPa x=1m

5.23 3 2
P t 30 MPa c 70 MPa

5.22
 FBD BMD

2 AB ( CD) BC BMD
x=1m 3m M = -P kN m
x=2m M = P kN m

A1 = 160 x 20 mm2 , y1 =
80 mm, A2 = 80 x 20 mm2 y2 = 170 mm
Ay Ai y i
160 (20) (80)(20) y = (160)(20)(80) + (80)(20)(170)
y = 110 mm
I I Ad 2
1
I = (20)(160 3 ) (160)(20)(30 2 )
12 A1

1
= + (80)(20 3 ) (80)(20)(60 2 )
12 A2
6 4
= 15.52 x 10 mm
 AB
BMD
( t) ( t)
Mc
c
I
P 0.110
70 x 103 = 6
15.52 10
P= 9.876 kN
My
t
I
P 0.070
30 x 103 = 6
15.52 10
P= 6.651 kN
BC
BMD
( c) ( t)
My
c
I
P 0.070
70 x 103 = 6
15.52 10
P= 15.52 kN
Mc
t
I
P 0.110
30 x 103 = 6
15.52 10
P= 4.23 kN
P = 4.23 kN
5.24 10 m
w N/m ( )
t 20 MPa c 80 MPa x0 w

BMD My / I
x0 w x0 w

FBD BMD

BMD x = x0 M = -wx 02 /2 =5m M = 5w (2.5 – x0)

BMD 2 AB BC

AB
BMD
( t) ( c)
Mc
t
I
 1 2
wx 0 0.180
2
20 x 103 =
30 10 6
wx 02 = 8.0
My
c
I
1 2
wx 0 0.050
2
80 x 103 =
36 10 6
wx 02 = 115.2
wx 02 = 8.0 …(1)
BC
BMD
( c) ( t)
Mc
c
I
5w(2.5 x0 ) 0.180
80 x 103 =
36 10 6
(2.5 – x0)w = 3.2
My
t
I
5w(2.5 x0 ) 0.050
20 x 103 =
36 10 6
(2.5 – x0)w = 2.88
(2.5 – x0)w = 2.88 ...(2)
(1) (2)
50 50 2 4(18)( 125)
x0 =
2(18)
50 107.24
=
2(18)
= 1.59 m ( )
W = 3.16 kN/m
x0 = 1.59 m w = 3.16 kN/m
5.25 (simply supported beam) b = 120 mm, h = 180 mm
6m 4 kN/m

)
30 mm 1m ( n – n)
)

= VQ/Ib
max 3V / 2 A V SFD

) y1 = 90-30 = 60 mm
SFD
V Fy ,
x = 1 m, V = 12 – 4 = 8 kn

bh 3
I
12
120(180 3 )
I = = 58.32 x 106 mm4
12
= 58.32 x 10-6 m4
y1 = 60 mm c = 90 mm A = 120 x
30 mm2, y = 75 mm
 Q A' y
Q = (120)(30)(75) = 2.70 x 105 mm3
= 2.70 x 10-4 m3
VQ
Ib
(8.0)(2.70 x10 4 )
=
(58.32 x10 6 )(0.120)
= 308.6 kPa
)
x=0
3V
max
2A
(3)(12.0)
max =
(2)(0.120)(0.180)
= 833.3 kPa

y = 30 mm
() () y1 = 0 ( ) x=1m

() () ()
( ) y1 = 30 mm c = 90 mm A = 120 x 60 mm2 , y = 60 mm
Q = (120)(60)(60) = 4.32 x 105 mm3 = 4.32 x 10-4 m3
 VQ
Ib
(8.0)(4.32 10 4 )
= 493.8 kPa
(58.32 10 6 )(0.120)
Q Q = Ai' yi ( )
A1' 120 30 mm 2 , y1 45 mm, A2' 120 30 mm 2 , y 2 75 mm Q =
(120)(30)(45) + (120)(30)(75) = 4.32 x 105 mm3
( ) y1 = 0 c = 90 mm A = 120 x 90 mm2 , y = 45 mm
Q = (120)(90)(45) = 4.86 x 105 mm3 = 4.86 x 10-4 m3
VQ
Ib
(8.0)(4.86 10 4 )
= 555.6 kPa
(58.32 10 6 )(0.120)
y1 (
x=1 m )

5.26 6 kN n-n
300 mm
) n-n
) n-n
)
 n-n V M
My / I
VQ / Ib

n-n FBD
V = -6 kN, M = -6(0.300) = -1.8 kN m

A1 = 48 x 12 mm2, y1 = 24 mm,
A2 = 96 x 12 mm2 y2 = 54 mm
Ay Ai y i
[(48)(12) + (96) (12)] y = (48)(12)(24) + (96)(12)(54)
y = 44 mm

I I Ad 2
1
I = (12)(48 3 ) (12)(48)(20 2 )
2

+ 1 (96)(12 3 ) (12)(96)(10 2 )
12
= 4.70 x 105 mm4 = 4.70 x 10-7 m4
)
M = -1.8 kN m
c = 44 mm
 Mc
c
I
(1.8)(0.044)
c , max =
4.70 10 7
= 168.5 x 103 kPa = 168.5 MPa
)
A = 44 x 12 mm2 y = 22 mm

Q A' y
Q = (44)(12)(22) = 1.162 x 104 mm3
= 1.162 x 10-5 m3
n-n V = -6 kN
VQ
Ib
(6.0)(1.162 x10 5 )
max =
(4.70 x10 7 )(0.012)
= 12.36 x 103 kPa
= 12.36 MPa

5.27 4m w kN/m
1.2 MPa w
 SFD (V)
I Q VQ / Ib

FBD SFD

SFD V = 2w kN

A1 = 150 x 200 mm2

A2 = 100 x 150 mm2
1 3
I bh
12
1 1
I = (150)(200 3 ) (100)(150 3 )
12 12
= 7.1875 x 107 mm4
= 7.1875 x 10-5 m4
 A1' 100 25 mm 2 ( 2
) y1 50 mm, A2' 100 25 mm 2 y2 100 12.5 87.5 mm
Q Ai' y i
Q = 2(100)(25)(50) + (100)(25)(87.5)
= 4.6875 x 105 mm3 = 4.6875 x 10-4 m3
VQ
Ib
2 w(4.6875 10 4 )
1.2 x 103 =
(7.1875 10 5 )(0.050)
W = 4.6 kN/m

5.28
y = h/8

y1 = y Q
I VQ / Ib' d / dy 0

h
y
z 2
=
b h/2
 2b h
Z = y
h 2
2
1 h b h
A = z y = y
2 2 h 2

y = y+ 1 h y = 2
y
1
h
3 2 3 6
Q A' y
2
b h 2 1
Q = y y h
h 2 3 6
1 3
I bh
12
3
1 1 1
I = 2 (b) h = bh 3
12 2 48
VQ
Ib'

b = z = 2b h
y
h 2
2
b h 2 1
V y y h
h 2 3 6
=
1 2b h
bh 3 y
48 h 2
24V h 2 1
= 3
y y h
bh 2 3 6
2V 2
= 3
(h +2yh-8y2)
bh
d
0
dy
d 2V
= (+2h – 16y) = 0
dy bh 3
1
y = h
8
1
y= h
8
5.29 V=
70 kN
)
) (web)
)

VQ / Ib
b

A1 = 160 x 240 mm2

A2 = -70 x 200 mm2 ( 2 )
1 3
I bh
12
1 2
= (160)(240 3 ) (70)(200 3 )
12 12
= 9.10 x107 mm4 = 9.10 x 10-5 m4
 A1' = 100 x 20 mm2 ,
y1 50 mm, A2' 160 20 mm 2 y2 110 mm
Q Ai' y i
Q = (100)(20)(50) + (160)(20)(110)
= 4.52 x 105 mm3 = 4.52 x 10-4 m3

VQ
Ib
(70)(4.52 10 4 )
=
(9.10 10 5 )(0.020)
= 17.4 MPa
)
(discontinuity)
b=160 mm b = 20 mm

Q = (0.160)(0.020)(0.110) = 3.52 x 10-4 m3 , b = 0.020 m

VQ
Ib
(70)(3.52 10 4 )
= = 13.5 MPa
(9.10 10 5 )(0.020)
Q = 3.52 x 10-4 m3 , b = 0.160 m
VQ
Ib
(70)(3.52 10 4 )
= = 1.69 MPa
(9.10 10 5 )(0.160)
)

= 13.5 MPa max = 17.4 MPa

av = 13.5 + (17.4 – 13.5) = 16.1 MPa
2
3

P A av

Vweb = (0.200)(0.020)(16.1 x 103) = 64.4 kN

 64.4
%Vweb = (100) = 92.0 %
70

V
Aweb
70 10 3
= = 17.5 MPa
(0.200)(0.020)
17.4 MPa

(depth) 17.5 MPa

5.30 w N/m
L

SFD
= Mc/I M
 3V
max
2bh
3 W /2
=
2 bh
3
W = bh ....(1)
4
SFD V=0
1 W L WL
M = = N m
2 2 2 8

I
M
c
bh 2
M =
6
WL bh 2
=
8 6
(1) (2)
3 L bh 2
bh =
4 8 6
h
L =
 (1) W
h
L=

5.31 W
2W W
10 MPa 1.4 MPa

W
VQ / Ib Mc / I

FBD R1 = 2W , R2 = W

W 2
AB V = 2W - Wx , M = 2Wx - x
2
BC V = 0 , M = 2W
CD V = -W , M = 5W – Wx
 SFD BMD

; A1 = 200 x 220 mm2 A2

= -90 x 180 mm2 (2 )
1 3 0.200 (0.220 3 ) 2(0.090)(0.180 3
I = bh =
2 12 12
= 9 x 10-5 m4

A1' 200 x 20 mm 2 ,
y1 100 mm, A2' 90 x 20 mm 2 , y 2 45 mm
Q Ai' y i
Q = (200 x 20)(100) + (90 x 20)(45)
= 4.81 x 105 mm3 = 4.81 x 10-4 m3
 SFD V = 2W kN
VQ
Ib
3 2 w(4.81 10 4 )
1.4 x 10 =
(9 10 5 )(0.020)
W = 2.62 kN

BMD M = 2W kN m
Mc
I
2W (0.110)
10 x 103 =
9 10 5
W = 4.09 kN
W = 2.62 kN

5.32 W
8W t 30 MPa, c 70 MPa
20 MPa W 3

W VQ / Ib
My / I

FBD R1 = R2 = 5W

AB V = W , M = -Wx
 BC V = 6W – 2Wx , M = W(-x2 + 6x – 6)
CD V = +W , M = -W (6 – x )
SFD BMD

A1 = 140 x 20
2
mm (2 ) , y1 70 mm, A2 140 20 mm 2 y2 10 mm
Ay Ai y i
[(140)(20) + 2(140)(20)] y = 2(140)(20)(70) + (140)(20)(10)
y = 50 mm

I I Ad 2
1
I = (140)(20 3 ) (140)(20)(40 2 )
12 A2
 1
+2 (20)(140 3 ) (140)(20)(20 2 )
12 A1
6 4 -6 4
= 15.96 x 10 mm = 15.96 x 10 m

A1' 90 20 mm 2 (2 )
y1 45 mm
Q Ai' y i
Q = 2(90)(20)(45)
= 1.62 x 105 mm3 = 1.62 x 10-4 m3
SFD V = 4 W kN
VQ
Ib
(4W )(1.62 10 4 )
20 x 103 =
(15.96 10 6 )(0.040)
W = 19.70 kN

BMD EF M = + 3W
( c )

My
c
I
(3W )(0.090)
70 x 103 =
(15.96) 10 6
W = 4.14 kN
My
t
I
(3W )(0.090)
30 x 103 =
(15.96) 10 6
W = 3.19 kN
BMD AE FD M = -W
t ( c )
My
t
I
W (0.090)
30 x 103 = 6
(15.96) 10
 W = 5.32 kN
My
c
I
W (0.050)
70 x 103 = 6
(15.96) 10
W = 22.34 kN
W = 3.19 kN
 6 (Beam Deflections)
2 (Double Integration Method)

(Longitudinal Axis) X Y
Y f (X ) X
Y

1.
M=f(X) 4
X () X

d2y
2. 1 EI 2
dx
3. 2 2 3

d2y
M EI 2
dx
dy
Mdx C1 EI
dx
Mdxdx C1 x C 2 EIy
4. 3
C1 ,C 2
5. 4 X X
EIy X ()
( ) y( )
 6-1

(b) M DE
400 2 400 2
M DE 500 X X 1 X 4 1300 X 6 ........N .m.
2 2

- (Area-Moment Method)

1
1 2
M/EI
C D

D/C = M/EI C D
 6-2 1
2
2 C
D (tC/D) (first moment)
C M/EI C D
()
tC/D = ( C D) x1

tC/D = ( C D) x2
 6-3 2
tC/D D/C

) D ) D

) )

1)

6-4
 A =0
A D
D = D/A 1 yD D tD/A tD/A
A 2
2)
() ( C) () C =
0 B B = B/C 1
lyl max tB/C 2 D
6.5 ( ) D = D/C D
yD tB /C tD /C

() ()

()

6-5

D/C tD/C
M/EI

D/C M/EI
tD/C M/EI
 (Conjugate Beam)

6-6

1. (Slope) .
.
2. . .

M
1. Elastic Weight
EI
M
Elastic Weight
EI
2.
.
3. (
4)
(
)

A B
A B
 (Superposition)

12

6-7
 6
6.1 300 N

MBC
(6.2) (6.3) C1 C2

BC ( )
MBC = 100x – 300 x 2 N m
.... x
x< 2 x 2
d2y
= M = 100x – 300 x 2 N m …(2)
dx 2
dy
= 50x2 - 150 x 2
2
+C1 m2 …(3)
dx
50 3
y = x 50 x 2
3
+ C1x + C2 m3 …(4)
3
A (x = 0) (y = 0) (4)
x 2
3
C2 = 0
C (x = 3m) (y = 0) (4)
50 3
0 = (3 ) 50(3 2) 3 3C1
3
C1 = - 133 N m2
 AB (0 2m ) -150 x 2
2

dy
= 50x2 - 133 …(5)
dx
50 3
y = x 133 x …(6)
3
BC (2 3m ) ....
2
(...)2
dy
= 50x2 - 150(x – 2)2 - 133 …(7)
dx
y = 50 3
x 50( x 2) 3 133 x …(8)
3
(dy/dx = 0)
AB; (5)
0 = 50x2 - 133 x = 1.63 m
x = 1.63 m AB (0 2)
AB (6)
50
y = (1.633 ) 133 1.63 145 N m 3
3
y x
E =10 x 109 N/m2 I = 1.5 x 106 mm4 = 1.5 x 10-6 m4

(10 x 109)(1.5 x 10-6) y = - 145

y = -9.67 x 10-3m = - 9.67 mm

BC (2 x 3) dy/dx = 0
(7) x = 1.7 4.3 m BC

6.2 EIy
 M (6.1) MDE (6.1) 2
A D C1 C2

DE ( )
400 400
MBC = 500x – x 1
2
x 4
2
1300 x 6
2 2
d2y 400 400
= 500X - x 1
2
x 4
2
1300 x 6 N m …(1)
dx 2 2 2
dy 200 200
= 250x2 - x 1 +
3
x 4
3
650 x 6 +C1
2
m2
dx 3 3
…(2)
250 3 50
y = x x 1
4
+ 50 x 4
4 650
x 6
3
+C1x + C2
3 3 3 3
m3 …(3)
A ((x = 0) (y=0) (3)
4
x 1 , x 4
4
x 6
3
C2 = 0
D (x = 6m) (y = 0) (3)
250 3 50 4 50 4
0 = (6 ) (5 ) (2 ) 6C1
3 3 3
C1 = - 1308 N m2
x = 3m ( BC ) x 4
4
x 6
3

250 3 50
y = x x 1
4
- 1308x
3 3
250 3 50 4
= (3 ) (2 ) 1308(3)
3 3
= - 1941 N m3
x = 8m ( DE )
250 3 50
y = x x 1
4
+ 50 x 4
4 650
x 6
3
- 1308x
3 3 3 3
250 3 50 4 50 4 650 3
= (8 ) (7 ) (4 ) (2 ) 1308(8)
3 3 3 3
= - 1814 N m3
6.3 L
P

(6.1) AB

P
M AB; M = x
2
d2y P
= M = x …(1)
dx 2 2
dy P 2
= x +C1 …(2)
dx 4
y = x3 +C1x + C2 …(3)
2
dy
x = L/2; 0 (2)
dx
2
L
0 = C1
4 2
2
C1 = - PL
16
x = o;y = 0 (3)
C2 = 0

PL2
y = x3 - x …(4)
2 16
x = L/2; y = max (4)
3
P L PL2 L PL3
EI max = - =
12 2 6 2 48
PL3
max = ( x)
48 EI
6.4

a = L/2
6.3

(6.1) (L-a < x < L) x

FBD
P
R1 = R2 = P
(6.1) M (L-a< x < L)
M L,
2
d y
= M = Px – P x a P x L a …(1)
dx 2
dy P 2 P
= x- x a
2
-P x L a
2
+C1 …(2)
dx 2 2 2
P 3 P
y = x x a
3
- P x L a 3 +C1x + C2 …(3)
6 6 6
x = 0; y = 0 x a
3
x L a
3

(3) C2 = 0
x = L; y = 0 (3)
PL3 P P 3
0 = (L a) 3 (a )C1 L
6 6 6
C1L = - P L3 P 3
(L 3L2 a 3La 2 a3 )
P 3
a
6 6 6
Pa
C1 = - ( L a)
2
 P 3 P
y = x x a
3
-P x L a
3
- Pa ( L a) x
6 6 6 2
x = L/2 (a < x < L-a)
P 3 P
y = x x a
3
- Pa ( L a) x
6 6 2
3
P L3 P L Pa L
EI max = a L a
6 8 6 2 2 2
PL3 P L3 L2 L 2
Pa 2 L
= 3 a 3 a2 a3 - PaL
48 6 8 4 2 4 4

= - Pa (3L2 4a 2 )
24
Pa
max = (3L2 4a 2 )
24 EI

a = L/2;
Pa L
max = (3L2 L2 )
24 EI 2
2 PL3 ' L3
=
48 EI 48 EI
6.3 P = 2P

6.5
E = 10
GPa EIy

1 360 I

(6.1) (2 < x < 4m) x

 FBD
MA 0, R1(4)-600(3) = 0
R1 = 450 N
Fy 0, R2 = 600-450 = 150 N

(6.1) M ( 2 < x < 4)

[M ( M )R , ]
d2y 300
= M = 150x – x 2
2
…(1)
dx 2 2
dy 150 2 300
= x- x 2 +C1
3
…(2)
dx 2 6
150 3 300
y = x x 2 +C1x + C2
4
…(3)
6 24
x = 0; y = 0 x 2
4
(3)
C2 = 0
x = L; y = 0 (3)
150 3 300 4
0 = 4 ( 2 ) C1 ( 4 )
6 24
C1 = -350
150 3 300
y = x x 2
4
- 350x
6 24
x = 2m ( 2 < x < 4) x 2
4

150 3
y = x 350 x
6
150 3
y = (2 ) 350(2)
6
y = -500 N m3
 1 1
y= ( 4) m
360 90
y = 500
500
I =
1
(10 10 9 )
90
= 4.5 x 10-6 m4
= 4.5 x 10-6 m4

6.6

M (6.1) AB

1
wL
2
1
R1 R2 wL
4

(6.1) M AB (0< x < L )

2
[M = M L , ]
d2y 2
= M = wL
x – wx x
…(1)
dx 2 4 L 3
dy wLx 2 wx 4
= - +C1 …(2)
dx 8 12 L
wLx 3 wx 5
y = - +C1x + C2 …(3)
24 60 L
x = 0; y = 0 (3) C2 = 0
L dy
x= ; =0 (2)
2 dx
2 4
wL L w L
0 = C1
8 2 12 L 2
3
C1 = - 5wL
192
AB
wLx 3 wx 5 5wL3 x
y = - -
24 60 L 192
y = - wx (25L4 40 L2 x 2 16 x 4 )
960 L
L
x= ;
2
4
WL3
y = - wL
120 60
1
( W= wL )
2

6.7 w N/m

FBD VA MA M
BC(a < x < L) (6.1)
 FBD A
VA = W(L-a)
L a w 2
MA = - w(L-a) a (L a2 )
2 2
(6.1); M BC(a < x < L) [M = M L , ]

d2y
= w(L-a)x - w ( L2 a2)
w
x a
2
…(1)
dx 2 2 2
2
dy
= w(L-a) x - w ( L2 a 2 )x
w
x a
3
C1 …(2)
dx 2 2 6
3
y = w(L-a) x - w ( L2 a 2 )x2
w
x a
4
C1 x C 2 …(3)
6 4 24
dy
x = 0; =0( ) x a
3

dx
(2) C1 = 0
x = 0; y = 0 x a
4
(3)
C2 = 0

3
y = w(L-a) x - w ( L2 a 2 )x2
w
x a
4
…(4)
6 4 24
x = L; y
3
EI = -EIy = w(L-a) L + w ( L2 a 2 ) L2
w
L a
4

6 4 24
wL a 4 3 1
= L 2( L a ) L2 ( L a) 3
8 3 3
wL a 4 3 1 3 1 3
= L 2 L3 2aL2 L L2 a La 2 a)
8 3 3 3
wL a a3
= L3 L2 a La 2
8 3
6.8 P
)
)

FBD RA RB M
BC (a < x < L) (6.1)
dy/dx = 0

FBD
[ MB 0, ] -RAa + Pb = 0
b
RA = P
a
[ Fy 0, ] -RA – P + RB = 0
b
RB = P+ P
a

(6.1) M BC (a < x < L) [M= M L , ]

 d2y b b
= M = Px +P 1 x a …(1)
dx 2 a a
dy
= - bP x 2 P 1 b
x a
2
c1 …(2)
dx 2a 2 a

y = - bP x 3 P 1 b
x a C1x + C2
3
…(3)
6a 6 a
x = 0; y = 0 x a
3
(3)
C2 = 0
x = a; y = 0 (3)
bP 3
0 = a 0 C1 a
6a
abP
C1 =
6

y = - bP x 3 P
1
b
x a
3
+ ab Px
6a 6 a 6
dy
= - bP x 2 P
1
b
x a
2 abP
dx 2a 2 a 6
AB (0 < x < a) x a
2

dy
= - bP x 2 abP
0
dx 2a 6
a2 a
x2 = x=
3 3
3
a abP a
y = - bP
6a 3 6 3
2
a bP
y = +
9 3

y + AB x
6.9

M (6.1) AB

1
wL
2
1
R1 = R2 = wL
4

AB (0 < x < L )
2
L
x
Z 2 Z L
; Z= x
w L w 2
2
x 2w L wx 2
P1 = w x
2 L 2 L
2w L 2wx 2
P2 = x x wx
L 2 L
(6.1) M AB (0 < x < L )
2
[M= M L , ]
d2y wL wx 2 2 x 2wx 2 x
= M = x wx
dx 2 4 L 3 L 2
wLx w 2 wx 3
= x …(1)
4 2 3L
dy wL 2 w 3 w 4
= x x x C1 …(2)
dx 8 6 12 L
 wL 3 w 4 w 5
y = x x x +C1x + C2 …(3)
24 24 60 L
x = 0; y = 0 (3) C2 = 0
L dy
x= ; 0 (2)
2 dx
wL3 wL3 wL3
0 = C1
32 48 192
wL3
C1 = -
64

wL 3 w 4 w 5 wL3
y = x x x x
24 24 60 L 64
(x = L/2)
wL4 wL4 wL4 wL4 36
y = wL4
192 384 1920 128 7680
= - 3 wL4
640
4
= -y = 3 wL
640 EI
6.10 EIy

M (6.1) CD

FBD
R1 = R2 = 800 N
(6.1) M CD [M= M L , ]
 d2y x 2 400 400
= M = 800 x 400 x 4
2
x 2
2
…(1)
dx 2 2 2 2
dy 800 2 400 3 400 400
= x x x 4
3
x 2
3
C1 …(2)
dx 2 6 6 6
800 3 400 4 400 400
y = x x x 4
4
x 2
4
+C1x + C2 …(3)
6 24 24 24
x = 0; y = 0 x 4
4
x 2
4

(3) C2 = 0
dy
x = 3; 0 x 4
3
(2)
dx
800 2 400 3 400 3
0 = 3 3 1 C1
2 6 6
C1 = - 11200
6

800 3 400 4 400 400 11200

y = x x x 4
4
x 2
4
x
6 24 24 24 6
x=3m
800 3 400 4 400 4 11200
y = 3 3 1 (3)
6 24 24 6
= - 3333.33 N m3 = - 3.33 kN m3

6.11
B
EI = 10 MN m2

M/EI 1 2 B yB
 ( ) FBD
Fy 0 RA=50
kN MA=0 M=
60 kN m
( )
[M = ( M ) L, ] M AB = 50x – 60
( x x = 1.2 m)
( ) M/EI
() EI
x
x
B/A = B- A
= A
B
= A1+A2
B - A = - 1 (1.2)(6 10 3 )
2
+ 1 (1.8)(9 10 3 )
2
B - B/A = +4.5 x 10-3 rad = -3.6 x 10-3+8.1 x 10-3
B/A = +4.5 x 10-3 rad
A

A = 0
yB= tB/A= -4.5 mm B = 4.5 x 10-3 rad
tB/A
B
A B
tB/A = A1 x1 A2 x 2
= (- 3.6 x 10 -3)(2.6)+(8.1 x 10-3)(0.6)
= - 4.50 mm
 () A
yB = tB/A = 4.50 mm ( )

6.12 6.11
B

2 M/EI
B/A M/EI t B/A
M/EI

M/EI
 M/EI

A = 0
B = B/A = A1 + A2

= (9 x 10-3)(3) - 1 (15 10 3 )(3)

2
= 27 x 10-3 -22.5 x 10-3
= 4.5 x 10-3 rad
B
yB = tB/A = A1 x1 A2 x 2
= (27 x 10-3)(1.5) – (22.5 x 10-3)(2)
= 4.5 mm ( )

6.13 AD DB
ADB
AD EI DB 2EI

A
 M/EI

M/EI
M EI
B B =0
yB = 0
B - A = B/A

A = - B/A

= M/EI A B
yA = tA/B
M/EI 3
( ( ))
Pa 2
A1 = - 1 Pa a
2 EI 2 EI
Pa 2
A2 = - 1 Pa a
2 2 EI 4 EI
3Pa 2
( B = 0) A3 = - 1 3Pa a
2 2 EI 4 EI

1 A( ( ))
B/A = A1 + A2+A3
Pa 2 Pa 2 3Pa 2
=
2 EI 4 EI 4 EI
2
3Pa
=
2 EI
3Pa 2
A = - B/A =
2 EI
 2 A
2 4 5
yA = tA/B = A1 a A2 a A3 a
3 3 3
Pa 2 2 Pa 2 4 3Pa 2 5
= a a a
2 EI 3 4 EI 3 4 EI 3
23Pa 3
yA = ( )
12 EI

6.14
E=
12 GPa, I = 10 x 106 mm4
P
20 mm

400 N
P
EI
M/EI
M/EI
A1 = - 1 ( 2)
2P 2P
2 EI EI

A2 = - 1 (3) 1200 1800

2 EI EI
 2 A
C
tA/C A A C
4
tA/C = A1 1 A2 (2)
3
1
tA/C = - 4.667 P 3600
EI
yA = -tA/C
4.667 P 3600
20 x 10-3 =
(12 x10 9 )(10 10 6 )
P = -257 N
P P
P

6.15

w N/m

2 (
) B
 6.1
( )
()
() A
B A = A/B
() EI M/EI ()

1 wL2 wL3
A1 = ( L)
4 6 EI 24 EI
wL2 wL3
A2 = - 1 ( L)
3 2 EI 6 EI
1 A
A/B = A1 + A2
wL3 wL3 wL3
=
24 EI 6 EI 8 EI
wL3
A =
8 EI
 2 A
4 3
tA/B = A1 L A2 L ( A)
5 4
wL3 4 wL3 3
= L L
24 EI 5 6 EI 4
11 wL4
= -
120 EI
11 wL4
Lylmax = -tA/B = ( )
120 EI

6.16

50 mm
150 mm E = 69 GPa

FBD
3 1 1 1

FBD
Fy 0, V = 4 kN
M A 0, M A 4(2.5) 0
MA = 10 kN m

3 1
1 1
6.1
EI M/EI
 1 12 18
A1 = (3)
2 EI EI
10 30
A2 = - 3
EI EI
A3 = - 1 (1) 2 2
3 EI 3EI
2 C

A
yC = tC/A
= A1 x1 A2 x 2 A3 x3
( C)
= 18
(1)
30
(1.5) +
2
(0.25)
EI EI 3EI
27.2
=-
EI
27.2
lylmax = lyCl =
EI
1 3 1
I bh (50)(150 3 )
12 2
I = 14.06
x 106 mm4 (14.06 x 10-6 m4)
E =
69 x 106 kPa
27.2
lylmax= 6 6
= 0.028 m
69 10 14.06 10
= 28 mm ( )
6.17

2 1
1

2
1
1
6.1 M/EI
EI
A1 =

1 L wL2 wL3
3 2 8 EI 48 EI

wL2 wL3
A2 = - 1 ( L)
3 2 EI 6 EI

2 A B

yA = tA/B ( A)
wL3 L wL3 3
= L L
48EI 8 6 EI 4
7 wL4 3wL4 41wL4
=
384 EI 24 EI 384 EI
41wL4
lylmax = lyCl = ( )
384 EI
6.18
1200 N/m E = 10 GPa I = 30 x 106 mm4
2

FBD

3 1 1
1
2

FBD
Fy 0, V = 1800 N
M A 0, M - 1800 x 2 = 0
M = 3600 N m
3
1 1
1
M/EI
EI
A C

1 3600 3600
A1 = ( 2)
2 EI EI
 3600 7200
A2 = - (2)
EI EI
A3 = - 1 (2) 533.33
4 EI
266.67
=
EI
A
1 C( 2m A)
C = C/A A1 + A2+A3
3600 7200 266 .67
=
EI EI EI
= 3866.67
EI
= 3866.67 = -0.01288 rad
10 10 9 30 10 6

= - 0.739 °

2 C

yC = tC/A = A1 x1 A2 x 2 A3 x3
3600 2 7200 266.67 2
= (1)
EI 3 EI EI 5
4906.67 4906.67
=
EI 10 10 9 30 10 6

= - 0.0164 m
= 16.4 mm ( )

6.19

EI (
)
 FBD
3 1 1
1 EI

FBD
1 L wL
V= w N
2 2 4
wL L
M= L
4 6
5wL2
= N m
24

3
1
1
1

V Fy R
,

M M R ,

EI
M/EI
1 wL2 wL3
A1 = ( L)
2 4 EI 8 EI
5wL2 5wL3
A2 = - L
24 EI 24 EI
 wL2 wL3
A3 = - 1 ( L )
4 2 24 EI 192 EI
( A)
2
yB = tB/A = A1 x1 A2 x 2 A3 x3
wL3 L 5wL3 L wL3 L
=
8EI 3 24 EI 2 192 EI 10
wL4 5wL4 wL4
=
24 EI 48 EI 1920 EI
121wL4
= ( )
1920 EI
121wL4
lylmax =
1920 EI
121
EI lylmax = (EI )max = wL4
1920

6.20
E

M/EI

M/EI
M EI
( C)
C C =0
 E = C+ E/C = E/C ...(1)
yE = tE/C – tD/C ...(2)
1 E
wa 2 L wa 2 L
A1 =
2 EI 2 4 EI
1 wa 2 wa 3
A2 = a
3 2 EI 6 EI
(1)
E = E/C = A1 + A2
wa 2 L wa 3
=
4 EI 6 EI
wa 2
= (3L 2a )
12 EI
2 E
tD/C = A1 L wa 2 L L
4 4 EI 4
wa 2 L2
=
16 EI
L 3a
tE/C = A1 a A2
4 4
wa 2 L L wa 3 3a
= a
4 EI 4 6 EI 4
wa 3 L wa 2 L2 wa 4
=
4 EI 16 EI 8EI
(2)
yE = tE/C – tD/C
wa 3 L wa 4
=
4 EI 8 EI
3
wa
= 2L a
8EI
wa 3
yE = 2L a ( )
8EI
6.21 AB

2
(
)

FBD RA = RB = wa
( C)
C C =0
C/A = C - A = - A

A = - C/A

2
RA 1
w N/m
1

6.1
h=
2wa2 , b = 2a
h = -wa2/2, b= a EI M/EI
 M/EI
1 2wa 2 2wa 3
A1 = ( 2a )
2 EI EI
1 wa 2 wa 3
A2 = (a)
3 2 EI 6 EI
1 A
2 wa 3 wa 3
C/A = A1 + A2 =
EI 6 EI
11wa 3
=
6 EI
1
a= L A = C/A
4
11wa 3 11wa 3
A =
6 EI 384 EI
2
4a 7a
tA/C = A1 A2
3 4
2 wa 3 4a wa 3 7a
=
EI 3 6 EI 4
19wa 4
=
8 EI
19wa 4
lylmax = tA/C =
8 EI
19wa 4
= ( )
2048 EI

6.22 E = 200 GPa

 K A xm K =
A + K/A =0 A AB K/A AK

FBD
wb 2
RA = 16.81 kN
2L
wb 2
RB = wb 38.2 kN
2L

2
RA 1
b 1
M/EI
EI
A B
1 RA L R A L2
A1 = ( L)
2 EI 2 EI
1 wa 2 wa 3
A2 = (b)
3 2 EI 6 EI
A

2
B A
tB/A = A1 x1 A2 x 2
( B)
R A L2 L wb 3 b
tB/A =
2 EI 3 6 EI 4
R A L3 wb 4
=
6 EI 24 EI
 A
tB / A
A =
L
R A L2 wb 4
= …(1)
6 EI 24 EIL

K K

K = A + K/A = 0 …(2)

1 A K
R A x m2 w
K/A = A3+a4 = ( xm a) 3 …(3)
2 EI 6 EI
A K/A (2)
R A L2 wb 4 R A x m2 w 3
xm a 0
6 EI 24 EIL 2 EI 6 EI

10 3 2 10 3 3 10 3
29.53 8.405 x m 4.167 x m 1.4 0
EI EI EI
trial & error
xm = 1.890 m
K( K = 0)
A3 A4 A
tA/K = A3 x3 A4 x 4
R A x m2 2 w 3
= xm xm a
3
a xm a
2 EI 3 6 EI 4
R A x m3 wa w
tA/K = ( xm a) 3 ( xm a) 4
3EI 6 EI 8EI
RA = 16.81 kN I = 28.7 x 10-6 m4
tA/K = - 6.44 mm
lylm = 6.44 mm ( )
6.23 500 N 100 N
D

M/EI
A tC/A tD/A
D

FBD
 R1 = 300 N, R2 = 300 N
M/EI A D
1 900 1350
A1 = (3)
2 EI EI
1 1000 1000
A2 = ( 2)
2 EI EI
1 100 50
A3 = (1)
2 EI EI
1) C
() M/EI
A C A
tA/C Ai x Ai
tA/C = A1 x A1 A2 x A 2
1350 1000 4
= ( 2) 1
EI EI 3
367
=
EI
ACE CDF ()
DF t A/C 367
DF =
1 3 3EI
M/EI D C D
tD /C A3 x D 3
50 2 100
tD/C =
EI 3 3EI
tD/C D
DF tD/C
D
= DF - ltD/Cl
367 100
=
3EI 3EI
89
= ( )
EI
2) A
() M/EI
A C C
tC / A Ai xCi
 tC/A = A1 xC1 A2 xC 2
1350 1000 2
= (1)
EI EI 3
683
=
EI
M/EI A D D
tC / A Ai x D i
tD/A = A1 x D1 A2 x D 2 A3 x D 3
1350 1000 2 50 2
= (1 1) 1
EI EI 3 EI 3
1000
=
EI
ACE ADF ( )
DF tC / A 911
DF =
4 3 EI
D
= DF - ltD/Al
911 1000 89
=
EI EI EI
() DF
ltD/Al D
89/EI

6.24
A

M/EI
B
 FBD
wa 2
RC =
2L
M/EI
EI
1 wa 2 wa 3
A1 = (a)
3 2 EI 6 EI
1 wa 2 wa 2 L
A2 = ( L)
2 2 EI 4 EI

B
2

C B
tC/B = A2 xC 2
wa 2 2L
=
4 EI 3
wa 2 L2
=
6 EI

A A B~ CC B
a wa 2 L2 a
AA = tC/B =
L 6 EI L
wa 3 L
=
6 EI
2 A B
wa 3 3a
tA/B = A1 x A1 =
6 EI 4
4
= - wa
8EI
A
wa 3 L wa 4
yA = A A + tA/B=
6 EI 8 EI
wa 4 4L
= 1 ( )
8EI 3a
6.25

a= 1
2
8
6.2

2 1
a<x<L–a 1

FBD
R1 = R2 = aw N

(R1 R2) 1
(0 < x < L)
2
L
x L 1 ( )
2

( a<x< L)
2
L
x L 1 ( )
2

M/EI
EI

2
L
A1 = A4 = 1
W
2
a
(L a)
3 2 EI
2

3
L
w a
2
=
6 EI
 1 L waL waL
A2 = A5 =
2 2 2 EI 8 EL
wL2 wL3
A3 = A6 = -1 L
3 2 8EI 48EI
C
2 B C
tB/C = A1 x B1 A2 x B 2 A3 x B 3
3
L
w a
2 3 L waL2 2 L wL3 3 L
= a a
6 EI 4 2 8 EI 3 2 48EI 4 2
4 3
L L
w a wa a
waL3 wL4
= 2 2
8EI 6 EI 24 EI 128EI
lylmax = tB/C

L
a=
2
wL4 wL4
lylmax = 0+0+
48 EI 128 EI
5wL4
= 8 6.2 O.K.
384 EI

6.26 P
x A
x=
L2 b2
3

D A x D =
A + D/A =0 A AB D/A AD
 FBD
Pb Pa
R1 = , R2
L L
2
R1 1 P
1 ( x A)
M/EI
EI

1 Pb PbL
A1 = ( L)
2 EI 2 EI
1 Pb Pb 2
A2 = (b)
2 EI 2 EI

1 Pbx Pbx 2
A3 = ( x)
2 EIL 2 EIL

2
B A
tB/C = A1 x B1 A2 x B 2
PbL L Pb 2 b
=
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
Pb 2
= L b2
6 EI
A
tB / A Pb
A = ( L2 b2 ) …(1)
L 6 EIL

D D

D = A + D/A = 0 ….(2)
1 A D
Pbx 2
D/A = A3 = …..(3)
2 EIL
 A D/A (2)
Pb Pbx 2
( L2 b2 ) 0
6 EIL 2 EIL
L2 b2
x
3

6.27

2b = L -
8 6.2

2
M/EI 6.1

FBD
R1 = R2 = wb
2

(R1 R2) 1
(a < x < a+b) (L<x <
2
a+2b) 1
M/EI
EI
1 wbL
A1= A3 = ( a b)
2 2 EI
wbL(a b)
=
4 EI
 1 wb 2
A2 = A4 = (b)
3 2 EI
wb 3
=
6 EI
A
2 B A
tB/C = A1 x B1 A2 x B 2 A3 x B 3 A4 x B 4
wbL(a b) 2 wb 3 b
= 2a 2b ( a b) a b
4 EI 3 6 EI 4
wb 3 3
+ wbL(a b) 2
( a b) b a
4 EI 3 6 EI 4
wbL(a b) 2 wb 3
= ( a b)
2 EI 3EI
L
a b
2
wbL3 wb 3 L
tB/C =
8 EI 6 EI
wbL
= (3L2 4b 2 )
24 EI
DF = tD/A = A1 x D1 A2 x D 2
2 3
wbL a b wb b
=
8EI 3 6 EI 4
wbL3 wb 4
=
48EI 24 EI
wb
= ( L3 2b 3 )
48 EI
: ACF ~ ABE
CF 1 1
CF tB / A
tB / A 2 2
wbL
CF (3L2 4b 2 )
48 EI

max = CF - tD/A
= wb
(3L3 4b 2 L L3 2b 3 )
48 EI
= wb
( L3 2b 2 L b 3 )
24 EI
2b = L max
wL L3 L3 5wL4
max = ( L3 )
48 EI 2 8 384 EI
 5WL3
= Q.E.D
384 EI
( W = wL)

6.28
L

w N/m

2
2

M/EI FBD

w N/m
C B 2
(2 )

() M/EI
() M/EI FBD
() V=0 M = wL2/8
M/EI ()
 A1 = wL2 L wL3
8 EI 2 16 EI
1 wL2 L wL3
A2 =
3 8EI 2 48EI
2 M/EI ()
2 = tC/B = A1 xC1 A2 xC 2
wL3 L wL3 L
=
16 EI 4 48 EI 8
5wL4
2 =
384 EI
5wL4
=
768EI

6.29 EI

6.28 M/EI FBD

() M/EI
FBD ( )
1 1200 800
A1 = ( 2)
3 EI EI
1 1200 1800
A2 = (3)
2 EI EI
2400 7200
A3 = (3)
EI EI
 2 M/EI ()
2 = tA/B = A1 x A1 A2 x A 2 A3 x A3 ( A)
800 2 1800 3 7200 3
=
EI 4 EI 3 EI 2
4300
=
EI
EI = 4300 N m3

6.30

6.29
 ( ) FBD
()
V Fy L ,
V = P-P = 0
M M L,
P ( a b) P ( a b)
M=
2 2
= Pb
M/EI ()
AB

Pb a b Pb(a b)
A1 =
EI 2 2 EI
1 Pb Pb 2
A2 = (b)
2 EI 2 EI
2 M/EI ( )
2 = tA/B = A1 x A1 A2 x A 2
Pb(a b) a b Pb 2 b
=
2 EI 4 2 EI 3
PbL2 Pb 3
=
8 EI 6 EI
Pb
= (3L2 4b 2 )
24 EI
Pb
= (3L2 4b 2 )
48 EI

6.31

6.29
 ( ) FBD

V Fy L ,
V = wa – wa = 0
M M L ,

M = wa L wa
a L
2 2 2
wa 2
=
2
M/EI ()
( A) ()
1 wa 2 wa 3
A1 = a
3 2 EI 6 EI
L wa 2 wa 2 L
A2 =
2 2 EI 4 EI
2 M/EI () B C
2
wa L
2 = tA/B = A2 xB 2 =
4 EI 4
wa 2 L2
= ( B C)
32 EI
wa 2 L2
= ( )
32 EI
6.32

EI 3

6.29

( ) FBD

() M/EI

(FBD
) R1 = 900 N 1

( 1 x 3) 1

( 1 x 3) 1
A1 = 1
( 2)
600 300
4 EI EI
A2 = 1
(3)
2700 4050
2 EI EI
A3 = 1
(2)
1800 1200
3 EI EI
 2 M/EI ( )
2 = tA/B = A1 x A1 A2 x A 2 A3 x A3
800 4 4050 2 1200 3
= 1 2 3 1 2
EI 5 EI 3 EI 4
5880
2 =
EI
EI = 2940 N m3

6.33

)
) A

RB
1 RB 1 B yB = (yB)W
+ (yB)R = 0 A; A = ( A)W + ( A)R

RB
 1 RB 1
6.2 B
8 6.2
w
y = (x 4 2 Lx 3 L3 x)
24 EI
2
x= L
3
4 3
w 2 2 2
(yB)W = L 2L L L3 L
35EI 3 3 3
wL4
= -0.01132
EI
2 1
7 6.2 a= L b= L
3 3
Pa 2 b 2
(yB)R =
3EI
2 2
RB 2 L
= L
3EIL 3 3
3
= 0.01646 RB L
EI
) B yB = (yB)w + (yB)R = 0
wL4 RB L3
yB = -0.01132 0.01646 0
EI EI
RB = 0.688 wL ( )
FBD
2 L
M A 0, = -0.688 wL L RC ( L) wL 0
3 2
RC = 0.0413 wL ( )
Fy 0, RA + 0.688 wL + 0.0416 wL – wL = 0
RA = 0.271 wL ( )
) A
8 6.2
wL3 3
( A)W = = -0.04167 wL
24 EI EI
1
7 6.2 P = -RB = -0.688 wL b= L
3
( A)R = Pb( L2 b 2 )
6 EIL
 2
= + 0.688wL L 2
L
L
6 EIL 3 3
wL3
( A)R = 0.03398
EI
B
A = ( A)R + ( A)W
wL3 wL3
= 0.03398 - 0.04167
EI EI
3
= - 0.00769 wL
EI

6.34

2 (RC MC ) P
C C = ( C)P + ( C)R + ( C)M = 0 yC= (yC)P +
(yC)R + (yC)M = 0

RC MC
RC P MC
P 1 6.2
Pa 2
( C)P = ( B)P =
2 EI
(yC)P = ( B)P + ( B)P b
Pa 3 Pa 2 b
=
3EI 2 EI
2
Pa
= (2a 3b)
6 EI
 RC 1 6.2
2 3
( C)R = + Rc L (yC)R = + Rc L
2 EI 3EI
MC 5 6.2
M c L2
( C)M = + McL (yC)M = +
EI 2 EI
C
C = ( C)P + ( C)R + ( C)M = 0
Pa 2 RC L2 MCL
0
2 EI 2 EI EI
yC = (yC)P + (yC)R + (yC)M = 0 …(1)
2 3 2
Pa RcL McL
(2a 3b) 0 …(2)
6 EI 3EI 2 EI
(1) (2)
Pa 2
RC = (a 3b) ( )
L3
Pa 2 b
MC =
L2
Pa 2 b
= ( )
L2
6.35

MA 2
1 1
A B A tB/A = 0

MA

1
1
A

M/EI tB/A

L
(tB/A)W = A1
8
= 1 wL2 L L
. .
3 8 EI 2 8
wL4
=
384 EI
 2L
(tB/A)M = A2
3
= 1 wA L 2L
.
2 EI 3
M A L2
=
3EI

B
tB/A = (tB/A)W + (tB/A)M = 0
wL4 M A L2
+ = 0
384 EI 3EI
wL2
MA = ( )
128
FBD MA
wL
(RA)M = (RB)M =
128
FBD
(RA)W = 0, (RB)M = wL

wL2
RA = (RA)W + (RA)M = 0
128
wL
RA = ( )
128
wL
RB = (RB)W + (RB)M = wL +
128
129
RB = wL ( )
128

6.36

B
 6.33 A
tC/A tB/A

RB
1 B 1 A

: ABB ~ ACC
tC / A tB / A
L 2L / 3
3
tC/A = tB / A …(1)
2
M/EI tB/A tC/A

x x
(tX/A)W = A1 A2
3 4
wLx 2 x wx 3 x
=
4 EI 3 6 EI 4
wx 3
= 2L X
24 EI
x=L x = 2L
3
4
wL
(tC/A )W =
24 EI
4wL4
(tB/A )W =
243EI
 B
L L
(tC/A )R =A3 A4
9 3
= RB L2 L RB L2 L
18 EI 9 6 EI 3
4 RB L3
=
81EI
(tB/A )R = A5 2L
9
1 2 RB L 2L 2L
=
2 9 EI 3 9
4 R B L3
=
243EI

tC/A = (tC/A )W + (tC/A )R

wL4 4 RB L3
= -
24 EI 81EI
tB/A = (tB/A )W + (tB/A )R
4( wL4 RB L3 )
=
243EI
(1)
wL4 4 RB L3 3 4( wL4 RB L3 )
- =
24 EI 81EI 2 243EI
RB = 0.6875 wL
( )
 7 (COMBINED STRESSES)

( a = P/A) ( f = My/I)

P My
a f
A I

a P
P
f

7-1
 1

7-2

P y e P
O P( O) M = Pe
( a) ( f)

P ( Pe) y
A I

() x a ( N)
P/A = (Pe)a/I
I
a
Ae

b h

P Mc ( Pe)(h / 2)
A I bh 3 / 12
h
e
6
 2. 2

7-3 P ex , e y

P ex ey x
y P O P
x ( Pe y ) y ( Pe z ) (x,y)

P ( Pe x ) x (Pr y ) y
A Iy Ix

b h

Ae x x ( Ae y ) y
1
Iy Ix
 7-4 x y

x y
P b h x y
()
P ( Pe x ) x ( Pe y ) y
A Iy Ix
=0
Ae x x Ae y y
0 1
Iy Ix
x y
Iy ry2
U =
Ae x ex
Ix ry2
V =
Ae y ey
rx ry x y
U V (quadrant)
P OP
A, B,C D A B C
D
 B x = -h/2 y = -b/2 =0
ex ey
1
h/6 b/6
P B
P mn
P m1n1 C
mn m1n1 (kern of
section)

7-5

( middle third middle quarter)

7-6 x-y x’-y’

 () x , y xy

( z) x' , y'

x' y '

7-7

x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2

x y x y
y' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2

x y
x'y' sin 2 xy con2
2

x' y' x y
 7-8

() x' y ' x' M ( x' ,

x' y ' )

2 2

x
x y 2
xy
x y 2
xy = ( )2
2 2

2
x y x y 2
ave , R xy
2 2

2 2
x ave xy R2
() C
( ave , 0) N ( x' ,- x' y ' )

1
( ) A
( max ) B ( min )
( x' y ' )

2
; tan 2 p = xy

x y
 ( x y x)
p p p = 90 + p 7.9

7-9

Q max min

2
x y x y 2
,
max min xy
2 2
2.
( ) D E

x' ave ( x y )/2 (

x , y xy ) s

x y
cos 2 s xy sin 2 s =0
2

tan 2 s = x y

2 xy
 7-10

s 90

2
x y 2
max xy
2

x y

( ')
x y
ave
2

tan 2 s = -1/tan 2 p 2 s

2 p 90 45

'x 'y ave , xy max

 7-11

1) A ( x , y ) B ( x , y )
(A B)
x y

2) 1 AB
AB

3)

x AB
2 (
x)

1. 2
(normal to the planes)
2.
x
 x 2 y
x 180 7.11
3. a p x
a x 2 p

( x)

7-12

4. 45
d a 90

7-13
 7

7.1 10 mm x 10 mm P
10 mm

P Mc
= = -P/A
A I

1 3
I = bh
12
1
= (10 10 3 )(10 10 3 ) 3
12
1
= 10 8 m 4
12

P Mc
A I
P Mc P Pec
=
A I A I
P P(10 10 3 )(5 10 3 )
= -
10 10 (10 10 3 )
3
1
10 8
12
= -7 x 104 P

P
A
P
a = 1 10 4 P
10 10 (10 10 3 )
3

7
=
a 1
7.2 A-B
A- B
) 160 mm
) 160 mm

A-B

) 160 mm A- B

1 3
I bh
12
1
I = 160 10 3
80 10 3 3

12
= 6.827 x 10-6 m4
AB
P Pec
A I
240 (240)(40 10 3 ) 40 10 3
=
160 10 3 80 10 3
6.827 10 6
= 75 MPa
 ) 160 mm

2
1 4 1 2 4r
I = r r
8 2 3
= 0.11 r4
= (0.11)(80 x 10-3)4
= 4.506 x 10-6 m4

P Mc P 4r
M = Pe =
A I 3

3 3
4 80 10 4 80 10
(240)
240 3 3
=
4.506 10 6
(80 10 3 ) 2
2
= 85.3 MPa

7.3 P (bracket)
t 30 MPa c 70 MPa

P A-B

P
 P (P)
(M = Pd = 0.300P) A–B A B
P My
A t =
A I
P 0.300 P 0.050
30 x 106 = 6
8000 10 20 10 6
P = 34.3 kN
P Mc
B c =
A I
P 0.300 P 0.150
-70 x 106 = 6
8000 10 20 10 6
P = 32.9 kN
P = 32.9 kN

7.4 AD 100 mm 300 mm A

CE C

FBD T C
C,B CD
 FBD
MA 0, -3T + 15(2) + 10(6) = 0
T = 30 kN

a-a
30 kN C D ()
a-a FBD

P Pec
A I
30 (20)(0.150)
max = - 14.3MPa
(0.100)(0.300) 2.25 10 4
max = 14.3 MPa ( )
 b-b
15 kN B D b-b
FBD

P Mc
A I
39 5(0.150)
max = - 4.63 MPa
(0.100)(0.300) 2.25 10 4
max = 4.63 MPa ( )

c-c CD
P Mc
A I
6 10(0.150)
max = - 6.87 MPa
(0.100)(0.300) 2.25 10 4
max = 4.87 MPa ( )
14.3 MPa
7.5 P P
A-B t 8 MPa C 12 MPa

P Px Py Px
A- B

FBD A- B

3
P Px = 4
P Py = P Px D
5 5
FBD A-B
A-B A-B 4
P
5
MA-B = -M1 + M2
3 4
M= P (0.500) P (0.200)
5 5
= -0.14 P kN m
A B ( )
( B)
 P My B
t
A I
4
P
3 5 0.14 P(0.200)
8 x 10 = 6
8000 10 50 10 6
P= 12.1 kN
( A)
P My A
c
A I
4
P
5 0.14 P(0.100)
-12 x 103 = 6
8000 10 50 10 6
P = 66.67 kN
P = 12.1 kN

7.6 A B

FBD RC FBD
A-B (M) (P)

FBD
MD 0,
RC(1000)- 4
20 (600)
3
20 (200)
3
100 ( 200)
4
100 (800) 0
5 5 5 5
RC = 83.2 kN
 FBD A-B

M M L ,
M = 83.2(0.600)+2.4 – 12 – 16(0.200) – 80(0.400)
= +5.12 kN m
A
B
P My
A I
P My A
A A =
A I
= - 72 5.12(0.100)
(0.080)(0.200) 1
(0.080)(0.200 3 )
12
= -14.1 MPa
= 14.1 MPa ( )
P My B
B B =
A I
= 72 5.12(0.100)
(0.080)(0.200) 1
(0.080)(0.200 3 )
12
= 0.10 MPa ( )
7.7

12 mm 800 N

)
A-B
)

FBD A-B
P

)
FBD A–B
P = 800 N
M = 800(0.015) = 12 N m
A = r2 = (0.0062)
1 4
I = r
4
1
= 0.006 4 1.018 10 9
m4
4
M A-B
A B
P My
A I
P My A
A A =
A I
800 12(0.600)
= 6
113.1 10 1.018 10 9
= 77.8 MPa ( )
P My B
B B =
A I
800 12(0.600)
= 6
= -63.6 MPa
113.1 10 1.018 10 9
 = 63.6 MPa ( )
)

P My
=0
A I

P My 0
0 =
A I
P I 800 1.018 10 9
y0 = =
A M 113.1 10 6
12
= 0.600 x 10-3 m
= 0.6 mm

7.8
30 MPa
120 MPa
P

FBD A-B P C
A-B
 A = (0.09 x 0.02)+(0.040 x 0.030)
= 3 x 10-3 m2
y = 0.038 m
I N.A = 868 x 10-9 m4
d = 0.038 – 0.01 = 0.028
C P D C

PC = P, M = Pd = 0.028 P
M= 0.028 P A-B
A B
P My
A I
P My A
A A =
A I
30 x 103 = - P
3
0.028 P (0.022)
3 10 868 10 9
P = 79.6 kN
My B
B B = -P
A I
3 P 0.028 P (0.022)
-120 x 10 = 3
3 10 868 10 9
P = 77.0 kN

P = 77 kN
7.9 4.80 kN
80 x 120 Mm
) A,B,C D
)

4.80 kN y P = 4.80
kN 2 MX MZ
a f1 f2

) A,B,C D
(P , Mx MZ )
(1)
MX = 4.80(0.040) = 192 N m
MZ = 4.80(0.025) = 120 N m

1
IX = (0.120)(0.080 3 )
12
= 5.12 x 10-6 m4
1
IZ = (0.080)(0.120 3 )
12
= 11.52 x 10-6 m4
A = (0.080)(0.120)
= 9.60 x 10-3 m2
P
a
A
4.80
A = 3
= 0.5 MPa
9.60 10
 MX
M x Z max 192(0.040)
f1 = =
Ix 5.12 10 6
= 1.5 MPa

MZ
M x X max 120(0.060)
f2 = =
IZ 11.52 10 6
= 0.625 MPa

= a f1 f2

Mx A B f1 -
C D f1 +
MZ B C f2 +
A D f2 -
A = a f1 f2

= -0.5 - 1.5 - 0.625

= -2.625 MPa
A = 2.625 MPa ( )

B = a f1 f2

= -0.5 - 1.5 + 0.625

= -1.375 MPa
B = 1.375 MPa ( )
C = a f1 f2

= -0.5 + 1.5 + 0.625

= 1.625 MPa ( )
D = a f1 f2

= -0.5 + 1.5 - 0.625

= 0.375 MPa ( )
 )
(2) G B C
H A D
BG 1.375
= BG = 36.7 mm
80 1.625 1.375
HA 2.625
= HA = 70 mm
80 2.625 0.375
G H

7.10 P = 80 kN b = 200 mm h=
400 mm x = 40 mm y = 60 mm
) 4 A,B,C D
)

7.9

P = 80 kN P = -80 kN, Mx =
-4.8 kN m My = 3.2 kN m (1)
) 4 A,B,C D

1
IX = (0.400)(0.200 3 )
12
= 2.67 x 10-4 m4
1
Iy = (0.200)(0.400 3 )
12
= 1.07 x 10-3 m4
A = (0.200)(0.400) = 0.08 m2

P
a
A

a = - 80 = -1.0 MPa
0.08

MX
M x y max
f1 =
Ix
4.8(0.100)
=
2.67 10 4
= 1.797 MPa
My
M y x X max
f2 =
Iy
3.2(0.200)
=
1.07 10 3
= 0.598 MPa

= a f1 f2

Mx A D f1 -
B C f1 +
My C D f2 -
A B f2 +
A = a f1 f2

= -1.0 - 1.797 + 0.598

 = 2.199 MPa ( )

B = a f1 f2

= -1.0 - 1.797 + 0.598

= 1.395 MPa ( )

C= a f1 f2

= -1.0 + 1.797 - 0.598

= 0.199 MPa ( )
D = a f1 f2

= -1.0 - 1.797 - 0.598

= 3.395 MPa ( )

)
2 G A B
E C D
BG 1.395
= BG = 77.63 mm
200 1.395 2.199
CE 0.199
= CE = 11.07 mm
200 0.199 3.395
G E

7.11 7.10

B (80+P) kN
B = 0

B P
B =0
 B a f1 f2

80 P
0 = - 1.797 0.598
0.08 10 3
P = 112 kN

7.12
)
)
)

P (7.15) max , min

(7.17) (7.18) max

)
x = +50 MPa, y = -10, xy = +40 MPa
( )
2 2( 40) 80
tan 2 P = xy
= =
x y 50 ( 10) 60
2 P = 53.1 180 + 53.1 = 233.1
P = 26.6 116.6
)
2

,
max min = x y x y 2
xy
2 2
= 20 30 2 40 2

max = 70 MPa ( )
min = 30 MPa ( )
 (1)
= 26.6 (7.7)
)
2

max = x y 2
xy 30 2 40 2
2
= 50 MPa

45 S = -18.4
x max
ABC
= ave
50 10
= x y
=
2 2
= 20 Mpa

7.13 P 900 N
ABD D
AB 36 mm
)
H
x y
)
H
 P H
P1 –Z Mx My

P B My = 900
(0.540) = 486 N m P
C H
Mx = 900 (0.300) = 270 N m
) H
x,y
My xy Mx
y x = 0 xy
y
My
M xC
y
I
(270)(0.018)
y = = 58.9 MPa
4
0.018
4
( )
Tr
xy
J
(486)(0.018)
xy = = 53.1 MPa
4
0.018
2
H x = 0, y = 58.9 MPa xy = 53.1 MPa

) H
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y

2(53.1)
tan 2 p = 1.80
0 58.9
2 p = -61.0 180 - 61 = 119
p = -30.5 , +59.5
 2

max, min = x y x y 2
xy
2 2
2
0 58.9 0 58.9
= (53.12 )
2 2

max = +90.2 MPa

min = -31.27 MPa
ab H p = -30.5
x

7.14
= 80 MPa
x

y = -40 MPa
+30
+120 x

7.5

- A ( , )=
(+80,0) B ( , ) = (-40,0) AB C
( = CA = 80 – 20 = 60 MPa) CA x
CB y
 +30 x
DCA = 2(30) = 60 CA
D E ( , ) D
+30 x( )
= OF = OC+CF
= 20+60 cos 60 = 50 MPa
= DF = 60 sin 60 = 52.0 MPa
E
120 x
= OG = OC-CG
= 20-60 cos 60 = -10 MPa
= GE = -60 sin 60 = -52.0 MPa
 +30 (
) D ( )
( +120 x) E

7.15

)
AB
)
CD AB

(7.7) (7.9)

) , AB

x = +80 MPa, y = -100 MPa

xy = -60 MPa
= +42 ( )
x y x y
' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2
80 100 80 100
= cos 84 + (-60) sin 84
2 2
= 60.3 MPa ( )
x y
' sin 2 xy cos 2
2
 80 100
= sin 84 - 60 cos 84
2
= -95.8 MPa
) , CD

= -48 ( )
80 100 80 100
= cos ( 96 )
2 2
+ (-60) sin (-96 )
= 40.3 MPa ( )

80 100
= sin (-96 )-60 cos (-96 )
2
= 95.8 MPa
(AB CD )

7.16 50 mm
30 mm 10 mm

mm

)
AB
) CD AB

mm x
2

45
x = = 150 MPa ( )
(0.030)(0.010)
30
y = = 60 MPa ( )
(0.050)(0.010)
 30
= tan-1 30.96
50
= -(90-30.96)
= -59.04 ( )
2 = -118.1

A(150, 0) B(60,0) AB
C ( = CA = 45 MPa) CA
x CB y

DC A 118.1

x D E
( , ) D mm
D = OF = OB+BC-CF
= 60+45-45 cos 61.9
= 83.8 MPa
= DF = -45 sin 61.9
= -39.7 MPa

mm
= 83.8 MPa ,
= -39.7
 E mm
= OC+CG
= 105+45 cos 61.9
= 126.2 MPa
= EG = +45 sin 61.9
= 39.7 MPa

7.17
mm

7.16
 ( a)
mm 25
x
a x 50

A(-
40, -60) B(80,60) AB
C
CB = 60 2 MPa
ACD = 50 CA
D E ( , ) D
mm
= OF = FC-OC
= -(60 2 cos 5 -20)
= -64.5 MPa
= DF = 60 2 sin 5
= 7.4 MPa
mm
= -64.5 MPa , = 7.4 MPa

7.18
o = 80 MPa
) o
100MPa
)

ave =1 x y max = ave +R

2
 x (80, o

) Y (0, o ) XY
C C
A B C
1
ave = ( z y)
2
1
= (80 0)
2
= 40 MPa
A
max = 100 MPa
max = ave + R
100 = 40+ R
R = 60 MPa
) o
CF
Cos CFX = cos 2 p =
R
40
=
60
2 p = 48.2 ( )
p = 24.1 ( )
o = R sin 2 p

= 60 sin 48.2
= 44.7 MPa
)
D
max = R = 60 MPa
2 s = 90 - 2 p = 90 -48.2
= 41.8 ( )
s = 20.9 ( )
 o

7.19

x (40, -50) Y (-80,50)

XY XY
90

x
(40,-50) Y (-80, 50 )
XY C C

A B

R = 50 2 60 2 = 78.1 MPa
80 40
FC = CG = = 60 MPa
2
OC = 60-40 = 20 MPa
OA = 78.1-20 = 58.1 MPa
50
tan 2 p =
60
2 p = +39.81 ( )
p = +19.9

min = OA
 = 58.1 MPa ( )
max = OB = OC+CB
= -(20+78.1)
= 98.1 MPa ( )

XY (90 + 2 p ) X
D E

max = 78.1 MPa,

= -20 MPa
2 S = 90 + 2 p
= (90 + 39.81 ) = 129.81
S = +64.9 ( )

7.20 10 mm
1400 kPa
30 MPa

y = pD/4t x =
pD/2t
 pD 1400D
y = = = 35 D MPa
4t 4(0.010)
pD 1400D
x = = = 70 D MPa
2t 2(0.010)
A(70D,O) B(35D,0) AB
C AB
2 = 90 D E

max = 17.5D
17.50 = 30
D = 1.714 m

7.21 2 35
MPa 30 MPa

( )
x y
 N (0,30)
M (0,-30) MN

MN
x 2 n =
120 x
x
CX = 30 MPa
= CF = 30 cos 30
= 25.98 MPa
( )
= -DF = -30 sin 30
= -15 MPa ( )

() () ()
 x y
2 p x

max = CX = 20 2 25.98 2
= 32.8 MPa
max = 32.8 MPa
min = -32.8 MPa
20
2 p = -tan-1 = -37.6
25.98
p = -18.8 ( )

7.22 3

x 7.21

( )
A (-40,0)
B (0,0) AB C
AB x 2 n = 120
x x
 = CB-CF
= -(20-20 cos 60 ) = -10 MPa
= DF = -20 sin
60
= -17.32 MPa
Y
= AB-GA
= -(40-10) = -30 MPa
= 17.32 MPa
( )
D (20,0) E
(0,0) DE C
DE x 2 n = 120 X
x
 = EF = EC-CF
= (10-10 cos 60 ) = 5 MPa
= XF = -10 sin 60
= -8.66 MPa
Y
= DE-DG
= (20-5) = 15 MPa
= +8.66 MPa

() () () ( )
 x y
2 p x
CP = 20 2 25.98 2
= 32.8 MPa
max = CL+OC
= 32.8 +5 = 37.8 MPa
min = OM = CM - OC
= -(32.8-5) = -27.8 MPa
max = -37.8 MPa
min = -27.8 MPa
25.98
2 p = -tan-1 = 52.41
20
p = 26.2 ( )

7.23 ( )

A x = 250 mm
20
mm A
20 mm 50 kN

A-B
= VQ/Ib
FBD A-B

M M R ,
M = -(30)(0.250) = -7.5 kN m
A
B
My
f
I
(7.5)(0.020)
A f = = 52.083 MPa ( )
1
(0.020)(0.120 3 )
12

P
a
A
(40)
a = = 16.67 MPa ( )
(0.020)(0.120)

a f

= +16.67+52.083 = 68.753 MPa ( )

V = +30 kN
Q Ay
Q = (40)(20)(40) = 32 x 103 mm 3
= 32 x 10-6 m3
VQ
Ib
(30)(32 10 6 )
= = 16.67 MPa
1
(0.020)(0.120 3 )(0.020)
12
 (1) A X Y
A x y

D E G H

68.75
CO = CF = = 34.38 MPa
2
R = XF 2 CF 2 = 16.67 2 34.38 2
= 38.21 MPa
16.67
2 p = -tan-1 = -25.8
34.38
D max = OC+CD
= 34.38 + 38.21 = 72.59 MPa ( )
E min = -OE = (CE – OC)
= -(38.21 – 34.38) = 3.83 MPa ( )
p = 12.9 ( )
G = 34.38 MPa ( )
= 38.21 MPa
H = 34.38 MPa ( )
= -38.21 MPa
2 s = 90 – 25.8 = 64.2
s = 32.1 ( )
7.24 ( )
100 mm 140 kN
4 70 MPa s
90 MPa

P
A
140
= = 56 MPa ( )
(0.05 2 )
16T
d3
16T 16T
= = MPa
(0.100 3 )
x
x y y
 max = 70 MPa (R = 70 MPa)
R2 = XF2 + FC2
2
2 16T
70 = + 282
T = 12.6 kN m
max = 90 MPa ( ) (DO = -90 MPa)
R = DO-CO = 90-28 = 62 MPa
R2 = XF2 + FC2
2
2 16T
62 = + 282
T = 10.86 kN m

[P = 2 fT]
T = 12.6 kN m P = 2 (4)(12.6) = 317 kW
T = 10.86 kN m P = 2 (4)(10.86) = 277 kW
P = 273 kW
7.25 ( )
50 mm
4000 N 3600 N
A

A
( V) ( T)

A
MZ = 3600 (0.090)
= 324 N m
MZc M zc
f = =
I r4 /4
324(0.025)
=
Z 0.025 4 ) / 4
= 26.4 MPa ( )

A
4000 N
VQ
Ib
0.025
(4000) (0.025 2 )(4)
2 3
V =
(0.025 4 )(0.050)
4
V = 2.72 MPa
 16T
T
d3
16(3600)(0.150)
T =
(0.05 3 )
= 22 MPa
A
= + T =
V 2.72+22
= 24.72 MPa
A
x
x y Y D E

CD = CX = CZ = CE = 24.7 2 13.2 2
= 28 MPa
24.7
2 p = -tan-1 = -61.88
13.2
p = -30.94 ( )
max = OC+CD = 28 cos 61.88 + 28
= 41.2 MPa ( )
 min = -OE = (CE – OC)
= -(28 – 28 cos 61.88 )
= 14.8 MPa ( )
max = 41.2 MPa
min = -14.8 MPa
p = -30.94

7.26 ( ) 100
mm 3 50 kN
2 kN m 3 kN m

Mc 2 (0.05)
f = =
I (0.05 4 ) / 4
= 64 MPa
P P
a =
A r2
50
= 20 MPa
(0.05 2 )
16T
=
d3
16(3 )
= 48MPa ( )
(0.100 3 )
 x
X y Y D
E G
CE = CG = CD = CX
= 48 2 42 2 = 63.8 MPa
48
2 p = -tan-1 = -48.8 ( )
42
max = OC+CD
= 63.8 cos 48.8 + 63.8
= 106 MPa ( )
min = CE – OC
= -(63.8-63.8 cos 48.8 )
= 21.8 MPa ( )
max = CG = 63.8 MPa
B
 x X
y Y D
E G
CE = CG = CD = CX
= 48 2 22 2 = 52.8 MPa
48
2 p = -tan-1 = -65.4 ( )
22
min = OD = CD – CO
= 52.8 – 52.8 cos 65.4
= 30.8 MPa ( )
max = EO = CE+CO
= -(52.8+52.88 cos 65.4 )
= 74.8 MPa ( )
max = CG = 52.8 MPa
A B
106 MPa
74.8 MPa
63.8 MPa

7.27 ( ) 100 mm
30 2500 N m

= 80 MPa = 100 MPa

 Mc 4M
f
I r3
4(2500 )
f = = 80 MPa
(0.050 3 )
Tr
J
2T 2T
= =
r3 (0.050 3 )
= 5093T kPa ( T kN)
= 5.039 T MPa
x y
X Y
max = 80 MPa R = 80 MPa
max = OC + CD = 40 + 80 = 120 MPa
max > 100 MPa

max= 100 MPa R = OD – OC = 100 – 40 = 60

MPa ( max = 60 MPa ) CX = 60 MPa CF = 40 MPa

XF = 5.093T = 62 2 40 2 = 44.7 MPa

T = 8.78 kN m

[P = 2 fT]
P = 2 (30)(8.78) = 1.65 MW
7.28 ( )
T M
T,M r
T
= 1200 N m M = 900 N m 100 MPa
70 MPa

4M 2T
f
r3 r3

4M 2T
f = ( ), = ( )
r3 r3

2 2 2
1 2M 2T
max = R = f
2

2 r3 r3
2
= M2 T2
r3
Te (equivalent torque) Te = M2 T2
2Te
max =
r3

1 2M 2Te
max = f R
2 r3 r3
2
= ( M Te )
r3
 1
Me (equivalent moment) Me = (M Te )
2
4m E
max =
r3
T = 1200 N m M = 900 N m 100 MPa 70 MPa

Te = M2 T2 900 2 1200 2
= 1500 N m
1 1
Me = (M Te ) (900 1500)
2 2
= 1200 N m
2Te
max
r3
2(1500)
70 x 106 =
r3
r = 23.9 x 10-3 m = 23.9 mm
4M e
max
r3
4(1200)
100 x 106 =
r3
r = 24.8 x 10-3 m = 24.8 mm
r = 24.8 mm
d = 2 x 24.8 = 49.6 mm
7.29 max

70 MPa max 120 MPa B C E

(MV) (MH)
M= M H2 M V2 (T)
Me Te
2Te / r 3 = 4Me/ r3

M= M H2 M V2
MB = 1250 2 3625 2
= 3834 N m
MC = 3750 2 2875 2
= 4725 N m
MD = 5000 2 0
= 5000 N m
B TB = 3000(0.50) = 1500 N m
C TC = 1500(0.50) = 750 N m
E TE = 1500(0.50) = 750 N m

C D (dangerous sections)
C Te = M2 T2
= 4725 2 1500 2 = 4957 N m
1
Me = ( M Te )
2
1
= (4725 4957) = 4841 N m
2
D Te = M2 T2
= 5000 2 750 2 = 5056 N m
1
Me = ( M Te )
2
1
= (5000 5056) = 5028 N m
2
Te,max = 5056 N m
Me,max = 5028 N m
2Te
r3
2(5056)
70 x 106 =
r3
r = 35.8 x 10-3 m = 35.8 mm
4M e
r3
4(5028)
120 x 106=
r3
r = 37.7 x 10-3 m = 37.7 mm
d = 2 x 37.7 = 75.4 mm
d = 80 mm
7.30 max

60 MPa max 80 MPa A C E

7.29

M= M H2 M V2
MB = 2180 2 02
= 2180 N m
MC = 890.4 2 1200 2
= 1494 N m
MD = 02 2400 2
= 2400 N m
A TA = 4550(0.40) = 1820 N m
C TC = 3050(0.40) = 1220 N m
E TE = 2000(0.30) = 600 N m

2 B D
B Te = M2 T2
= 2180 2 1820 2 = 2540 N m
1
Me = ( M Te )
2
1
= (2180 2840) = 2510 N m
2
D Te = M2 T2
= 2400 2 600 2 = 2474 N m
1
Me = ( M Te )
2
1
= (2400 2474) = 2437 N m
2
Te,max = 2840 N m
Me,max = 2510 N m
2Te
r3
2(2840)
60 x 106 =
r3
r = 31.1 x 10-3 m = 31.1 mm
4M e
r3
4(2510)
80 x 106=
r3
r = 34.2 x 10-3 m = 34.2 mm
d = 2 x 34.2 = 68.4 mm