CLASS NOTES

CLASS-IX DATE: 05/08/2021

SUBJECT: SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) TOPIC: Is matter around us pure (Chapter-2)

Impure substances or mixtures: The combination of two or more substances

which are physically mixed and are not chemically combined with each other
and also be present in any proportions. The mixtures are of two types. These
are homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture:

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

➢ The constituents present are
uniformly mixed and have no
boundaries of separation.
➢ The constituents cannot be
easily seen.
➢ The constituents cannot be
easily separated.
➢ Eg: air, soda water, vinegar etc.
➢ The constituents may not be
uniformly mixed and have clear
boundaries of separation.
➢ The constituents can be easily
seen.
➢ The constituents can be easily
separated.
➢ Eg: soil, muddy water, chalk-
water mixture

Solution:

▪ A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

▪ It has two components. Major component is solvent and the minor
component is solute.
▪ The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is
called the solvent and the component of the solution that is dissolved in
the solvent is called the solute.

Identify the solute and solvent from the following solutions:

i) Sugar solution: - Solute – sugar; Solvent – water

ii) Tincture of iodine: - Solute – iodine; Solvent – alcohol
iii) Soda water: - Solute – carbon dioxide; Solvent – water
iv) Copper sulphate solution: - Solute – copper sulphate; Solvent – water

Saturated and unsaturated solutions:

 ▪ A solution is saturated if it has the maximum amount of the solute
dissolved in it at a given temperature. In case, it is less than the
maximum amount the solution is regarded as unsaturated solution.
▪ It becomes unsaturated upon heating and supersaturated upon cooling.

Properties of a solution:

➢ A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

➢ The particles of a solution are smaller than 1nm. So, they cannot be
seen by naked eyes.
➢ The particles of a solution do not scatter beam of light passing through
it. So, the path of the light is not visible in a solution.
➢ The solute particles cannot be separated by the process of filtration.
➢ It is stable.

Concentration of a solution:

▪ The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given

amount of solution. It is normally expressed as mass by mass percent or
as volume by volume percent.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mass percent = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mass by volume percent = × 100
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Eg: 1. A solution contains 35g of common salt in 300g of water. Calculate the
concentration of the solution.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Ans: Concentration of a solution = × 100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Mass of common salt = 35g
Mass of water = 300g
Mass of solution = (300+ 35) = 335g
35
Concentration of a solution = 335 x 100 = 10.45%

2. Calculate the masses of cane sugar and water required to prepare 250g of
25% solution of cane sugar.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Ans: Mass percent = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
x 100
Given,
Mass percent =25
Mass of solution = 250g
 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
25 = x100
250
25𝑥250
Mass of solute = = 62.5g
100
Mass of water = 250 – 62.5
= 187.5g

3. A solution contains 5ml of alcohol mixed with 75 ml of water. Calculate the

concentration of the solution in terms of volume percent.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Ans: Concentration = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 x 100
Volume of alcohol = 5ml
Volume of solution = (5+75) = 80 ml
5
Concentration = x 100 = 6.25%
80

Suspension:

▪ A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do

not dissolve but remain suspended through the bulk of the medium.
▪ Eg: muddy water, milk of magnesia, some paints etc.

Properties of suspension:

i) Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.

ii) The particles of a suspension can be seen by naked eye.
iii) The particles scatter a beam of light passing through it and make its path
visible.
iv) The particles can be separated by the process of filtration.
v) It is unstable.

Properties of Colloidal solution or Colloids:

i) A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.

ii) The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually seen by
naked eyes.
iii) Colloidal solution scatters the beam of light passing through it.
iv) It has two components- dispersed phase and dispersion medium
v) It can be separated by centrifugation.
vi) They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, it is quite stable.

Common examples of colloids:

Dispersed Dispersion Type Examples
phase medium
 ➢ Liquid ➢ Gas ➢ Aerosol ➢ Fog, clouds,
mist
➢ Solid ➢ Gas ➢ Aerosol ➢ Smoke,
automobile
exhaust
➢ Gas ➢ Liquid ➢ Foam ➢ Shaving
cream
➢ Liquid ➢ Liquid ➢ Emulsion ➢ Milk, face
cream
➢ Solid ➢ Liquid ➢ Sol ➢ Milk of
magnesia,
mud
➢ Gas ➢ Solid ➢ Foam ➢ Foam,
rubber,
sponge,
pumice
➢ Liquid ➢ Solid ➢ Gel ➢ Jelly, cheese,
butter
➢ Solid ➢ Solid ➢ Solid sol ➢ Coloured
gemstone,
milky glass

Answer these questions:

1. What is Tyndall effect?

Ans: The scattering of the beam of light by the dispersed phase particles in a
colloidal solution as it passes through it is known as Tyndall effect.

2. Why particles in a true solution cannot be seen with a naked eye?

Ans: Particle size in a true solution is less than 1nm. The particles are too
small to scatter the beam of light and therefore cannot be seen with
naked eye.

3. What happens when a saturated solution of sodium chloride prepared

at 600C is allowed to cool at room temperature?
Ans: A small amount of the salt gets separated at the bottom of the
container as a residue.

4. Why is Tyndall effect not seen in a true solution?

Ans: In a true solution, the particle size is so small that it does not scatter
the beam of light.

5. Distinguish between physical change and chemical change.

Ans:
 Physical change
➢ It is a temporary change
➢ It is reversible.
➢ No new substance is formed
➢ Identities of the substances do
not change.
➢ Only the physical properties of
the substances change.
➢ Energy changes normally do
not occur.
6. Differences between mixtures and compounds:
Ans:
Mixtures
➢ A mixture is not a pure
substance
➢ The constituents are not
present in a fixed ratio.
➢ They may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous in nature.
➢ It shows the properties of the
constituent substances
➢ The constituents can be
separated easily by physical
methods.
Chemical change
➢ It is a permanent change
➢ It is irreversible.
➢ New substances are always
formed
➢ Identities of the substances
change.
➢ Both physical and chemical
properties change.
➢ Energy changes always takes
place.
Compounds
➢ It is a pure substance
➢ The elements are present in the
fixed ratio by mass.
➢ They are always homogeneous
➢ The new substance has totally
different properties.
➢ The constituents can be
separated only by chemical
methods