Chapter 5 Circuit Theorems

Exercises
Ex 5.3-1 R = 10 Ω and is = 1.2 A.

Ex 5.3-2 R = 10 Ω and is = -1.2 A.

Ex 5.3-3 R = 8 Ω and vs = 24 V.

Ex 5.3-4 R = 8 Ω and vs = -24 V.

20 10 2
Ex 5.4-1 vm = 15+ 20( − 2) =6+ 20( − ) =−2 V
10+ 20+ 20 10+ (20+ 20) 5

25 3
Ex 5.4-2 im = − 5=5−3= 2 A
3+ 2 2+3

3 3
Ex 5.4-3 vm =3( 5) − 18=5−6=−1 A
3+ (3+3) 3+ (3+3)

Ex 5.5-1
Ex 5.5-2

2 i a − 12
ia = ⇒ i a = −3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = −6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a ⇒ i a = −3 A
2
3 i sc = 2 i a ⇒ i sc = ( −3 ) = −2 A
3

−6
Rt = =3Ω
−2

Ex. 5.5–3 No independent sources ∴ v oc = i sc = 0 ⇒ apply 1A test source

v ab = v t

vt
KCL at a: 2v t + − 1 = 0 ⇒ vt = 25 V
2 Thev. equiv. ckt
v
∴ RT = t = 25 Ω
it
Ex 5.6-1

Finally:

Ex 5.6-2

2 i a − 12
ia = ⇒ i a = −3 A
6
voc = 2 i a = −6 V

12 + 6 i a = 2 i a ⇒ i a = −3 A
2
3 i sc = 2 i a ⇒ i sc = ( −3 ) = −2 A
3

−6
Rt = =3Ω
−2
Ex. 5.6-3
12 × 24 12 × 24
RT = = = 8Ω
12+24 36
24
v oc = 30 = 20V
12+24

So we have 20
i= A
8+R

Ex. 5.7-1 Find v oc

From voltage divider

 6 
v oc = 18V
 6+ 3 = 12V

Find R T (short 18V source)

= 3 6+ 2 = 4Ω

∴Thev. equiv ckt ⇒

( v RL )2 (6 )2
For max power to R L ⇒ R L = R T =4Ω ∴ P = = = 9W
max RL 4
to R L

Ex. 5.7-2 Find i sc From current divider

 25 
i sc = 5.6 A
 25+3
i sc = 5A

Find RT (open 5.6A source) R T = 25+ 3 = 28 Ω

∴ Norton equiv. ckt À

2 2
For max power R L = R T = 28Ω ∴ P = (i ) R L = (5 2) (28) =175W
L max RL
Ex. 5.7-3 10V 5  "# 2

 5+R  #$
=!
(v L )2 t
PL = max
max RL RL

Now for VL to be maximized, Rt must be minimized

∴ choose R t = 1Ω
10 5 "# 2

∴ PL = !  6 $ = 13.9W
max 5

Ex. 5.7-4

v  2
vT 2
Pmax = 5 =
 40 
T
20 =
80
vT = 400 = 20V
PROBLEMS
Section 5-3: Source Transformations
P5.3-1
(a)

∴ R t = 2Ω
v t = − 0.5V
 (b) −9 − 4i − 2i + ( −0.5) = 0
−9 + ( −0.5)
i = = −1.58A
4+2
v = 9 + 4i = 9 + 4( −1.58) = 2.67V
(c) i a = i = − 1.58A

P5.3-2

16
KVL: − 10 + 3i a + 4i a − =0 ∴ i a = 2.19A
3
P5.3-3

V = (1.2kΩ )(2.5mA) = 3V

P5.3-4

KVL a: − 6 + i (9 +19) − 36 − v 0 = 0
⇒ v o = − 42 + 28 (5 / 2) = 28V
P5.3-5

− 4 − 2000 i a − 4000i a + 10 − 2000 i a − 3 = 0

∴ i a = 375 µA

P5.3-6

0V = (3 + R L ) (2A)
5 = 3+R L
∴ R L = 2Ω
Section 5-4 Superposition
P5.4-1

−12 − 6i a + 24 − 3i a − 3 = 0 ⇒ i a = 1 A

P5.4–2 Consider 6A source only (open 9A source)

From current divider:

 15 "# ⇒ v
v1 / 20 = 6
!15 + 30 $ 1 = 40V

Consider 9A source only (open 6A source)

Current divider
 10 "# ⇒ v
v 2 / 20 = 9
!10 + 35 $ 2= 40V

∴ v = v1 + v 2 = 40 + 40 = 80V

P5.4–3 Consider 12V source only (open both current sources)

KVL a: 20i1 + 12 + 4i1 + 12i1 = 0

⇒ i1 = −1/ 3mA
 Consider 12mA source only (short 12V and open 6mA sources)

From current divider

 16 "# 4
i2 = 3
!16+ 20 $ =
3
mA

Consider 9mA source only (short 12V and open 12mA sources)

From current divider

 12 "#
i3 = − 9
! 24 +12 $ = −3mA

∴ i = i1 + i 2 + i 3 = −1/ 3 + 4/3 − 3 = − 2 mA

P5.4–4 Consider 30mA source only (open 15mA and short 60V sources)

 2  = 6mA
Current divider ⇒ I = 30
 2+8
 6  = 2mA
∴ i1 = I
 6+12
Consider 15mA source only (open 30mA source and short 60V source)
Continued

4
Current divider ⇒ I = 15
 4+6  = 6mA

 6 
∴ i2 = I
 6+12  = 2mA

Consider 15V source only (open both current sources)

From current divider

 6/ /6   3 
i 3 = − 2.5
 6/ /6+12  = − 10
 3+12  = −. 5mA

∴ i = i1 + i 2 + i 3 = 2+2 −.5 = 3.5mA

P5.4-5 Consider 10V source only (open 4A source)
KVL 1st mesh a:
 v  +5 v 
 3   3
−3v x + 5
1
x1 x1
−ix = 0 
⇒ v x 1 = 15i x (1)

KVL 2nd mesh a: 5 (i x − v x1 /3) + 10 + 5i x = 0 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously ⇒ v x1 = 10V

Consider 4A source only (short 10V source)

( 
) 
vx 2
Using current divider: 2
= 3 2v x − 4   ⇒ v x 2 = 16V
3 2
 2 + 3+ 5 2 
∴ v x = v x + v x = 10+16 = 26V
1 2

P5.4-6
KCL at b : i + 6i1 − 2 = 0
⇒ i1 = 1/3−1/ 6 i (1)
KVL around left lower mesh:
1(i1 +i)+3i1 −1 = 0 (2)

Plugging (1)into (2) ⇒ i = −1A

P5.4-7 Consider v2 source only

Voltage divider : v' = − v 2

 R "# 2

! R +R ||R $ 2 1 3

v' = − v
 R (R +R ) "# 2 1 3
Consider v1 source only ! R R +R R +R R $
2
1 2 1 3 2 3

 R ||R "# 2 3

! R ||R +R $
Voltage divider v" = v 1
2 3 1

 RR "# 2 3

! R R +R R +R R $
v" = v 1
1 2 1 3 2 3
Consider i1 source only

v' ' ' = 0 since no current flows through

R 2 ,R 3 and R 1

v1R 2 R 3 − v 2 (R 2 (R 1 +R 3 ))
∴ v = v ′ +v ′′ +v ′′′ =
R 1R 2 +R 1R 3 +R 2 R 3
Section 5-5: Thèvenin’s Theorem
Ex 5.5-1
P5.5-2 Use source transformations

R T = 10Ω
v oc = − 24V

P5.5-3 Use source transformations

Thev. equiv.ckt

P5.5-4 Find R T :

RT =
1
20 2 + 2.46 = 3.61Ω
20 + 2 + 2.4

Continued
Find v T :
v T = 2i1 + 4i 2
mesh i1 : 28i1 − 6i 2 = 0 116
mesh i 2 : − 6i1 + 10i 2 − 61 = 0 126

16 1 6
Solving 1 & 2 yields: i1 = 15
. A , i 2 = 7A
∴ v T = 3+ 28 = 31V
P5.5-5 Find v oc

KVL around 1st mesh a : − 50 + 2 i x − 20 + 4 i x = 0 ⇒ i x = 70 6 A

KVL around 2nd mesh a : − 4 i x +20+10i x + v oc = 0
⇒ v oc = − 90 V
Find i sc

1
KVL i x mesh a: − 50 + 2i x − 20 + 4 i x −i sc = 0 6
6i x −4i sc −70 = 0 116
1 6
KVL i sc mesh a: 4 i sc −i x +20+10i x = 0
6i x +4i sc +20 = 0 126
16 1 6
Solving 1 and 2 simultaneously ⇒ i sc = − 45 4 A
v oc
∴ RT = = 8Ω Thev. equiv.ckt :
i sc

P5.5-6
For v oc : v s − v oc
ix =
100
KCL at terminal a:
1
100
1 6 ! 1
v oc − v s − 9
1
100
1
6"#$
v s − v oc + v oc = 0
10
1
⇒ v oc = v s
2
Use current source at a-b to find RT:

v ab
ib = −
100
1  11
6"#$
1
KCL :
100 !
v ab − 9
100
− v ab + v ab − i = 0
10
1 v
⇒ i = v ab ∴ R T = ab = 5Ω
5 i
So Thev. equiv.
P5.5-7

vs + R1 ia + ( d + 1) R 2 ia = 0
vs
ia =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
( d + 1) R 2vs
v oc =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

vs
ia =
R1

i sc = ( d + 1) ia =
( d + 1) vs
R1

vT
−ia − d ia + − iT = 0
R2
R1 ia = −vT
vT vT R 2 ( d + 1) + R1
iT = ( d + 1) + =
R1 R 2 R1 R 2
vT R1 R 2
Rt = =
iT R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

(b) Let R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ. Then

1000 1000
625 Ω = R t = ⇒ d= − 2 = −0.4 A/A
d +2 625
and

5=
( d + 1) vs ⇒ vs =
−0.4 + 2
5 = 13.33 V
d +2 −0.4 + 1
P5.5-8
Since no independent sources v oc = i sc = 0 ∴ apply test source

V = v1 + vt

(V− 3 2 v1 ) V v1
KCL at V : 4 + 6+ 6 = 0 & with V = v1 + 1 so v1 = − 2A
v1 v 1
now i t = − = 1 A ∴ RT = t = = 3Ω
6 3 it 1
3

P5.5-9 R
V= v
R+R t t
2000
6 = vt (line 1)
2000 + R t
4000
2 = vt (line 2 )
4000 + R t

∴ v t = 1.2 V and R t = −1600Ω

8000
When R = 8000, V = 1.2 = 1.5V
8000−1600

P5.5-10

vt
i=
R+R t
vt
0.004 = (1)
2000+R t
vt
0.003 = (2)
4000+R t

so v t = 24 V and R t = 4000Ω

24
(a) 0.002 = ⇒ R = 8000Ω
R+4000

24
(b) when R = 0 then i = = 6 mA
4000
P5.5-11
From the graph, when v ab = v = 0 ⇒ i = i sc = 20 mA
when i = 0 ⇒ v = v oc = − 3 V
v oc −3V
∴ RT = = = −.15 kΩ = −150 Ω
i sc 20 mA

Thev. equiv. ckt À

P5.5-12

−12 + 6000 i a + 2000 i a + 1000 i a = 0

i a = 4 3000 A
4
v t = 1000 i a = V
3

0
ia = = 0
1000

−12 + 6000 i sc = 0 ⇒ i sc = 2 mA
4
vt
Rt = = 3 = 667 Ω
i sc .002

4
ib = 3
667+R

4
∴ i b = 0.002 requires R = 3 − 667 = 0
0.002
P5.5-13

1) disconnect R L
open circuit a − b KVL : − v ab − 4 i + 2i = 0, i = 10A
⇒ v T = v ab = − 2 i = −20 V

2) set independent source = 0 and place 1A source at a − b

KVL : − v ab − 4i + 2i = 0, i = 1A
⇒ v ab = − 2A
∴ R T = v ab 1 A = −2 Ω

3)

−20 V
−2 A = i L = ⇒ R L = 12 Ω
R L −2 Ω

P5.5-14
When the terminals of the boxes are open-circuited, no current flows in Box A, but the resistor in Box B
dissipates 1 watt. Box B is therefore warmer than Box A. If you short the terminals of each box, the resistor in
Box A will draw 1 amp and dissipate 1 watt. The resistor in Box B will be shorted, draw no current, and
dissipate no power. Then Box A will warm up and Box B will cool off.

P5.5-15
Redraw ckt as:
Since points A & B are at same
potential, virtually no current
exists between A-B ∴ open ckt.

Find R T : kill v cc source ⇒ R T = R 1 R 2 = R 1R 2 R 1 + R 2

 R 
v oc = v cc
 R +R 
2
Find v oc : voltage divider
1 2

 R 
where v oc = v cc
 R +R 
2
can replace above ckt as :
1 2

R 2 R1
RT =
R 2 + R1
P5.5-16

(a) Since there are no independent sources, apply test source

1
KCL at v be : − i t + 12 v be + v be − v c 1000 = 0 6

−1000i t + 501 v be − v c = 0 (1)

1 6
KCL at v c : v c − v be 1000 + 50 v be + v c 100 = 0
 11v +50000 v
c be = 0 (2)
1
also 1− v be 6 .1= i
t ( 3)
Solving (1), (2), & (3) simultaneously yields i t = 3.35 mA
vt 1V
∴ R IN = = = .299 kΩ = 299 Ω
it 3.35 mA

(b) Apply test source

1
KCL at v be : v be .1 + v be 2 + v be − v t 1000 = 0 6
 10501v = v be t (1)
KCL at v t : 1 v − v 6 1000 + 50 v + v 100 −1 = 0
t be be t

 11v + 49999 v −1000 = 0

t be (2)
Solving (1) & (2) yields : v t = 63.5 V
∴R out = v t i t = 635
. V 1 mA = 635
. kΩ

P5.5-17
When 0< V< Vp , it works as a pure resistor

so R = Vp I p Voc = 0
When Vp < V<Vm , it is linear but shows negative resistance characteristic

⇒ Voc = Voc I=0

= V1
Voc V
R = = − 1
I sc I1

When Vm < V< Vf , it is linear

so Voc = V I=0 = V2
Voc V − V2
R = = f
I sc Ip
Section 5-6: Norton’s Theorem

P5.6-1

P5.6-2

67
P5.6-3 Find v oc
1 6
KVL a i x : − 15 + i x 6 + 4 + 2i x + 3i x = 0
⇒ i x = 1 mA
∴ v oc = 3i x = 3V

Find i sc

KVL a i x + i sc : − 15 + 2i x + 10(i x + i sc ) + 3i x = 0
⇒ −15 + 15i x +10i sc = 0 (1)
KVL a i sc : −3i x + i sc = 0 (2)

Solving (1) & (2) simultaneously yields : i sc =1mA

v oc 3
∴ RT = = = 3kΩ Norton equiv. ckt.
i sc 1

P5.6-4

Find v oc by inspection i = 0
from left mesh : v1 = 3(1 3) = 1V
from KVL a: − v1 + 4i 4 Ω + v oc = 0
⇒ v oc = v1 − 4(5 2 v1 ) = −9V

Find i sc

from KVL a: − v1 + 4i sc + 10v1 + 5i sc = 0

⇒ 9v1 + 9i sc = 0 (1)
1 v
from KCL at P : − + 1 + i sc = 0 (2) (1) & (2) yields
3 3
v oc −9 1
∴ RT = = = −18Ω Norton equiv. ckt : i sc = A
i sc 1 2
2

68
Section 5-7: Maximum Power Transfer
P5.7-1 ∴

← RT = 101Ω = RL

(b)

2
Pmax = v 2L 101 = (50) 101 = 24.75 W

P5.7-2
(a) Use source transformations to reduce ckt.

Norton equiv. where R T = 60Ω ∴want R L = 60Ω

(b) Pmax = i 2R (R) = (30) 2 (60) = 54,000µ W= 54mW

P5.7-3 VL = VS
 R "#
!R +R $
L

S L

VL2 VS2 R L
∴ PL = =
RL (R S + R L ) 2

By inspection, PL is max when you vary RS to get the smallest denominator. ∴ set RS = 0

P5.7-4 Find R T using R T = v oc /i sc . First find v oc :

KCL at P: − i x −.9 + 10i x = 0 ⇒ i x = 0.1A

∴ v oc = 3 (10i x ) = 3V

Find i SC KCL at P: − i x −.9 + 10i x = 0 ⇒ i x = 01

.A
∴ i sc =10i x =1 A

pL =
VL 2
=
1.5 1 6 2
= 0.75 W
max RL 3

∴ R T = v oc i sc = 3Ω = R L for max power

69
P5.7-5 (a)
For max power R L = R T . First find v oc :

KVL a i1: − 4I 0 + 4i1 − 4 v x + 2(i1 − i 2 ) = 0

⇒ 6i1 − 2i 2 + 4 v x − 4I 0 = 0 (1)
KVL a i 2 : 2i 2 + 6i 2 − v x + 2(i 2 − i1 ) = 0
⇒ −2i1 + 10i 2 − v x = 0 (2)

also v x = 4i 2 (3)
and v oc = 6i 2 (4)
Solving (1), (2), (3), & (4) yields v oc = I 0

Find i sc KVL a i1 : − 4I 0 + 4i1 + 4v x + 2 (i1 − i sc ) = 0

⇒ 6i1 − 2isc + 4v x − 4I0 = 0 (1)

KVL a i x : 2i sc + 4i sc + 2(i sc − i1 ) = 0

⇒ −2i1 + 8isc = 0 (2)

also v x =−4isc (3)

v oc 3
Solving (1), (2), & (3) yields isc = 2 I 0 ∴R T = = Ω= R L
3 isc 2

(v oc 2) 2
(b) P = 54 W= =I 2
0 6
L max RL
⇒ I0 =18A

P5.7-6

Pmax = v T2 4 R T
R T = 8 + (20 + 120) (10 + 50)
Find R T ⇒ kill i source
= 50Ω

find v oc :

120 + 50
i10Ω = 20A
120 + 50 + 20 +10
= 17A
∴ v10Ω = 10(17) = 170V

v 50 Ω = 50(17 − 20) = −150V ⇒ v oc = v10Ω + v 50Ω = 170 − 150 = 20V

∴ Pmax = 202 = 2 W

70
PSpice Problems

SP 5-1

Input file
V1 1 0 dc 12
I2 2 1 dc 2
R3 2 0 2 result V(4)= v =4.952E+00V
R4 2 3 1
R5 1 3 2
R6 3 4 1
I7 0 3 dc 4
R8 4 0 2
.dc V1 12 12 1
.print dc V (4)
.END

SP 5-2
Input file
R1 1 0 2
I2 1 2 dc 2
R3 2 0 1 result
R4 2 3 2
R5 1 3 1 i = I(R1)=3.000E+00A
I6 0 3 dc 4
R7 1 4 2
V8 4 0 dc 12
.dc V8 12 12 1
.print dc I(R1)
.END

SP 5-3
Input file
V1 4 0 dc 6
G2 0 1 1 2 2
R3 1 2 500m
R4 1 4 1
R5 2 0 1
R6 2 3 1
R7 3 0 1
.dc V1 6 6 1
.print dc V(3)
result .END
v = v(3) = 1.714E+00V

71
SP 5.4

Probe result

Input file
V1 1 0 dc 10
R2 1 2 5k
I3 2 0 dc 1m
.dc I3 0 2e-3 0.2e-3
.probe V(2)
.end

SP 5-5

Input file
V1 1 0 dc 5
R1 1 2 3k
R2 2 0 6k result i = I(R4)= 9.524E+00A
G4 0 3 2 0 4
R3 3 0 5k
R4 3 0 2k
.dc V1 5 5 1
.print dc I(R4)
.end

72
SP 5-6

Input file
G1 0 1 2 0 25m
R2 1 2 20
I3 0 2 dc 0.2
R4 2 0 30
.tf V(1) I3
.end
result

answer: V1= Voc = VT = 36V

NODE VOLTAGE NODE VOLTAGE

( 1) 36.0000 ( 2) 24.0000

RTH = OUTPUT RESISTANCE AT V(1)=2.000E+02Ω

Verification Problems
VP 5-1 Evaluating data
v oc
Case 1: R L = 0Ω ; i = I sc = 97.2 mA = (1)
Rt
v oc
Case 2: R L = 500Ω ; i = 43.8mA = (2)
R t + 500
Solving 1+ 2 yields R t = 410Ω , v oc = 39.9 V

When R L = 5000Ω
So v oc
i= = 7.37mA
Rt +RL
not 16.5mA as recorded ∴ the data is inconsistent.

73
VP 5-2

Voc = 12 V (line 1 of the table)

I sc = 3mA (line 3 of the table) i = R 12+4K
so
R TH = Voc / I sc = 4 KΩ

Hence the circuit can be simplified as shown above right. (Check:

12
= 0.857 mA
10KΩ +4KΩ

as shown in line 2 of the table.)

When i = 1 mA is required
12 12
1mA = ⇒ R= − 4kΩ = 8kΩ
R +4kΩ 1mA

I agree with my lab partner’s claim that R = 8000 causes i = 1 mA.

VP 5-3

60 11
i= = 54.5mA
60+40

The measurement is consistent with the prelab calculations.

74
Design Problems

DP 5-1 The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-1b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to -1 times the Thevenin resistance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the open
0−5
circuit voltage. Therefore: R t = − = 625 Ω and voc = 5 V.
0.008 − 0
Try R1 = R 2 = 1 kΩ . (R1 || R2 must be smaller than Rt = 625 Ω.) Then
R2 1
5= vs = vs ⇒ vs = 10 V
R1 + R 2 2
and
R1 R2
625 = R 3 + = R3 + 500 ⇒ R3 = 125 Ω
R1 + R2
Now vs, R1, R2 and R3 have all been specified so the design is complete.

DP 5-2 The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-2b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to -1 times the Thevenin resistance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the open
0 − ( −3)
circuit voltage. Therefore: R t = − = 500 Ω and voc = -3 V.
−0.006 − 0
From the circuit we calculate
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 R 3
Rt = and voc = − is
R1 + R 2 + R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 3
so
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 R 3
500 Ω = and 3 V = − is
R1 + R 2 + R 3 R1 + R 2 + R 3

Try R 3 = 1kΩ and R1 + R 2 = 1kΩ . Then R t = 500 Ω and

1000 R1 R1
−3 = − is = is ⇒ 6 = R1 i s
2000 2
This equation can be satisfied by taking R1 = 600 Ω and is = 10 mA. Finally, R2 = 1 kΩ - 400 Ω = 600 Ω.
Now is, R1, R2 and R3 have all been specified so the design is complete.

DP 5-3 The slope of the graph is positive so the Thevenin resistance is negative. This would require
R1 R 2
R3 + < 0 , which is not possible since R1, R2 and R3 will all be non-negative.
R1 + R 2
Is it not possible to specify values of vs, R1, R2 and R3 that cause the current i and the voltage v in
Figure DP 5-3a to satisfy the relationship described by the graph in Figure DP 5-3b.

75
DP 5-4 The equation of representing the straight line in Figure DP 5-4b is v = − R t i + voc . That is, the
slope of the line is equal to the Thevenin impedance and the "v - intercept" is equal to the open circuit
−5 − 0
voltage. Therefore: R t = − = −625 Ω and voc = -5 V.
0 − 0.008
The open circuit voltage, voc, the short circuit current, isc, and the Thevenin resistance, Rt, of this
circuit are given by
R 2 ( d + 1)
voc = vs ,
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2

isc =
( d + 1) v
s
R1
and
R1 R 2
Rt =
R1 + ( d + 1) R 2
Let R1 = R2 = 1 kΩ. Then
1000 1000
−625 Ω = R t = ⇒ d= − 2 = −3.6 A/A
d +2 −625
and
( d + 1) vs −3.6 + 2
−5 = ⇒ vs = ( − 5) = −3.077 V
d +2 −3.6 + 1
Now vs, R1, R2 and d have all been specified so the design is complete.

DP 5-5 a) Find Thev. equiv.

v oc :
− v s + 800 i + v ab = 0 (1)
v ab = v oc (2)
v oc = − (β i) (40) (3)

1− 20
Solving eqs. (1) - (3) yields v oc = v s
 β
I sc :

I sc = − β i (4)
v ab = 0 (5)
v s = 800i (6)

Solving eqs. (4) - (6) yields I sc =−β v s 800

v oc −800
so R t = = and Thev. equiv. vs
I sc β − 20
1− 20 
 β

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 b) R t = R L = 400 = −800 ⇒ β = 18
β − 20
c) Max power to RL, largest vOC, largest vS, smallest Rt

PL =
1V 6
L
2
(7)
RL
400
and VL = v oc (8)
R total
with
−800
R total = + 400 (a) yields β = ±18
β − 20

d) delivering large amounts of power could melt antenna.

DP 5-6 Max power to load : R L = R t = 50Ω

But split power equally (R L1 = R L2 = 50Ω)

(R +50)(R +50)
= 50 ⇒ yields R=50Ω
R + 50 + R + 50

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