Structural Steel Design CE 434

Tension Members
Lecture 7

Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Eng. Mutaz AL-Dwairy

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Shear-Lag Phenomenon

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Shear-Lag
Phenomenon

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Shear-Lag Phenomenon

𝐶𝑡 = Coefficient of tension→known as: Shear-lag factor.

This factor accounts is a reduction factor which accounts for the shear-
lag phenomenon.
𝐶𝑡1 → Obtained from the Table for different cases.
𝑥ҧ
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐿

𝐶𝑡 = min. (Ct1, Ct2) ≤1.0

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Effective Net Area (Ae)

𝐴𝑒 = 𝐶𝑡𝐴𝑛
𝐶𝑡 = Coefficient of tension
𝐴𝑛 = Net area of the section
Accordingly, the fracture-strength (or rupture-strength) of the tension
member at the net section will be represented as:
𝑃𝑢𝑛2 = 0.75𝐹𝑢𝐴𝑒 = 0.75𝐹𝑢𝐶𝑡𝐴𝑛

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Reduction factors (Ct1) and corresponding effective net area for bolted connections
(from LRFD & ASD-B3).

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 =1)

Case- a): Full length tension member having all elements connected

𝐶𝑡 =1 (No shear lag phenomenon=No Reduction Factor)

Ae=An

Regardless number of fasteners

in gage line. Minimum number of bolts is one
per gage-line.

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case- a) Full length tension member having all elements connected.

Regardless number of fasteners

in gage line. Minimum number of
𝐶𝑡 =1 bolts is one per gage-line.
All shapes including built-up sections

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case- c): W, M, S sections
W, M, S
• Connection to flanges
𝑪𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗
• Minimum 3 bolts/line
• (bf/d) ≥ 2/3
Case- d): WT, MT, ST sections
• Connection to flange WT, MT, ST
• Minimum 3 bolts/line 𝑪𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟗

• (bf/d) ≥ 2/3

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case- e): 𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85
All sections including built-up sections but not meeting requirements of (c) or (d)
𝐛𝐟
If Connection to flanges and number of. fasteners per gage line ≥ 3 but < 𝟐/𝟑
𝐝

𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85

If connection to webs and number of. fasteners per gage line ≥ 3

𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case e): 𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85
All sections including built-up sections but not meeting requirements of case (c) or (d)
Channel and angle sections and number of Built- up sections and number of fasteners
fasteners per gage line ≥ 3. per gage line ≥ 3.

𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85

𝐶𝑡1 = 0.85

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case- f): 𝐂𝐭𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
All other members
If number of fasteners per gage line =2.

Any shape even built-up if number of fasteners per gage line =2, 𝐂𝐭𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 =1)

Case- b):
Regardless number of fasteners
Short tension members in gage line
• Splices
• Gusset plates
• Fittings
• Beam-to-column fittings
𝐶𝑡 = 1

𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 ≤ 0.85 𝐴𝑔

Gusset Plate

Splice Plate
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Determination of 𝑪𝒕𝟐
𝐶𝑡2 is calculated for any shape (even built-up sections) that have unconnected
elements.
𝑥ҧ
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐿

ഥ is the perpendicular distance from the centroid of the member-section to the

𝒙
shear-plane of the connected part

L is the connection-length, which is the distance parallel to the line of force (axis of
member) between the first and last fastener in a gage line.

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ഥ-Calculation
𝒙

C.G. C.G. +
+
C.G. Shear-plane

Shear-plane Shear-plane

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ഥ-Calculation
𝒙
If a member has two symmetrically located planes of connection, 𝑥ҧ is measured
from the centroid of the nearest one-half of the area

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ഥ Calculation
𝒙

Connection with web

Connection with stem

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𝑳 −Calculation
L: Connection-length

Staggered-hole
Connections

Standard-hole
Connections

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Example (1): Determine the nominal tensile strength based on the effective net
area.

𝐹𝑢 = 70 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Connection-length=L=3 in

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Solution (1): The nominal tensile strength based on the effective net area means
based on fracture limit state.
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 𝐹𝑢 = 70 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐶𝑡 𝐴𝑛
Since the steel member is not fully connected then:
𝐶𝑡 = min 𝐶𝑡1 , 𝐶𝑡2
Since the number of fasteners (bolts) in each gage-line equals two then 𝐶𝑡1 = 0.75
𝑥ҧ
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐿

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𝑥ҧ
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐿

𝑥ҧ = 0.648" L=3“

0.648
𝐶𝑡2 = 1− = 0.784 < 0.9
3
𝐶𝑡2 =0.784
𝐶𝑡 = min 0.75, 0.784 = 0.75
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 4𝐴ℎ
7 1
= 2 ∗ 1.94 − 4 ∗ + 8 ∗ 0.25 → 𝐴𝑛 = 2.88 𝑖𝑛2
8

𝐴𝑒 = 𝐶𝑡 𝐴𝑛 = 0.75 ∗ 2.88 = 2.16 𝑖𝑛2

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 = 70 ∗ 2.16 = 151.2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case e): All sections including built-up sections but not meeting requirements of (c)
1. W, M, S, WT, MT, ST
2. If connection to webs
3. If number of fasteners per gage line =3
𝑏𝑓 2
4. if ≤
𝑑 3

𝐶𝑡1= 0.85
𝐶𝑡1= 0.85 𝑥ҧ
𝑥ҧ 𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9 𝐿
𝐿

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Using Table-Values (𝐶𝑡1 )

Case d):
• W, M, S
• Connection to flanges
• Minimum number of fasteners (bolts) per gage line =3
𝑏𝑓 2
• ≥
𝑑 3

𝐶𝑡1= 0.9
𝑥ҧ
𝐶𝑡2 = 1 − ≤ 0.9
𝐿

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