Introduction to Criminal Justice A

Balanced Approach 1st Edition Payne

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QUESTIONS

1. Occupational crime is done to benefit the __________, while corporate crime benefits
the__________.
@ Learning Objective: 4-8: Define corporate crime and organized crime; Cognitive
Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Crime within Complex Organizations;
Question Type: MC
a. corporation, worker
*b. worker, corporation
c. community, system
d. system, community

2. Homicide, assault, and robbery are types of

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Violent Crime; Question Type:
MC
*a. violent crime
b. crime typologies
c. predator statutes
d. organized corruptions

3. Once a murder case enters the justice system, the classification of the murder may
change according to
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Homicide; Question Type: MC
a. involvement of the victim’s family members.
b. whether the murder was harmful to another.
*c. decisions made by justice officials.
d. the location of the crime.

4. In all states, the most severe first homicide penalty is

@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Murder;
Question Type: MC
a. manslaughter
b. negligent homicide

*c. first degree

d. second degree

5. Which statement is true of murder and all U.S. states?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Murder; Question Type: MC
a. All states require that premeditation involves careful planning.
*b. In all states, penalties for first-degree murder are more severe than penalties for
second-degree murder.
c. All states divide murder into four categories.
d. In all states, murder must involve premeditation and intention.

6. Killings that are intentional but in response to some form of provocation or

perceived provocation are referred to as
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Manslaughter;
Question Type: MC
a. involuntary manslaughter
*b. voluntary manslaughter
c. negligent homicide
d. felony homicide

7. In 2000, Christopher was convicted of killing his parents. Legal scholars would
say that Porco committed
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Negligent
Homicide; Question Type: MC
a. genocide
b. infanticide
c. filicide
*d. parricide

8. Which factor is crucial to negligent homicide?

@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Negligent Homicide;
Question Type: MC
a. intention to cause harm
b. neglect of a child
c. use of a weapon
*d. reckless behavior or inaction
9. Research by Roberts and his colleagues found that offenders who commit
___________ are LEAST likely to reoffend
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Negligent
Homicide; Question Type: MC
*a. homicides related to domestic violence
b. homicides precipitated by an altercation or argument
c. homicide committed during the commission of a felony
d. homicides after an accident
10. Which statement is TRUE about serial killers?
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Serial Killers; Question
Type: MC
a. Serial killers commit a high proportion of the total number of murders each year
*b. Experts agree that there are no universal causes of these serial killer behaviors
c. Public fascination with serial killers has steadily decreased since the case of the
Gainesville Ripper.
d. They typically kill a large number of victims at once.

11. Which spree murder prompted universities across the U.S. to revise their
notification and security processes?
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Mass Murderers;
Question Type: MC
a. The killings at the University of Florida
b. The killings at Colorado State
c. The killings at the University of Maryland
*d. The killings at Virginia Tech

12. Which factor distinguishes a spree killing from a mass murder?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Serial Killers; Question Type: MC
a. Spree killings involve at least ten victims.
b. Spree killings are perpetrated by mentally disordered offenders.
*c. Spree killings are spread over multiple locations.
d. Spree killings involve the taking of a trophy or souvenir by the killer.

13. Research on justifiable homicide found that police more frequently committed
their justified homicides __________, while citizens more frequently committed
justifiable homicides __________
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Justifiable
Homicides; Question Type: MC
a. by using firearms; by using bodily strength
b. by using bodily strength; by using firearms
c. in response to burglaries and larcenies; responding to attacks
*d. responding to attacks; in response to burglaries and larcenies

14. Homicide rates have __________ since 1993.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Homicide Over Time;
Question Type: MC
a. remained significantly
*b. dropped significantly
c. steadily increased
d. decreased and then rapidly increased

15. Aggressive policing, changes in drug market activity, and an improved economy
are all factors that may explain
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Homicide Over
Time; Question Type: MC
*a. a drop in violent offending since the 1990s.
b. the steady increase in homicide rates since the 1990s
c. an explosion in incarceration rates since 1990
d. the decrease in sexual assaults on college campuses since 1990

16. According to common law, the attempt or threat to inflict harm on another is
called __________, whereas the actual completed assault is called __________
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Assault; Question Type: MC
*a. assault, battery
b. battery, assault
c. violence, rape
d. rape, violence

17. According to Michael Johnson, systematic male violence that occurs in a family
over time is called
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question
Type: MC
*a. patriarchal terrorism
b. common couple violence
c. the cycle of violence
d. battered woman syndrome

18. According to Lenore Walker’s cycle of violence, at which stage does the first
episode of abuse typically occur?
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question
Type: MC
a. the honeymoon stage
b. the tension building stage
*c. the third stage
d. the fourth stage

19. Rejected, incompetent, and resentful are types of

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question Type:
MC
a. serial killers
*b. stalkers
c. mass murderers
d. rapists

20. Research indicates that the type of violence occurring regularly in U.S. schools is
@ Learning Objective: 4-6: Identify the types of offenses committed most often by
juveniles; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: School Violence;
Question Type: MC
a. stalking
b. school shootings
c. sexual assault
*d. bullying

21. Sofia was recently transferred to Oak Hill Elementary where she is expected to
walk through a metal detector and have her bags inspected. Oak Hill has done this in
order to
@ Learning Objective: 4-6: Identify the types of offenses committed most often by
juveniles; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: School Violence;
Question Type: MC
a. intimidate students
b. meet state mandates
c. encourage parental involvement
*d. prevent school violence

22. Morgan and Nicole are both in fourth grade. For the past three months, Nicole
has been teasing and ridiculing Morgan in math class, on the school bus, and on the
playground. Morgan is most likely experiencing
@ Learning Objective: 4-6: Identify the types of offenses committed most often by
juveniles; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: School Violence;
Question Type: MC
a. stalking
*b. bullying
c. discrimination
d. school violence

23. Which type of gang is short-lived and has very little focus and purpose?
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Gang Violence; Question
Type: MC
*a. the diffuse gang
b. the solidified gang
c. the conventional gang
d. the criminal gang

24. The __________ gang is lasting and is involved in more conflict.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Gang Violence; Question
Type: MC
a. diffuse
*b. solidified
c. conventional
d. criminal

25. Which is the common law definition of sexual assault?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question Type:
MC
a. A man having carnal knowledge through force
b. A man having carnal knowledge of another man or woman through force
*c. A man having carnal knowledge with a woman through force to whom he was
not married
d. A man or woman having carnal knowledge of a woman who is not his or her wife

26. Stella was raped by her husband in 1962. Although Stella reported the rape to
local police, her husband was never convicted of the crime. Which of the following is
the most likely reason why Stella’s husband was not convicted of rape?
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question
Type: MC
a. Stella and her husband lived in a rural town where violent sex crimes were
acceptable.
b. Stella’s husband probably didn’t use force to rape his wife.
c. Stella probably consented to the rape.
*d. Men were not prohibited from raping their wives in 1962.

27. Most experts contend that rape is more about __________ and less about __________
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question
Type: MC
a. attraction, power
b. sexual desire, sexual needs
c. uncontrollable urges, love
*d. control, sexual behavior

28. Date rape is in many ways synonymous with __________ rape.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question
Type: MC
*a. acquaintance
b. spousal
c. masochistic
d. serial

29. Which phrase describes a typical child sexual abuser?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Child Sexual Abuse; Question Type:
MC
a. active priest
b. sadistic psychopath
*c. father figure
d. respected educator

30. Which substance is most often implicated in date rapes?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question Type:
MC
a. GHB
b. Marijuana
*c. Alcohol
d. Cocaine

31. Why is robbery defined as a violent crime?

@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location:
Robbery; Question Type: MC
a. It involves the taking away of another person’s property
*b. Force or threat of force is used
c. The victim is always harmed during the crime
d. It is an invasion of private space

32. Which of the following is most likely a robbery?

@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location:
Robbery; Question Type: MC
a. An offender breaks into a home on Tuesday afternoon and steals jewelry and a
computer.
b. An offender breaks into a fast food restaurant in the middle of the night and steals
money from the cash box.
*c. An offender grabs someone outside of an ATM, threatens her with a knife, and
demands money.
d. An offender who steals a purse and tablet from an unlocked vehicle in the mall
parking lot.

33. Petty larceny is typically a __________, whereas grand larceny is typically a

__________.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Common Property Crime;
Question Type: MC
*a. misdemeanor, felony
b. felony, misdemeanor
c. robbery, property crime
d. property crime, robbery

34. Darya has an arrangement in which she buys a bulk of handbags and resells
them for low cost on the streets of Brooklyn. Darya is probably a(n) __________ who
buys the goods from a(n) __________ shoplifter.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Common Property Crime;
Question Type: MC
a. Kleptomaniac, juvenile
b. addict, homeless
c. amateur, kleptomaniac
*d. fence, professional

35. Which factor was NOT a type of opportunity of burglary found by Cromwell?
@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location:
Burglary; Question Type: MC
a. The burglar just happened to be in the right spot at the right time.
b. The site was a location that the burglar had actually visited as part of a legitimate
role.
c. The offender identified particular cues about a home that made it attractive for a
burglary.
*d. The victims were acquainted with the burglar.

36. All of the following are TRUE of motor vehicle theft EXCEPT
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Theft; Question
Type: MC
a. most motor vehicle thefts occur at night
b. victim injuries are rare
c. most are reported to the police
*d. it is one of the most violent crimes
37. Carjacking occurs more often in __________ areas than in __________ areas.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Theft; Question
Type: MC
a. rural, urban
*b. urban, rural
c. high poverty, affluent
d. affluent, high poverty

38. Which type of motor vehicle theft typically results in higher penalties for
offenders?
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Theft; Question
Type: MC
a. Professional car theft
*b. Carjacking
c. Victim-absent car thefts
d. Joyriding

39. Which crime would have been arson under common law?
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Application; Answer Location: Arson; Question Type: MC
a. setting fire to one’s own home
b. setting fire to a vacant home
*c. setting fire to a neighbor’s home
d. setting fire to an empty barn

40. Prostitution is legal in a few counties in Nevada as long as the services occur in a
@ Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe three types of public order crime; Cognitive
Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Public Order Crimes; Question Type: MC
a. moving vehicle
b. massage parlor
*c. licensed brothel
d. public location

41. Harry was arrested for soliciting a prostitute and has been ordered to attend a
program that educates him on the health consequences and negative impact of
prostitution on women and girls. Harry is attending
@ Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe three types of public order crime; Cognitive
Domain: Application; Answer Location: Public Order Crimes; Question Type: MC
*a. John school
b. escort program
c. drug treatment
d. domestic violence court

42. Which illustrates a concern with decriminalizing public order crimes?

@ Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe three types of public order crime; Cognitive
Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Public Order Crimes; Question Type: MC
a. More time, effort, and resources will be spent on addressing serious crimes.
b. Focus will be on morals rather than on actual harm.
c. Communities will perceive these crimes as unacceptable, which will drain
resources.
*d. Minor crimes and minor signs of disorder will lead to more serious crime and
more serious disorder.

43. Which term is most important to Edwin Sutherland’s definition of white-collar

crime?
@ Learning Objective: 4-7: Compare and contrast white-collar crime with other
types of crime; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Crime within Complex
Organizations; Question Type: MC
*a. workplace
b. illegality
c. gangs
d. shoes

44. The bulk of crimes that come to the attention of authorities are property crimes.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Property Crimes; Question Type:
TF
*a. true
b. false

45. Professional street robbers target their victims in order to send a moralistic
message.
@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location:
Robbery; Question Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

46. Larceny theft is the most common Part I crime reported to the police.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Common Property Crime;
Question Type: TF
*a. true
b. false

47. Identity theft is not a legal crime.

@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Common Property Crime;
Question Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

48. Arson is the fastest growing crime in the United States.

@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Arson; Question Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

49. Dean Dabney’s classification of assault refers to nonsexual violent crimes.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Assault; Question Type: TF
*a. true
b. false

50. All forms of spousal abuse are physical.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question
Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

51. Domestic violence, spouse abuse, and partner violence are synonyms for child
abuse.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question
Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

52. Criminal sentences given to white-collar crime do not appear to be more lenient
than those given to property offenders with similar criminal histories.
@ Learning Objective: 4-7: Compare and contrast white-collar crime with other
types of crime; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: White-collar
Crime; Question Type: TF
*a. true
b. false

53. It is not illegal to hate people, but it is illegal to victimize people because of that
hatred.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Hate Crime; Question Type:
TF
*a. true
b. false
54. Among juveniles, research suggests that gang members have lower rates of
delinquency than non-gang members.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Gang Violence; Question
Type: TF
a. true
*b. false

55. States have changed their laws to reflect that both men and women can be
victims of rape.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question Type:
TF
*a. true
b. false

56. Threat of force is enough to define a theft as a robbery.

@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location:
Robbery; Question Type: TF
*a. true
b. false

57. The cases of Martha Stewart and Bernie Madoff are classified as Layer __________
of the wedding cake model.
@ Learning Objective: 4-7: Compare and contrast white-collar crime with other
types of crime; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Crime within
Complex Organizations; Question Type: FIB
*a. one

58. Plagiarism is an example of a crime in the __________ system.

@ Learning Objective: 4-8: Define corporate crime and organized crime; Cognitive
Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Crime within Complex Organizations;
Question Type: FIB
*a. educational

59. The majority of white-collar crimes are processed through the civil or __________
justice systems.
@ Learning Objective: 4-8: Define corporate crime and organized crime; Cognitive
Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Crime within Complex Organizations;
Question Type: FIB
*a. regulatory

60. Shopping centers, parking lots, car dealerships, bars, and movie theatres are
examples of __________ for motor vehicle theft.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Motor Vehicle Theft; Question
Type: FIB
*a. hotspots

61. The label __________ refers to a class of crimes that appear to be victimless, but are
classified as crimes because of the belief that they harm the public order one way or
other.
@ Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe three types of public order crime; Cognitive
Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Public Order Crimes; Question Type: FIB
*a. public order crime

62. Frederick Thrasher is the father of __________ research.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Gang Violence; Question Type: FIB
*a. gang

63. Legal scholars refer to the __________ to reflect laws that stipulate that all
individuals can be convicted of a murder if the murder occurred during the
commission of a felony
@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Murder; Question
Type: FIB
*a. felony murder rule

64. Boys who experience abuse are more prone to become __________, while girls who
experience abuse are more likely to be partner abuse victims.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question
Type: FIB
*a. partner abusers

65. Corporate crime and occupational crime are categories of __________ crime.
@ Learning Objective: 4-7: Compare and contrast white-collar crime with other
types of crime; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: White-collar Crime;
Question Type: FIB
*a. white-collar

66. Corporations have been described as collections of __________ people.

@ Learning Objective: 4-8: Define corporate crime and organized crime; Cognitive
Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Corporate Crime; Question Type: FIB
*a. replaceable

67. Homicide rates have __________ significantly since 1993.

@ Learning Objective: 4-2: Explain the difference between murder and
manslaughter; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Homicide Over
Time; Question Type: FIB
*a. dropped or decreased

68. The __________ rapist does not necessarily want to harm the victim, but wants to
possess the victim sexually.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question
Type: FIB
*a. power

69. The vast majority of robberies are conducted by ___________ offenders.

@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location:
Robbery; Question Type: FIB
*a. younger

70. The bulk of crimes that come to the attention of criminal justice authorities are
__________crimes.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Property Crimes; Question
Type: FIB
*a. property

71. Price fixing is an example of a type of corporate crime called __________ offenses.
@ Learning Objective: 4-8: Define corporate crime and organized crime; Cognitive
Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Corporate Crime; Question Type: FIB
*a. antitrust

72. Identify three motives for arson.

@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge; Answer Location: Arson; Question Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; Answer includes three of the following: excitement, vandalism,
profit, extremist behaviors to cover up a crime, and revenge.

73. Why is it important to distinguish between two types of violence that occur in
families?
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Family Violence; Question Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; The two types of spousal violence would warrant different
responses and treatments for victims and offenders.

74. What is the “culture of bullying” that exists in some schools?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: School Violence; Question
Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; The values, beliefs, and norms may actually foster bullying in
some places.

75. Define gang according to Frederick Thrasher.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Gang Violence; Question
Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; The gang is an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously
and then integrated through conflict. It is characterized by the following types of
behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict,
and planning. The result of this collective behavior is the development of tradition,
unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness,
and attachment to a local territory.

76. Identify and briefly describe three types of rapists.

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Violent Sex Crimes; Question
Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; The power rapist does not necessarily want to harm the victim,
but wants to possess the victim sexually. The sadistic rapist gains pleasure in
harming victims. The anger rapist gets little sexual satisfaction from the rape, but
uses the sexual assault to verbally and physically express anger and rage.

77. How do child sex offenders typically silence their victims?

@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Child Sexual Abuse; Question
Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; Through gifts or threats

78. Describe the three features of colleges and university that may contribute to
sexual assault on college campuses.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Date Rape; Question Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; (1) the demographic, social, and cultural make-up of colleges
promoting sexual misconduct, (2) the transient nature of the student population,
and (3) competition with community sexual assault centers for funding.

79. Identity theft is perpetrated through other crimes. List two of these crimes.
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location: Identity Theft; Question Type:
SA
*a. Answers vary; Answers will include two of the following: forgery, counterfeiting,
check and credit card fraud, computer fraud, impersonation, pickpocketing, and
even terrorism

80. Why is the distinction between grand larceny and petty larceny significant?
@ Learning Objective: 4-3: Identify four types of common property crimes;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Larceny Theft; Question Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; Most states have different degrees of larceny (first, second degree,
and so on) and some make a distinction between grand larceny and petty larceny
based on the value of the property. The distinction is important because a petty
larceny tends to be a misdemeanor, which would carry a lesser penalty, and grand
larceny would be a felony, which would carry a stiffer penalty.

81. Identify three ways in which location is believed to be related to burglary.

@ Learning Objective: 4-4: Evaluate a crime scenario and determine if the crime is a
robbery, larceny, or burglary; Cognitive Domain: Comprehension; Answer Location:
Burglary; Question Type: SA
*a. Answers vary; Offenders select residences close to them; homes located close to
major thoroughfares are more at risk for burglary; displaying signs of wealth
increases risk of burglary; homes on streets with poor lighting are at a higher risk of
being burglarized; houses that have been broken into in the past have a higher
likelihood of being burglarized again; vacant homes are at higher risk for being
broken into; homes on street corners are at a higher risk for burglary victimization.

82. Explain the categories of white-collar crime as outlined by Payne.

@ Learning Objective: 4-7: Compare and contrast white-collar crime with other
types of crime; Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: White-collar Crime;
Question Type: ESS
*a. Answers vary; Crimes by workers in sales-oriented occupations—includes
crimes by retail workers, restaurant employees, automobile mechanics, insurance
sales people, and so on. The employee’s job centers around selling goods or services,
and while their offenses may center around the act of selling items and ripping off
consumers, in other instances the offenses include crimes against the employer
(retail theft, stealing food in restaurants, etc.).
Crimes in the healthcare system—includes crimes by doctors, nurses, pharmacists,
employees of hospitals, nursing home employees, and other employees in the health
care industry. Whereas some of these offenses target patients receiving care (e.g.,
theft from patients and patient abuse), others target the insurance system (e.g.,
Medicaid and Medicare fraud and insurance fraud).
Crimes in the criminal justice system—includes crimes by police officers,
prosecutors, judges, defense attorneys, and corrections employees. Examples
include corruption, bribery, collusion with offenders, theft from offenders, and so
on. Crimes in the political system—includes crimes by local, state, and federal
government officials such as bribery, corruption, and engaging in unethical
activities. Researchers have also discussed khaki-collar crime (crimes by members
of the military that are handled as military crimes) and state crime (crimes by
governments) as examples of crime in the political system.
Crimes in the religious system—this includes both financial and physical offenses
perpetrated by church officials against members of their church. Not all
criminologists agree that crimes by priests, such as the widespread child sexual
abuse scandal in the Catholic church, should be categorized as white-collar crime.
Crimes in the educational system—includes crimes by professors, college
employees, and college students that are committed as part of their college duties.
Examples include plagiarism, sexual harassment, financial offenses, and academic
dishonesty.
Crimes in the economic system—includes crimes by stockbrokers, financial
advisors, investors, and others working in the economic system. Examples include
insider trading, manipulating the stock market, and Ponzi/pyramid schemes. These
crimes can damage the faith that members of the society have in our economic
system.
Crimes in the technological crime—includes computer crimes and other
technological crimes that are not included in the other categories. Examples include
computer embezzlement, unauthorized access to different servers, virus
introduction, software crimes, and Internet crimes.
Crimes in the housing system—includes crimes by those in the banking system and
those who rent houses/apartments to renters. Examples include mortgage fraud
and slumlord offenses. These crimes can have a serious effect on the community,
including health consequences, financial consequences, decreased property values,
and dehumanization of those exposed to shoddy living conditions.
Corporate crime—includes crimes by corporations.
Environmental crime—refers to instances where workers or business engage in
illegal behaviors that harm the environment or animals in the environment.
Examples include air pollution, water pollution, illegal disposal of hazardous waste,
and crimes at zoos. The consequences of environmental crime can lead to serious
physical harms for those humans and animals exposed to the harmful practices.

83. Describe the five reasons why it’s important to focus on crime typologies.
@ Learning Objective: 4-1: Describe the importance of studying crime typologies;
Cognitive Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Why Study Crime Typologies;
Question Type: ESS
*a. Answers vary; Criminal justice scholars are able to focus their research on causes
of specific types of crime. Policy makers can make better use of information from
scholars who address specific categories of crime. Criminal justice decision makers
categorize their responses to crime based on crime types. Laws are designed to
categorize crimes. The sheer number of different types of crimes specified in legal
codes means that criminal justice scholars must focus on crime categories in order
to make sense of those offenses.

84. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of decriminalizing public order

crimes. Include five crimes that are sometimes considered victimless. What is your
opinion on this issue?
@ Learning Objective: 4-5: Describe three types of public order crime; Cognitive
Domain: Analysis; Answer Location: Public Order Crimes; Question Type: ESS
*a. Answers will vary