Introduction To Educational Research Connecting Methods To Practice 1st Edition Lochmiller Test Bank 1

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Lochmiller, An Introduction to Educational Research

SAGE Publications, 2017.
Introduction to Educational Research

Connecting Methods to Practice 1st Edition
Lochmiller Test Bank
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Test Bank
Chapter 4 Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which of these is an example of a professional organization that has established ethical standards for
education researchers?
*a. American Educational Research Association
b. The U.S. Supreme Court
c. National School Boards Association
d. American Federation of Teachers
Learning Objective: 4-2
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Ethics and Educational Research
Question Type: MC
2. Ethical issues may come up _____________________ the research process.

a. only at the beginning of
b. primarily towards the end of
c. very rarely during
*d. throughout
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Question Type: MC
3. Which of these is one of the primary reasons for following ethical research practices?
a. To ensure that study results get published in peer-reviewed journals
*b. To protect current and/or future research participants
c. To check if the research methodologies are reliable
Instructor Resource
d. To establish the significance of a research study
Cognitive Domain: Application
Question Type: MC
4. Any institution conducting research that is funded by ________________________ must have an

Institutional Review Board or ethics board.
a. local donors
b. private corporations
*c. the U.S. government
d. the school board
Question Type: MC
5. Which of these does NOT describe a researcher’s ethical responsibility toward his/her research
participants?
a. To protect participants from intentional or unintentional harm as a result of the research process
b. To maintain confidentiality regarding participants’ information
c. To obtain their consent throughout the research process
*d. To publish the findings in a timely manner
Question Type: MC
6. Which of these describes one way a researcher might uphold his/her ethical responsibilities among
colleagues?
*a. Inviting a colleague to review data and analysis methods on a research study to check their validity
b. Asking for informed consent
c. Quoting a colleague’s research without citing it
d. Submitting research for publication before consulting a co-author
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Question Type: MC
7. Imagine that you are a paid board member of an educational publishing company that designs and
sells standardized testing materials for statewide reading tests, and you would like to conduct research on
the reliability of these tests. What is an ethical issue that would most likely arise in this scenario?
a. Direct consent
*b. Conflict of interest
c. Institutional Review Board approval
d. Participants’ capacity
Question Type: MC
8. If you are planning a research study that will involve interviewing teachers after school hours, how
would you ask for their agreement to participate?
a. Third-party consent
b. Assent
*c. Direct consent
Instructor Resource
d. Informally
Answer Location: Inviting Participants’ Consent and Assent
Question Type: MC
9. For which group of research participants would you need to obtain third-party consent?
*a. Third grade students
b. School administrators
c. Cafeteria staff
d. Graduate students
Question Type: MC
10. Which of these would NOT be included in the informed consent process?
a. Discussing the purpose of your research study
b. Outlining the types of activities participants will be asked to complete as part of the research
c. Informing participants of potential risks of the research and how they will be handled
*d. Disclosing the identities of other research participants
Question Type: MC
11. It is important to inform research participants that their consent to participate is

completely___________________.
a. mandatory
b. permanent
*c. voluntary
d. risk-free
Question Type: MC
12. For which of these groups would you obtain direct consent for a research study?
a. Adults with cognitive disabilities
*b. Members of a professional organization
c. Kindergarten students
d. Athletes on a middle school track team
Question Type: MC
13. Imagine that you want to conduct research on reading instruction with a class of second grade
students. Who would provide consent for research with these students?
a. Their teacher
b. Their principal
c. The students themselves
*d. The students’ parents or guardians
Instructor Resource
Question Type: MC
14. When a minor agrees to participate in a research study, this is called _________________________.
*a. assent
b. consent
c. direct consent
d. third-party consent
Question Type: MC
15. Which of these would NOT be considered when inviting assent from a minor for a research study?
a. The child’s age
*b. The child’s previous teacher
c. The child’s cognitive abilities
d. The institutional requirements of your school and (if applicable) the child’s school
Question Type: MC
16. Which of these terms refers to an individual’s ability to understand and retain information, particularly
related to evaluating information about a research study and whether or not to participate?
a. Consent
b. Confidentiality
*c. Capacity
d. Vulnerability
Question Type: MC
17. Which of the following factors would NOT be considered in determining the capacity of a potential
research participant?
a. Age
*b. Ethnicity
c. Cognitive disability
d. Emotional disability
Question Type: MC
18. Which of the following would be considered a vulnerable population for research purposes?
*a. Prisoners
b. Superintendents
c. College freshmen
d. Mental health professionals
Question Type: MC
19. Which of these describes a function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

Instructor Resource
a. To conduct peer-review of research studies
b. To offer advice on a study’s theoretical framework
*c. To determine whether proposed research complies with federal and institutional regulations
d. To give guidance on conducting a literature review
Answer Location: Legal and Institutional Ethical Requirements
Question Type: MC
20. Which of the following aspects of your research study would NOT likely be required to be reviewed by
the Institutional Review Board?
a. Rationale for the research
b. Participant recruitment and sampling procedures
c. How data will be collected and securely stored
*d. Summaries of related literature
Question Type: MC
21. Imagine that you are a graduate student who wants to conduct research in an elementary school
close to your university. In addition to obtaining IRB approval for your research study from your university,
what else would be necessary in order to begin your research?
*a. Determining if the school district requires an additional IRB application
b. Letting teachers know you will be gathering data
c. Collecting student data
d. Working with your faculty adviser to search for literature
Answer Location: Managing Relationships with Schools and Districts
Question Type: MC
22. Which of these is an important ethical consideration for the planning phase of a research study?
a. Assuring that no plagiarism has occurred in the research report
*b. Identifying and disclosing conflicts of interest
c. Making sure the data has not been fabricated
d. Crafting a strong conceptual framework
Answer Location: The Role of Ethics in Designing and Planning a Study
Question Type: MC
23. Which of these would be the BEST method for maintaining a secure dataset as you carry out your
research study?
a. Keeping printed data in a folder on your classroom desk
b. Storing electronic data on an external hard drive in your home office
c. Linking to electronic data on your personal blog
*d. Keeping electronic data on a password-protected personal computer
Answer Location: The Role of Ethics in Carrying out a Study
Question Type: MC
24. Removing any identifiable characteristics from the data that could potentially identify your study’s
participants is called _________________________________.
a. massaging the data
Instructor Resource
b. triangulating the data
*c. anonymizing the data
d. fabricating the data
Question Type: MC
25. Which of these is an example of how a researcher might protect research participants’ confidentiality
when working with interview data?
a. Asking a graduate assistant to transcribe the interviews
*b. Applying psuedonyms to all individuals mentioned, including the interviewee
c. Performing validity checks with colleagues
d. Massaging the data
Question Type: MC
26. Imagine you are a principal conducting a research study with teachers on the processes for referring
students for special education services within your school. Two of the teachers you interviewed shared
that they felt the special education teacher did not adequately inform parents of their rights, but you don’t
want to share this finding in your research report because you don’t want to upset the special education
teacher. What ethical concern does this raise?
a. It is an example of fabricating the data.
b. Participants’ confidentiality is compromised.
*c. It is an example of massaging the data.
d. It is plagiarism.
Question Type: MC
27. Which of these is an example of fabricating data in a research study?

a. Using a colleague’s research without proper citation
b. Misinterpreting a quote from a research participant
c. Applying pseudonyms to interviewees
*d. Producing fieldnotes for observations that were never conducted
Question Type: MC
28. Which of these should NOT be a factor in determining first authorship for research projects with
several collaborators?
*a. Whether an individual is a well-known scholar
b. Whether an individual was instrumental in conceptualizing the study
c. Whether an individual was actively involved in data collection and analysis
d. Whether an individual contributed significantly to writing the results/findings
Answer Location: The Role of Ethics in Reporting Research Findings
Question Type: MC
29. Your faculty advisor has written several peer-reviewed articles that pertain to your research topic, and
you would like to include them in your literature review. What do you need to do?
Instructor Resource
a. Obtain informed consent to use them
*b. Properly cite the publications when you refer to them
c. Quote lengthy passages to support your findings, but do not cite
d. Use the data from the articles in conjunction with your own to produce findings
Question Type: MC
30. Which of these terms refers to using someone else’s ideas, thoughts, or words without citing or
quoting them?
a. Interpretation
b. Assigning authorship
*c. Plagiarism
d. Massaging the data
Question Type: MC
31. Which of these might be an ethical consideration for conducting research using a social media
website, such as Twitter?
a. Creating a Twitter account
b. Compiling the data
c. Using a qualitative data analysis software package, such as ATLAS.ti
*d. Whether the information collected is considered public or private
Answer Location: Emerging Ethical Challenges
Question Type: MC
32. You are conducting research that includes results from an online survey as part of the dataset. When
you close the survey, you are able to see the email addresses from those individuals who respond, but
you delete this portion of the data before you begin analysis. This data would be considered
______________________.
*a. confidential
b. anonymized
c. fabricated
d. massaged
Question Type: MC
33. During the research process, at what point should you submit your research plans to the Institutional
Review Board for review?
a. After you have collected your data
*b. Prior to beginning your research study
c. When you begin to write up your findings
d. When you submit your research report for publication
Question Type: MC
Instructor Resource
34. You wish to conduct a research study at a developmental learning center with a group of adults who
are cognitively disabled. Which of these ethical issues would be most likely to arise as you plan for this
research?
a. The age of the research participants
*b. The capacity of the research participants
c. The location of the research site
d. A conflict of interest with the research participants
Question Type: MC
35. Education research studies are often considered to be minimally risky for participants, and are thus
________________________ IRB review.
a. subject to full
b. required to submit to external
c. denied
*d. exempt from
Question Type: MC
36. Imagine you are a school principal who has conducted research involving interviews with teachers at
your school. Although this was not originally part of your research plan, you want to ask your assistant
principal to listen to the interviews and help with analysis of this data. What ethical issue might arise in
this situation?
*a. Participant confidentiality would be compromised.
b. This would constitute massaging the data.
c. Participants don’t have the capacity to consent to the research.
d. This is an expedited study.
Question Type: MC
True/False
37. When inviting and recording informed consent from your research participants, it is important to
consult Institutional Review Board guidelines for your institution.
*a. True
b. False
Question Type: TF
38. When a research participant consents to participate in a research study, he/she must remain in the
study, regardless of any change in circumstances.
a. True
*b. False
Instructor Resource
Question Type: TF
39. Depending on the age and ability of students a researcher might invite verbal assent rather than
written.
*a. True
b. False
Question Type: TF
40. When conducting a review of the literature on your research topic, it is not necessary to obtain
approval from the Institutional Review Board.
*a. True
b. False
Question Type: TF
41. Institutional Review Board requirements and protocols are exactly the same across all institutions.
a. True
*b. False
Question Type: TF
42. When a researcher guarantees anonymity for research participants, he/she will still have knowledge
of some aspect of participants’ identities.
a. True
*b. False
Question Type: TF
43. To avoid any dilemmas around authorship, it is important to have conversations with your research
colleagues early in the research process.
*a. True
b. False
Question Type: TF
44. A colleague who was not actively involved in collecting data and writing up the findings for a research
project should not be given first authorship for the research report.
*a. True
b. False
Instructor Resource
Question Type: TF
45. The role of ethics in the research process is primarily to ensure the researcher produces a high-
quality research report.
a. True
*b. False
Question Type: TF
46. A conflict of interest occurs when a researcher will not benefit financially from the research that he or
she is conducting.
a. True
*b. False
Question Type: TF
Essay
Type: E
47. What are three potential factors that will determine how you, as a researcher, should invite consent
from your potential research participants? Please describe how each of these will determine how you go
about obtaining consent.
*a. Answers may vary. Possible factors include: age of participants (may need to ask for consent from
parents/guardians in the case of participants under 18), capacity of participants (how you communicate
about research so that participants understand processes and risks), whether participants are a
vulnerable population (caution so as to avoid miscommunication around benefits of research), IRB
guidelines for your particular institution.
Learning Objective: 4-2, 4-5
Question Type: ESS
Type: E
48. You plan to engage in a research study with several collaborators at different institutions. List three
ethical issues that you would need to consider as you conduct your research study.
*a. Answers may vary. Possible issues include: securing data for use by more than one researcher,
ensuring participant confidentiality, meeting all IRB requirements for different institutions, determining
authorship order for final research report.
Answer Location: Considering Ethics Across the Research Process
Question Type: ESS
Type: E
49. You have decided to conduct research that includes focus groups with teachers, which you will
transcribe and analyze. Regarding your data, what are three steps you should take to help protect your
participants’ privacy?
*a. Answers may vary. Possible steps include: securing data files on a personal computer that is
password-protected, assigning pseudonyms to participants in transcripts, removing identifying information
from transcripts
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: The Role of Ethics in Carrying Out a Study
Question Type: ESS
Type: E
50. In addition to obtaining IRB approval from your institution, what are three ethical considerations
necessary for conducting research in a school or school district?
*a. Answers may vary. Possible considerations include: whether the school/district has an additional IRB
requirement, approval from central office/school administrators, how to gain access to
classrooms/schools/district of interest.
Answer Location: Managing Research Relationships with Schools and Districts
Question Type: ESS
Type: E
51. As you plan to embark on a research study, what are three primary ethical issues that should be
considered?
*a. Answers may vary. Possible issues include: whether the proposed research topic is ethical, disclosure
of any conflicts of interest, ethical considerations for particular research design, inviting participants,
procedures for protecting participants’ privacy.
Answer Location: The Role of Ethics in Designing and Planning a Study
Question Type: ESS

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Instructor Resource

Lochmiller, An Introduction to Educational Research

Introduction to Educational Research

Chapter 4 Test Bank

2. Ethical issues may come up _____________________ the research process.

4. Any institution conducting research that is funded by ________________________ must have an

11. It is important to inform research participants that their consent to participate is

19. Which of these describes a function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

27. Which of these is an example of fabricating data in a research study?

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