Lesson 2

Types of Bonds
 Objective

1. Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds.

 Ions
• An ion is a charged particle that has either more or
fewer electrons than protons.
■ When an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively
charged cation.
■ When an atom gains electron, it becomes a negatively
charged anion.

• The electric forces between oppositely charged particles

hold ions together in an ionic bond.
 Ions
• An ionic bond is the force of attraction between the
opposite charges of the ions in an ionic compound.
• Ionic bonds are usually formed between metals and
nonmetals.

• Ionic compounds are typically:

○ crystalline solids
○ high melting points
○ conductors of electricity
 Molecules
• Some atoms, especially nonmetals, do not lose or gain
electrons easily. They tend to share electrons instead.

• The attraction that forms between atoms when they

share electrons is called a covalent bond.

• The neutral particle that forms from electron sharing is

called a molecule.
 Molecules
• A covalent bond can also contain more than one pair of
electrons.

• The diatomic molecule O2 contains a double bond.

• N2 is also diatomic, but contains a triple bond.
 Types of Covalent Bonds
• A covalent bond between 2 similar or identical atoms is
a nonpolar bond in which atoms are shared equally.

• In a polar bond, electrons are shared unequally.

 Polarity

• A polar molecule is a
molecule that has a slightly
positive end and a slightly
negative end.

• A nonpolar molecule is a
molecule that does not have
oppositely charged ends.
Polarity
 Molecules

• In molecules with multiple

bonds, polarity is determined
by the shape of the molecule
as well as the polarity of the
bonds.

• Both CHCl3 and CCl4 have

polar bonds, but CHCl3 is a
polar molecule, while CCl4 is a
nonpolar molecule.